Philip III (France)

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Philip III , called the Bold (French: Philippe III le Hardi ; born April 3, 1245 at Poissy Castle ; † October 5, 1285 in Perpignan ) came from the House of Capetians and was King of France from 1270 to 1285 .

Coronation of Philip III. of France
(Grandes Chroniques de France, 14th century)

Life

Origin and youth

Philip was the second son of King Louis IX. the saint of France and his wife Margaret of Provence , after the death of his older brother Ludwig in 1260 he became heir to the throne. In 1262 he was married to Isabella of Aragón , which should consolidate the agreement with Aragón that had arisen after the Treaty of Corbeil . On the occasion of Pentecost in 1267, Philip was awarded the sword of knight in Paris .

Even before his accession to the throne, his mother had him take a secret oath, with which he undertook to remain under her guardianship until he was 30 years old. This oath was repealed by Pope Urban IV at the instigation of his father . But Philip remained under the strong influence of his mother and, from 1270, his uncle Karl von Anjou . In 1270 he was in Tunis with his father and his wife Isabella when his father died and he inherited the crown. In this situation Philip was supported by his uncle Karl von Anjou, who immediately after the death of Louis IX. had arrived in Tunis. On his advice, he made a moderately praiseworthy peace with the Caliph of Tunis Muhammad I al-Mustansir and returned to Paris via Italy . While still in Africa, he confirmed the reign of Abbot Matthew of Saint-Denis and Simon of Clermont, established by his father . At the beginning of 1271 his wife died on the way back to France from the consequences of a riding accident in Cosenza . So after his arrival in Paris, Philip worried about the funeral not only of his father, but also of his wife. Only then was he officially crowned in Reims on August 15, 1271 .

Domination

In 1271, after the death of his uncle Alfonso , he inherited the county of Toulouse , from which he ceded the county of Venaissin to the papal chair at the Council of Lyon in 1274. However, Charles of Anjou raised a claim to Alfonso's legacy, which resulted in a legal dispute that was negotiated until 1284. This set off a pioneering discourse among jurists, which resulted in the question of royal succession and the naming of all descendants of Louis the Saint as "of France" (de France). In 1272 Philip led a large campaign to the south of the kingdom to defeat the revolting Count Roger Bernard III. to subjugate Foix . In addition, Philip let himself be won over by Pope Gregory X. for his crusade plans and one year later made the crusade promise in a solemn ceremony. However, this had no consequences because Gregor X. died a few months later. As early as 1273, Charles of Anjou conducted negotiations with Gregory X. The aim was to elect Philip as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. This project failed because neither the Pope nor the relevant German princes were interested in expanding the territory of the French crown. With the election of Rudolf von Habsburg on October 1, 1273, all the ambitions of the French side collapsed.

Philip reached an amicable relationship with King Edward I of England after he had ceded the county of Agenais to him in the Treaty of Amiens in 1279 . Eduard had already taken the feudal oath in the Treaty of Paris 1259 for the Guyenne in 1274 , but he had demanded the agenais from the inheritance of Count Alfons because this land was once given to the house through the marriage of his great-aunt Johanna of England († 1199) Toulouse arrived. With the heirless death of Alfonso, Eduard claimed the return of this dowry, although the French crown could treat the Agenais as a settled fiefdom and add it to the crown domain . The conclusion of the Treaty of Amiens therefore came about with the significant participation of the mothers of both kings, who were sisters. Thus all problems that arose from the inheritance of Alfonso of Toulouse have been resolved.

The marriage to Maria von Brabant on August 21, 1274 brought about a major change in the situation at court and with it in the king's policy. The up to then almost omnipotent chamberlain Pierre de la Brosse was increasingly limited in his power. Since he saw the effects of the influence of the new queen, de la Broce tried to shake Maria's position by claiming that she had Louis , son of Philip III, who suddenly died in 1276 . from the first marriage, poisoned to pave the way for their own children to the throne. But the suspicion could be refuted. It was clear that de la Broce's days were numbered after his campaign failed. In 1278 he was executed. The French court, however, remained divided into supporters of Mary and Charles of Anjou and supporters of the Queen Mother Margaret.

When in July 1274 King Heinrich III. of Navarre , both Castile and France showed an interest in his hereditary material. At the instigation of Charles of Anjou was in 1275 between the regent Navarre Blanca of Artois and Philip III. signed the Treaty of Orléans, in which Blanca ceded the guardianship of her daughter Johanna to the French crown. In 1284 Philip, who was promoted to heir to the throne, and the future Philip IV, was married to Joan of Navarre, which brought great territorial gains to the Capetian house.

A certificate of Philip III. from January 1285. Paris, Archives nationales, K 35, No. 9

Fall in Aragón

In 1282 Charles of Anjou lost control of the island to King Peter III through the Sicilian Vespers . of Aragón , who, through his wife as heiress of the Hohenstaufen , made well-founded claims to the island. This event was made by Philip III. felt as an offense to France and he used all means at his disposal to avenge this alleged disgrace. In 1282 the Pope Martin IV imposed on Peter III. of Aragón and proclaimed that a war against him and the rebels in Sicily should be regarded as a crusade against "infidels". In addition, the papal legate Johannes Cholet offered Philip's newborn son the throne and Aragon . The crusade against Aragon was not all supported, however. In particular, the heir to the throne, Philip the Fair, disapproved of his father's approach to his maternal uncle, King Peter III. from Aragón.

Philip III disregarded all concerns. At a meeting in Paris in 1284, in the presence of all the French nobility, he accepted the Pope's offer for his son Charles of Valois . Then this was invested by the cardinal legate with the Kingdom of Aragón and the county of Barcelona. The newly added claim to Barcelona inevitably led to a war not only against Aragón but also against Catalonia .

Grave of Philip III. in Saint-Denis

Although at the beginning of 1285, with the deaths of Charles of Anjou and Martin IV, both of the main pillars of the idea of ​​the crusade fell away, Philip III. unwaveringly stuck to it and attacked Catalonia in April of the same year. His troops succeeded in conquering the city of Girona at the beginning of September, with great losses . But since the Aragonese fleet had defeated the French fleet and cut off Philip's troops from supplies, his army had to retreat to Perpignan . There Philipp died of dysentery on October 5, 1285 . His entrails were buried in Narbonne , while his bones found their final resting place in the Abbey Church of St-Denis and the heart was buried in the Jacobin monastery in Paris.

When the royal tombs of Saint-Denis were sacked during the French Revolution, his tomb was opened and looted in August 1793, and his remains were buried in a mass grave outside the church.

Historical meaning

Philip III Despite the instruction in the educational areas customary at the time, he was regarded as poorly educated. His qualities as a knight such as bravery and courage were emphasized all the more, which probably earned him his nickname. He was a great fan of tournaments and hunting, but as king in 1280 he banned tournaments for the nobility. He was often criticized for his mildness as weakness and his generosity as wasteful. His great merit was the considerable and permanent expansion of the crown domain to the south and the completion of the building of a centralized administration and the modern statehood based on it, which his father had begun. On the other hand, Philip III. measured by his successors and already by his contemporaries by his father, whose height he had never reached. His rule was often seen as unbalanced and accused of having much of Louis IX's legacy. playful and has become the plaything of various factions at the French court.

Philip's son and successor Philip IV the Handsome expressed his critical stance towards his father when he redesigned the royal tombs in St. Denis in 1306 when he removed the tombs of Philip II, Louis VIII and Louis IX. in gold and silver, while the tomb of Philip III. continued to consist only of painted and decorated stone.

ancestors

Philip II August
(1165-1223)
 
 Isabelle of Hainaut
(1170–1190)
 
 Alfonso VIII of Castile
(1155-1214)
 
 Eleonore Plantagenet
(1161-1214)
 
 Alfonso II of Provence
(1180–1209)
 
 Garsende II of Sabran
(1180–1242)
 
 Thomas I of Savoy
(1180–1233)
 
 Beatrix of Geneva
(? -1252)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Louis VIII the Lion
(1187-1226)
 
 
 
 
 
 Blanka of Castile
(1188–1252)
 
 
 
 
 
 Raimund Berengar V.
(1205-1245)
 
 
 
 
 
 Beatrix of Savoy
(? -1266)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Louis IX the saint
(1214-1270)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Margaret of Provence
(1221–1295)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Philip III the bold
(1245–1285)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Marriages and offspring

In his first marriage, Philip married Isabella of Aragón († 1271) on May 28, 1262 , a daughter of King James I of Aragón and Yolanda of Hungary . The couple's children were:

His second marriage was on August 21, 1274 in Vincennes Castle with Maria von Brabant (1260-1321), daughter of Duke Heinrich III. from Brabant . They fathered the following children:

literature

  • Joachim Ehlers : History of France in the Middle Ages. Stuttgart 1987.
  • Jean Favier : Le temps des principautés de l'an mil à 1515. Paris 1984.
  • AW Lewis: Royal Succession in Capetian France. Cambridge (Mass.) 1981.
  • Gérard Sivéry: Philippe III, le hardi. Fayard, Paris 2003.

Web links

Commons : Philip III. of France  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Robert Laulan: La recherche des cœurs . Mercure de France, August 1, 1933, quoted in Société Historique Régionale de Villers-Cotterêts: Philippe VI de Valois et la Chartreuse de Bourgfontaine où son cœur fut déposé (PDF; 845 kB). For his part, Laulan cited the manuscript Recueil des principales familles du royaume établi à l'usage des petits-fils de Louis XIV, then in the Bibliothèque de l'Ecole supérieure de Guerre, as the source .
predecessor Office successor
Louis IX the Saint King of France 1270–1285
Blason pays for FranceAncien.svg
Philip IV the Handsome
personal data
SURNAME Philip III
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Philip the Bold
BRIEF DESCRIPTION King of France (1270–1285)
DATE OF BIRTH April 3, 1245
PLACE OF BIRTH Poissy Castle
DATE OF DEATH October 5, 1285
Place of death Perpignan