Paul Kayser (lawyer)

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Photograph from May 21, 1894

Paul Kayser (born August 9, 1845 in Oels , † February 13, 1898 in Leipzig ) was a German lawyer and civil servant. From 1890 to 1896 he was head of the colonial department in the Foreign Office and then President of the Senate at the Imperial Court . He was sponsored by Otto von Bismarck , but contributed to the overthrow of the Chancellor in 1890. As a supporter of the New Course, his liberal and humane colonial policy increasingly contradicted the Pan-Germans and resigned himself to resign. Because of his Jewish origins, he was exposed to anti-Semitic attacks.

Activity as a lawyer

Kayser came from a Jewish family. He himself converted to Protestantism in 1882. His maternal uncle, the law professor Baron, who was eleven years his senior, was brought up as a Protestant, so that Kayser's maternal grandparents may have converted to Christianity on the occasion. In any case, Kayser later had major conflicts with his father and was glad that he did not come to the (Christian) funeral of his grandmother.

As baptismal priest for himself and his 15 years younger brother Ernst, also a lawyer and before his untimely death in 1895, a Prussian magistrate, Kayser elected the distinctive liberal Protestant Hossbach , against whose appointment as head consistorial councilor Kaiser Wilhelm I personally intervened. Although the baptism could not have taken place for career reasons, he was repeatedly accused of this at the time and later, both in 1886 by the orthodox Jewish "tabernacle" and in 1891 by the insane anti-Semite Carl Paasch .

After attending grammar school, he studied law in Breslau and Berlin . Due to a protracted chronic illness in school he limped, so that in 1866 he was not called up for military service. All the greater was his intellectual ambition, with which he won prizes from the law faculty in both Breslau and Berlin. He then expanded his Berlin work in 1868 to his doctorate, after just six semesters of study, on Luebian law , written in Latin.

Then he joined the Prussian judicial service. Initially assessor in Königsberg, in 1873 he switched to the judicial service in the realm of Alsace-Lorraine as a court assessor . He was there at the Regional Court in Strasbourg busy. In 1875 he returned to the Prussian judicial service and worked at the city court in Berlin. In 1879 he became a judge at the Berlin District Court I.

While working in Strasbourg, he naturally acquired special knowledge in the field of the interaction of different legal systems, French law, occupation law and imperial law, knowledge that later automatically led him to deal with such problems in the Foreign Office and its natural continuation in working on the legal bases of colonies and protected areas. As a lawyer, he published several works, including in close cooperation with the leading liberal lawyer Franz von Holtzendorff , to whose handbooks and yearbooks he contributed with basic articles on press law and the particularities of Alsace-Lorraine. In Holtzendorff's "Rechtslexikon" he worked on the term " Reichsland " on six pages , practically an anticipation of the later protection area legislation. Like his uncle, he was a member of the Berlin Legal Society and gave several lectures there.

An important role for his further career was the fact that during his time in Strasbourg as a tutor , he prepared Wilhelm, the younger son of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, for the legal state examination. There was a cordial relationship with Wilhelm von Bismarck until 1890, from which over 100 letters have been preserved in Kayser's estate in the Berlin Federal Archives. His relationship with Philipp zu Eulenburg and other personalities was also based on this activity.

Promotion in civil service

Wilhelm von Bismarck had made his father on Kayser attentive and in 1880 was Kayser Regierungsrat in Reichsjustizamt . There he played a key role in the development of the first draft for a stock corporation law and the cooperative law. From 1884 he was a lecturer in the Reich Chancellery and a secret government councilor in the Reich Insurance Office . As the successor to Wilhelm von Bismarck, who then went to Hanau as district administrator, he moved to the Foreign Office in 1885. Bismarck valued him as a "walking legal reference work" and Kayser was therefore assigned to the new legal department. Together with Richard Krauel , who later became the first head of the colonial department , Kayser was significantly involved in early colonial legislation, although only in a middle position in the hierarchy. In 1888 Kayser was appointed Privy Legation Councilor. From 1 October 1888 he was appointed acting representatives of the National Administration of Alsace-Lorraine in the Bundesrat . Through this activity, an extraordinarily close and trusting relationship with the then governor Clovis von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst quickly developed, which Kayser benefited from after Hohenlohe's appointment as Reich Chancellor in October 1894 for his work as head of the colonial department. With Hohenlohe's chancellorship, Kayser gave up this provisional representation, but received the same function for the representation of Prussia. In the summer of 1889 he was entrusted with the representation management of the Reich Chancellery. During the last years of Bismarck's reign he had to be involved in such dubious actions as the Geffcken affair and the Wohlgemuth affair. His further rise in February 1890 (deputy to the State Secretary of the State Council) took place in connection with his participation in Kaiser Wilhelm II's social policy initiatives before the Reichstag election in February 1890 ( workers' decrees ).

Role in the replacement of Bismarck

Since 1888, Kayser was close to Wilhelm II, especially Friedrich von Holstein and Count Philipp Eulenburg . In the crisis of detachment, Kayser played a certain role in that Eulenburg commissioned him, at the height of the Emperor's conflict with Bismarck, to prepare a "draft on the workers question" for Wilhelm. With his own left-liberal tendencies, Kayser was enthusiastic about the emperor's worker-friendly attitude at the time, which prompted Eulenburg to warn Wilhelm II that Kayser was "a little bit pervasive after the liberal and world-happy side." The emperor literally copied and copied Kayser's draft issued Kayser's program as "the emperor's drafting SM on the labor issue". The February edicts were later revised from this. Kayser - who was called "the little Kayser" in the inner circle around Wilhelm II to distinguish it from Wilhelm - also supported Wilhelm's course in the following intrigues that led to the overthrow of Bismarck. Wilhelm appointed Kayser as secretary and personal rapporteur at the international workers protection conference.

The arch-conservative general Alfred von Waldersee made the former tutor of Wilhelm II. Georg Ernst Hinzpeter, Kayser and Prof. Schottmüller responsible for the emperor's left turn. Other high military officials thought similarly and suspected unknown influences behind it. Eulenburg and Holstein agreed to “give a warning” to Kayser. So that Kayser does not even become a danger for Marshal or Caprivi, he should better be appointed head of the colonial department so that he can be "partially rendered harmless".

Kayser remained a committed supporter of the New Course , which aimed to dry up social democracy through socio-political relief. He showed this in particular in the autumn of 1894 when dealing with the coup proposal that had been submitted by the Prussian government under Botho zu Eulenburg to combat social democracy . Caprivi had requested three reports. The one for the Foreign Office was made by Kayser, who was still assigned to the legal department. Kayser praised the New Course, "which has done so much good for workers' protection and the welfare of the working classes." The planned new exceptional law will fail, just like Bismarck's Socialist Law, and the persecution will strengthen the social democracy again. He exposed the nonsensical ideas of the Prussian government, which would have resulted in a civil war-like situation with the dissolution of the Reichstag, coup d'état and the termination of the federal treaty. He himself was pleased to have contributed to improving the original radical proposal. In a leading position, he contributed to the defusing and playing down of Puttkamer's agitating proposal, which finally fell through on May 11, 1895 after long debates in the Reichstag. Hohenlohe had often consulted with Kayser on questions of general imperial policy.

Director of the Colonial Department

After Wissmann put down the coastal rebellion , the German Empire had taken over East Africa from the German-East African Society (DOAG) and this acquisition had been internationally recognized in the Sansibar Treaty by England. This made it necessary to set up a central administrative authority. As early as April 1, 1890, a department for colonial questions had been set up in the Foreign Office, and Kayser took over the management on July 1, 1890. Kayser had already been deputy chairman of the Tana Committee of the Dehnhardt brothers in 1882 , which was aiming for a German colony in the Sultanate of Witu and achieved it in 1885, until it was recognized as an area of ​​English interest in the Sansibar Treaty of 1890. So he had been interested in colonial politics for a long time and, out of enthusiasm for the colonies, turned down the position of commissioner of the regional representation of Alsace-Lorraine in the Federal Council, which Hohenlohe had repeatedly offered him as governor. He was able to use his connections to the financial world when the DOAG, which was going bankrupt at the time, was converted into a regular stock corporation in 1887, in which the Krone also acquired shares. Kayser was the representative of the Reich government on the supervisory board.

The department remained de jure part of the Foreign Office, but Kayser had the right to speak directly to the Reich Chancellor and could dispose of its own budget, which, however, was subject to prior approval by the Treasury and for the most part already from the personnel costs of the protection force and navy as well the cost of the state mail steamer was exhausted. His influence was that he was able to help shape the rule of law in civil administration. Insofar as colonial policy was also foreign policy, the other departments of the Foreign Office played a stronger role than the colonial department.

First ministerial director, later director, Kayser built up the civil administration. The colonial council was set up to try to find investors for the colonies. Here Kayser was still operating entirely in the Bismarckian sense, who wanted to leave the establishment of the colonies to the corporations and only want the empire to have a protective function against the outside world. However, this plan failed. There was a pronounced lack of capital on the German side. Instead, a “speculative capitalism” developed: Colonial companies were founded and their shares were sold on the stock exchange. The "foundation profit" was pocketed without the capital flowing into the colonies. After Kayser had experienced this above all with the Usambara railway company , he put a stop to this by reorganizing the "land question".

The governors acted as representatives of the emperor or imperial chancellor and were not subordinate to the colonial department. Governor von Schele, in sole consultation with Chancellor Caprivi, carried out extensive campaigns, for the consequences of which (supplementary budgets) Kayser was then responsible in the Reichstag. With the chancellorship of his patron Hohenlohe, Kayser was given a free hand and by cabinet order of December 12, 1894, “the entire administration of the protected areas was placed under the colonial department of the Foreign Office.” With a tailwind from above, Kayser tried even more to realize his own ideas in colonial policy. In the "Crown Land Ordinance" of November 26, 1895, the land rights of the colonial societies were considerably curtailed and the local population was protected from selling off their land.

Von Schele had to go, who hadn't wanted to submit. As his successor, Kayser put the comparatively liberal Wissmann through instead of the imperialist master Carl Peters . The scandals surrounding the brutal colonial officials Wehlan and Leist had shown that legal handling was difficult due to the so-to-speak extraterritorial status of the “protected areas”. Contrary to the ideas of the Prussian state government, Kayser enforced the disciplinary prosecution and finally ensured the first legal protection of the local population with the order of the Reich Chancellor for exercising criminal jurisdiction and disciplinary power against the natives ... of April 22, 1896. Although there were naval hospitals, Kayser also set up civilian hospitals in which the local population was also treated. He was particularly committed to building schools for Africans. Like Wissmann and the missions, Kayser believed in the educational opportunities of the African population, while the Pan-Germans were predicting German immigration, which, like the Indians in North America, would lead to the extinction of Africans. Kayser refused immigration because of the still uncontrollable tropical diseases. He had also made a picture of this for himself on his sightseeing tour in German East Africa in 1892 ; a second trip was canceled in 1895 due to illness.

In a special way, Kayser promoted the missions through tariff relief, reduced freight tariffs and land concessions. In the Reichstag on February 11, 1891, he successfully defended himself against the efforts of the Prussian Protestants to divide the mission areas into confessional areas and, in close cooperation with the central politician Prince von Arenberg and the journalist and independent colonial politician Eugen Wolf, at the beginning of 1894 ensured that the Catholic mission orders despite the continuing Jesuit law were allowed to re-establish mission schools in the Reich.

Until 1892 a task for German South West Africa seemed conceivable, since no German investor wanted to get involved. Kayser recommended Caprivi to accept the offer of an English capital consortium. While Kayser was on his inspection tour, extensive land concessions were agreed in August 1892; the land was hardly available for German settlers and the oppression of the local population later led to the Nama War. Despite his innocence, Kayser was repeatedly criticized by the Pan-Germans under the leadership of Reichstag deputy Graf von Arnim for this “sell-out of German land”.

The protection force built by Wissmann was incorporated into the navy in 1891. Only in the colonies were there opportunities for “dashing” officers to distinguish themselves in the Rothe-Adler hunts , the military or colonial-political sense of which was questionable in the vast land unused by Europeans. When Wissmann became governor of German East Africa in 1895, the protection force remained subordinate to the notorious Colonel von Trotha , who was later to be instrumental in causing the Herero genocide , so that Wissmann could not dispose of the troops he had built himself. A unique process in the history of the Wilhelmine Empire, Kayser enforced with a resolution of the Reichstag on June 17, 1896 that the protection force previously assigned to the navy was now subordinate to the governors as a civilian police force. The colonial officials had to prepare for their service in the Oriental Seminary in Berlin.

Kruger dispatch

In matters of foreign relations, Kayser was subordinate to the State Secretary of the Foreign Marshal . He concluded border agreements with England on November 15, 1893 and with France on March 15, 1894 in the Cameroon hinterland, in which Germany gave up its claims to land up to Lake Chad that could not be realized due to lack of capital. The Pan-Germans immediately protested against this and Kayser was resented personally for once again being too compliant with the other colonial powers. When, on the other hand, he successfully protested together with France in 1895 against the agreement between England and the Congo state of May 12, 1894, which would have enabled England to connect to Egypt, he was considered an anti-English agitator in England. When the news of the Jameson Raid arrived in Berlin , he had commissioned Marshal between December 30, 1895 and January 3, 1896 to draft a total of seven telegrams to London and Pretoria. then also the Kruger dispatch as such. It is not possible to use this to construct a separate stand for Kayser on this question, who acted as a subordinate of the marshal and the emperor. The dispatches he has formulated are rather moderate and reserved. In this "Krügerdepesche" the Emperor Paul Krüger congratulated the South African Republic on the victory of the South African Republic over "the armed bands who broke into your country as troublemakers", which he had won "without appealing to the help of friendly powers", which is a willingness Germany was signaled to military support if necessary. This led to a marked deterioration in relations between Germany and Great Britain.

resignation

Because Carl Peters was hired in the Reichsdienst, Kayser was put under considerable pressure by the Pan-German Otto Arendt in the early summer of 1895. After Kayser had distanced himself from the Peters scandal in the Reichstag in March 1896, the pan-Germans had enough and Arendt demanded his resignation in his "Deutsche Wochenblatt". When, on June 2, 1896, Kayser wanted the Reichstag to take over the " New Guinea Compagnie " by approving a small supplementary budget without sufficient preparation , this was rejected. Hansemann was one of the few colonialists who actually invested heavily in the colony from their own resources instead of just engaging in speculative stock deals and waiting for state investments. At the same time, Kayser had spoken out against a state takeover of the "Usambara Railway Company", the bankruptcy of which would also have torn the DOAG into the abyss. Despite his success, his colonial policy had failed: Wissmann, who had remained isolated in East Africa, had withdrawn in resignation. Kayser's inquiries were answered with a delay in the colonies. His request for official recognition as a sign of ongoing imperial grace was not fulfilled, so that he withdrew with resignation and, with the help of the continued protection from Eulenburg and the emperor himself, took over the position of Senate President at the Imperial Court in Leipzig. This “ personal intervention ” of Wilhelm II was a “precedent” criticized by the judges of the Reichsgericht who had been overlooked , and the expectation was expressed “ that it should not repeat itself. “He was disappointed with the position as his envious colleagues cut him.

His early death from a heart disease was already considered by contemporaries to be mentally conditioned. The blackmail maneuvers carried out against him by Otto Arendt in 1895 because of the employment of Carl Peters played a role until 1907 in Carl Peters' trial against the editor Gruber of the "Münchner Post", so that Arendt had to justify himself with a book.

Kayser held out longer in his post than any of his successors. Only Bernhard Dernburg made another inspection trip to Africa after him. Immediately after his resignation, Kayser's enemy, the Pan-German Karl von der Heydt , managed to persuade the Reich to take over the "Usambara Railway"; Governor Puttkamer immediately tried to close the native schools in Cameroon and there were speculative startups of corporations again. Kayser's successor von Richthofen gave up after a year and the next two, Buchka and Stuebel , both failed due to scandals surrounding colonial societies . German colonial policy had reached a dead end and ended in numerous uprisings. Only under Reform Governor Rechenberg and then under Secretary of State Dernburg did they pick up where Kayser had left off.

Anti-Semitic and other hostility

Kayser was one of the very few people from a Jewish family who rose to the highest state offices in the empire. Without Bismarck's protection, he would not have been able to make a career against anti-Jewish reservations. He suffered badly from anti-Semitic attacks. However, its failure was not due to anti-Semitic campaigns. Kayser failed as a liberal. In general, imperial policy was increasingly determined by the law; the young emperor's new course had long since been abandoned. Kayser's resignation joins the series of resignations of the Minister of Commerce von Berlepsch and the Minister of War Bronsart von Schellendorff .

A targeted anti-Semitic attack took place in 1891 when the mentally ill Carl Paasch campaigned against the "Judaization" of the Foreign Office under Bismarck in numerous brochures and books scattered across Germany. Kayser was only baptized for career reasons and should nevertheless determine the Christian mission. His defense of the liquor trade as economically necessary on February 11, 1891, was "genuinely Jewish, it not only smelled the fusel, but even more that of the Talmud." At that time, the anti-radical Ahlwardt launched its campaigns, but without naming Kayser personally. In the atmosphere at that time, Kayser wrote bitterly: "Every effort was made to be insulted and to offer the future Aryan successor a comfortable seat." In the summer of 1896, anti-Semitic allusions were again made and Kayser was accused of lack of "chivalry"; his successor, Freiherr von Richthofen , was better suited to his character "from birth". The National Socialist historian Walter Frank wrote in 1943 that Kayser was “ a member of the overall front, in the front of that assimilated Judaism camouflaged by baptism, which slowly and tenaciously pushed its way into the leading positions of the imperial state, one day opening the gates for the whole tribe to open. He knew that he was a member of the march of his race. “The accusation of" betraying Bismarck "after betraying his faith also hit him hard.

But Kayser was attacked mainly because of the content of his colonial policy. The cheap cliché of the anemic bureaucrat who wanted to rule in Africa from the green table was used to ridicule his efforts to establish a legal order in the colonies, which annoyed the racist and brutal colonialists. Kayser's "repetition rights" are not suitable for "wild barbarians". "The Prussian assessor has made his entry with the law book under his arm." The official tyrannized "with arrogant arrogance the planter, merchant and colonist." At the Imperial Court in Leipzig there may have been a fundamentally anti-Semitic attitude, on the other hand, Kayser had sneaked into it through his relationships. His friend Oehlschläger , who had drawn his attention to this vacancy, also dropped him and did not want to make an official recommendation. Kayser died bitter and resigned in a situation of total failure and abandonment. His fate harbors both the failure as a converted Jew and the failure of German liberalism as a whole.

Kayser's image in the Nazi propaganda film " Carl Peters " from 1941 naturally follows the depiction of Peters himself and the Pan-Germans. Bismarck, in reality an opponent of the person of Peters and rather a brake on colonial politics, becomes his friend in the film; the "anti-English agitator" Kayser pees his pants for fear of England; he fights Peters because he is afraid that he wants to make a career in his place in the colonial office; his wife, who led a dogged and successful journalistic fight against Arendt until 1907, appears in the film as a kind of Lady Macbeth who whispers the intrigue to her husband. Kayser is also credited with a journalistic brother. Max Kayser was probably the role model for this alleged brother, who is not known to be related to Kayser. The image of Kayser in historiography is largely shaped to this day by the distortions by the Pan-Germans and the Bismarck admirers.

His estate is now in the Federal Archives, some of which are also in the Hamburg State and University Library.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ From: Carl Peters: Lebenserinnerungen, Hamburg 1918; the picture was given to Peters von Kayser on May 21, 1894 with a heartfelt dedication; this was considered by Kayser's enemies in September 1896 as proof of his "duplicity" after he had distanced himself from Peters in March 1896.
  2. ↑ Frank, Walter: The Geheime Rat Paul Kayser, new material from his estate. Historical magazine, Vol. 168, H. 2 (1943), p. 327
  3. ^ "Laubhütte", supplement to the Deutsche Israelitische Zeitung, July 8th and October 11th, 1896
  4. ^ Archives of the law faculty of the Humboldt University Berlin, habilitation file Baron and doctoral file Kayser
  5. ↑ Yearbook for Legislation, Administration and Justice of the German Empire Leipzig, ed. by Franz Holtzendorff, Leipzig 1876, Vol. 4, and Supplementary Volume IV, 1877
  6. ↑ Werner Schubert / Peter Hommelhoff (eds.): Hundred years of modern company law. Berlin / New York 1985, p. 22.
  7. ^ Institute for Cooperatives (Ed.): 100 Years of the Cooperative Act. Tübingen 1989, p. 30.
  8. ↑ Marc Grohmann: Exotic Constitution. The competences of the Reichstag for the German colonies in legislation and constitutional law of the Kaiserreich (1884-1914). Tübingen 2001, p. 22.
  9. ^ Gründler, Gerhard, E .: Bismarck on a driven hunt. The unsuccessful punitive action against Geffcken and the Deutsche Rundschau. Hamburg 2000
  10. ^ Renk, Hansjörg: Bismarck's conflict with Switzerland: the Wohlgemuth trade of 1889. Basel 1972
  11. ^ Röhl, Wilhelm II., P. 280
  12. ^ Eulenburg to Wilhelm II. March 10, 1890: Röhl, John CG: Philipp Eulenburgspolitische Korrespondenz, Boppard 1976-1983, I, p. 488
  13. ↑ Printed in the collection of sources for the history of German social policy 1867 to 1914 , Section II: From the Imperial Social Message to the February Decrees of Wilhelm II (1881-1890) , Volume 1, Basic Issues of Social Policy. The discussion of the workers question on the government side and in public , edited by Wolfgang Ayaß , Florian Tennstedt and Heidi Winter, Darmstadt 2003, no. 109, on Kayser's authorship cf. ibid no.102, 105, 106.
  14. ^ Röhl, Wilhelm II., P. 307, p. 328.
  15. ^ Röhl, Wilhelm II., P. 333.
  16. ^ John Röhl (ed.): Philipp Eulenburgs Politische Korrespondenz, III: Holstein to Eulenburg January 2, 1891; Eulenburg an Holstein, February 24, 1891, p. 621 ff.
  17. ^ Röhl, Wilhelm II. S459, p. 462 [7]
  18. ↑ Raschdau, Ludwig: Under Bismarck and Caprivi: Memories of a German diplomat in the years 1885-1894, Berlin 1938, S. 359 f.
  19. ^ John Röhl (Ed.): Philipp Eulenburgs Politische Korrespondenz, III: Holstein an Eulenburg October 15, 1894, p. 1383.
  20. ^ John Röhl (Ed.): Philipp Eulenburgs Politische Korrespondenz, III: Kayser an Eulenburg, December 11, 1894, p. 1426
  21. ^ Röhl, Wilhelm II. S459, p. 462
  22. ↑ Kayser to Baron October 29, 1894, according to Frank, Walter: Der Geheime Rat Paul Kayser, new material from his estate. Historical magazine, Vol. 168, H. 2 (1943), p. 335
  23. ↑ Jutta Bückendorf: "Black-white-red over East Africa." German colonial plans and African reality. Berlin u. a. 1997, p. 443.
  24. ↑ Strandmann, Pogge from: Imperialism from the Green Table, German colonial policy between economic exploitation and “civilizational” efforts, Berlin 2009
  25. ↑ Drechsler, Horst: South West Africa under German colonial rule. The large land and mining companies (1885-1914), Stuttgart 1996, p. 137 u. a .; s. a. Westphal, Günther: The Colonial Council 1890 - 1907: a contribution to the history of the development of the German imperialist colonial system, Berlin 1964
  26. ↑ Strandmann, Pogge from: Imperialism from the Green Table, German Colonial Policy Between Economic Exploitation and “Civilizing” Efforts, Berlin 2009, pp. 139–145 and 215; s. a. Jäckel, Herbert: The land companies in the German protected areas, memorandum on the colonial land question, Jena 1909
  27. ↑ Weckner, Falk: Criminal Law and the Administration of Criminal Justice for Africans and Colored People Equal to Them in German East Africa, Hamburg 2010
  28. ^ Davis, Christian Stuart: Colonialism, Antisemitism, and Germans of Jewish descent in Imperial Germany, 1884-1912, New Jersey 2005; Davis, Christian Stuart: "Coddling" Africans Abroad: Colonial Director Paul Kayser and the Education of Africans in Germany, 1891-1896, Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 2008, Volume 9, Number 1
  29. ↑ Founder, Horst: Christian Mission and German Imperialism: A Political History of Their Relationships During the German Colonial Era (1884-1914) with special consideration of Africa and China, Paderborn 1982, u. a. especially pp. 71 and 198 f.
  30. ↑ Eg in the Reichstag by Count von Arnim on March 20, 1894, March 17, 1896, May 19, 1896, July 15, 1896; Kayser was accused of "lacking moral resilience".
  31. ^ Wehner, Siegfried: The Pan-German Association and the German Colonial Policy of the Pre-War Period, Berlin 1935, pp. 18-23
  32. ^ Gordon A. Craig: German History 1866-1945. From the North German Confederation to the end of the Third Reich. Munich, 2007. p. 269.
  33. ↑ Lepsius, J .; Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Albrecht; Thimme, Friedrich: The Great Politics of the European Cabinets 1871-1914, Vol. 11: The Krügerdepresche and the European Alliance System 1896, therein pp. 1–65: Chapter LXIII, The Krügerdepesche and its repercussions on the German-English relationship 1896; Thimme, Friedrich: The Kruger telegram. Genesis and European significance, in: European Talks 2, (1924), pp. 201–244, u. a.
  34. ^ Robert K. Massie : The Bowls of Wrath. Great Britain and Germany and the approach of the First World War, Frankfurt, 1998. pp. 239f.
  35. ↑ Strandmann, Pogge from: Imperialism from the Green Table, German colonial policy between economic exploitation and “civilizational” efforts, Berlin 2009, p. 334 f.
  36. ↑ "" Exchange Courier ", September 21, 1895 Colonial - Camarilla"; Letters from Wissmann to Kayser from July 16, 1895 to August 31, 1896, Kayser's estate, SUB HH
  37. ^ John Röhl (ed.): Philipp Eulenburgs Politische Korrespondenz, III, Kayser an Eulenburg September 4, 1896, pp. 1737/38
  38. ↑ Eduard Müller : The first twenty-five years of the Reichsgericht, in: The first 25 years of the Reichsgericht, special issue of the Saxon Archives for German Civil Law on the 25th anniversary of the highest German court, p. 34.
  39. ↑ Arendt, Otto Dr .: "A perjury?", Berlin 1907
  40. ↑ Hans-Ulrich Wehler: German history of society, Vol. 3: From the German double revolution to the beginning of the First World War. 1849-1914. Munich 1995, ISBN 3-406-32490-8 . P. 1027.
  41. ↑ Paasch, Carl: The Jewish Damon. A Jewish-German legation and its helpers. Secret Judaism, subsidiary governments and Jewish world domination, Leipzig, 1891: Foreword XXXIII f., P. 91, p. 118 u. a.
  42. ↑ cit. after: John CG Röhl: Kaiser, Hof und Staat. Wilhelm II and German politics. Munich, 2007 p.151
  43. ↑ Frank, Walter: The Geheime Rat Paul Kayser, new material from his estate. Historical magazine, Vol. 168, H. 2 (1943), p. 563.
  44. ↑ Maximilian Harden in the "Future" March 21 and September 5, 1896, u. a.
  45. ↑ Raschdau, Ludwig: In Weimar as Prussian envoy: a book of memories of German princely courts 1894-1897, Berlin 1939, pp 91, 93, 96th
personal data
SURNAME Kayser, Paul
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German lawyer and civil servant
DATE OF BIRTH August 9, 1845
PLACE OF BIRTH Oils
DATE OF DEATH February 13, 1898
Place of death Leipzig