Pleione (orchids)

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Pleione
Pleione formosana, flowering (plant in culture).

Pleione formosana , flowering (plant in culture).

Systematics
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily : Epidendroideae
Tribe : Arethuseae
Sub tribus : Coelogyninae
Genre : Pleione
Scientific name
Pleione
D. Don

The genus Pleione belongs to the family of orchids (Orchidaceae). The approximately 22 species and five nature hybrids are common in Asia. In the German-speaking area , these orchids are also called "Tibet orchids", in Chinese they are called Dú suàn lán (独 蒜 兰).

description

Illustration of the natural hybrid Pleione × lagenaria from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 89 (Ser. 3, No. 19), 1863, plate 5370
Illustration of Pleione humilis from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 93 (Ser. 3, No. 23), 1867, plate 5674
Illustration by Pleione hookeriana from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 104 (Ser. 3, No. 34), 1878, Plate 6388

Vegetative characteristics

Pleione species are perennial herbaceous plants . All Pleione species are deciduous in winter. Without exception, all Pleione species form pseudobulbs in dense groups, which develop from faded bulbs of the respective previous season. Each pseudobulb is annual . The bulbs can be spherical, conical, conical, egg-shaped or shaped like small barrels, at their tips they taper or bend abruptly so that they appear angular and a narrow "neck" is created. The bulbs are often covered with protective sheets at their base.

The leaves appear individually or in pairs at the tip of the bulb and in all species always after the anthesis . The simple, parchment-like leaves are folded, tapering towards their base like petioles and are rolled up when they are young.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are usually single, rarely in pairs or even in threes. At the base, the flower stalk is enclosed by a leaf. The shape of the flower resembles that of the genus Cattleya . The flowers are relatively large, open completely and, in many species, are fragrant. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. The three free falls have the same shape. The two free, identically shaped lateral petals are usually somewhat narrower than the sepals. The labellum is more or less clearly three-lobed and fringed at the upper end in some species. The side lobes are rolled up and enclose the carpel either at its base or entirely. The central lobe of the labellum has several (about two to nine) longitudinal rows of fringed keels on the upper side. Three carpels have become an under constant ovary grown. The column (gynostemium) is arched and almost club-shaped with a length of 14 to 17 millimeters. The four pollinia stand in two pairs each and are waxy, obovate and flattened on both sides.

The capsule fruits are spindle-shaped and have three longitudinal ribs.

Cytological features

The chromosomes of the genus Pleione are unusually small and hardly differ. The basic chromosome number of the genus is x = 20; often there is diploidy with the chromosome number 2n = 40. However, polyploidy occurs in some species . Tetraploid specimens are often found in Pleione bulbocodioides . In Pleione yunnanensis , hexaploid specimens with 2n = 120 were also regularly observed.

In Pleione bulbocodioides , Pleione hookeriana and Pleione humilis specimens with one to three additional B chromosomes were found. The B chromosomes are small and rounded.

Locations

Most Pleione species grow terrestrially or lithophytically , a few species also grow epiphytically . The natural sites are mostly at altitudes of 1000 to 3500 meters.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Pleione was established in 1825 by David Don . The botanical genus name is derived from the Greek goddess Pleione . The type species is Pleione praecox (Sm.) D.Don . A synonym for Pleione D.Don. is Gomphostylis Wall. ex Lindl.

The genus Pleione is distributed in Asia from the Himalayas to central, southern and eastern China and Indochina . The Pleione species are widespread in Asia . They are mainly found in China , Nepal , Tibet and Taiwan . But there are also known species from Vietnam , Butane , Myanmar , Assam and Laos . Many species only occur in more or less small distribution areas. In China there are 20 species and 4 nature hybrids , twelve of them only there. There are only 2 species and 1 natural hybrid, not also in China. 12 species and 4 natural hybrids also or only occur in Yunnan, so this is the center of biodiversity.

The genus Pleione was divided into two sections by Zhu and Chen in 1998:

  • Section Pleione (Syn .: Pleione sect. Dictyopleione Pfitzer & Kraenzlin ): It contained the 4 species that bloom in autumn and 1 natural hybrid.
  • Section Humiles G.Zhu & SCChen : It was established in 1998. It contained 18 species and 4 natural hybrids that bloom in spring.

Gravendeel et al. In 2004, an evaluation of molecular genetic and morphological data came to the conclusion that the structure of Zhu and Chen 1998 cannot be confirmed and found three clades .

Some species belonged to the genus Coelogyne Lindl.

Illustration of Pleione bulbocodioides
Illustration by Pleione praecox from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 76 (Ser. 3, No. 6), 1850, plate 4496
Pleione limprichtii
Illustration of Pleione maculata
Illustration by Pleione yunnanensis from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 132 (Ser. 4, No. 2), 1906, plate 8106

The genus Pleione comprises around 24 species and around 5 nature hybrids since 2015 :

  • Pleione albiflora P.J.Cribb & CZTang : It occurs in northern Myanmar and northwestern Yunnan .
  • Pleione arunachalensis Hareesh, P.Kumar & M.Sabu : The species first described in 2017 occurs in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh .
  • Pleione aurita P.J.Cribb & H.Pfennig : It thrives in mountain forests at altitudes of 1400 to 2800 meters only in western Yunnan.
  • Pleione autumnalis S.C. Chen & GHZhu : It thrives on rocks only in southwestern Yunnan.
  • Pleione × baoshanensis W.Zhang & SBZhang (= Pleione albiflora × Pleione yunnanensis ): It occurs in northwestern Yunnan .
  • Pleione bulbocodioides (Franch.) Rolfe (Syn .: Coelogyne bulbocodioides Franch. , Coelogyne delavayi Rolfe , Coelogyne henryi Rolfe , Coelogyne pogonioides Rolfe , pleione delavayi (Rolfe) Rolfe , pleione pogonioides (Rolfe) Rolfe , pleione henryi (Rolfe) Schltr. , Pleione mairei Schltr. , Pleione smithii Schltr. , Pleione communis Gagnep. , Pleione fargesii Gagnep. , Pleione ganchuenensis Gagnep. , Pleione rhombilabia Hand.-Mazz. ): It thrives at altitudes of 900 to 3600 meters in southeastern Tibet and in the Chinese Anhui provinces, northern Fujian , southern Gansu , northern Guangdong , northern Guangxi , Guizhou , Hubei , Hunan , southern Shaanxi , Sichuan , central and northwestern Yunnan.
  • Pleione × christianii Perner (= Pleione forrestii × Pleione yunnanensis ): It occurs only in western Yunnan.
  • Pleione chunii C.L.Tso : It thrives in forests at altitudes of 1400 to 2800 meters in the Chinese provinces of northern Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei and western Yunnan.
  • Pleione × confusa P.J. Cribb & CZTang (= Pleione albiflora × Pleione forrestii ): It occurs in northern Myanmar and northwestern Yunnan.
  • Pleione coronaria P.J. Cribb & CZTang : It occurs only in central Nepal .
  • Pleione dilamellata Z.J.Liu, O.Gruss & LJChen : It was first described in 2015 from Sichuan.
  • Pleione formosana Hayata : It thrives in China at altitudes of 600 to 1400 meters (1500 to 2500 meters in Taiwan) in Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of northern and western Fujian, southeastern Jiangxi and southern Zhejiang .
  • Pleione forrestii Schltr. : There are two varieties in Yunnan:
    • Pleione forrestii var. Alba (H.Li & GHFeng) PJCribb (Syn .: pleione alba H.Li & GHFeng ): This endemic thrives in mixed forests at altitudes from 2,700 to 3,100 meters in circles Dayao in northern Yunnan.
    • Pleione forrestii Schltr. var. forrestii : It thrives on humus-covered rocks, on tree trunks in open forests and on forest edges at altitudes of 2200 to 3200 meters only in northwestern Yunnan.
  • Pleione grandiflora (Rolfe) Rolfe (Syn .: Coelogyne grandiflora Rolfe , Pleione pinkepankii Braem & H.Mohr , Pleione barbarae Braem , Pleione braemii Pinkep. , Pleione harberdii Braem , Pleione moelleri Braem , Pleione mohrii Braem ): It comes in northern Vietnam and in southeastern and southwestern Yunnan.
  • Pleione hookeriana (Lindl.) Rollisson (Syn .: Coelogyne hookeriana Lindl. , Pleione hookeriana var. Brachyglossa (Rchb. F.) Rolfe , Pleione laotica Kerr ): It is in the Chinese provinces of northern Guangdong, northern and western Guangxi, southeastern Guizhou , southeastern Yunnan, common in southern Tibet , northeastern India , Nepal , Bhutan , northern Laos , Myanmar and may be found in Thailand.
  • Pleione humilis (Sm.) D.Don (Syn: Pleione diantha Schltr. , Pleione humilis var. Adnata Pfitzer , Pleione humilis var. Purpurascens Pfitzer , Pleione humilis var. Amitii R. Pal, Dayamma & Medhi ): It is in the Himalayas in Assam , Manipur , Sikkim , Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar and in southeastern Tibet.
  • Pleione jinhuana Z.J.Liu, MTJiang & SRLan : The species first described in 2018 occurs in the Chinese province of Zhejiang .
  • Pleione kaatiae P.H. Peeters : It was first described in 2003 from western Sichuan.
  • Pleione × kingdonwardii P.J. Cribb & Butterf. (= Pleione bulbocodioides × Pleione humilis ): It occurs in northern Myanmar.
  • Pleione × kohlsii Braem (= Pleione aurita × Pleione forrestii ): It thrives in forests at altitudes of 2400 to 2800 meters only in western Yunnan.
  • Pleione × lagenaria Lindl. & Paxton ( Pleione maculata × Pleione praecox ): It occurs in Assam and western Yunnan.
  • Pleione limprichtii Schltr. : It occurs in northern Myanmar and in the Chinese provinces of southwest Sichuan and Yunnan.
  • Pleione maculata (Lindl.) Lindl. & Paxton (Syn .: Coelogyne maculata Lindl. , Gomphostylis candida Wall. Ex Lindl. , Pleione diphylla Lindl. & Paxton , Coelogyne diphylla (Lindl. & Paxton) Lindl. , Coelogyne arthuriana Rchb f.. , Coelogyne maculata var. Virginea Rchb . f. , Pleione maculata var. arthuriana Rolfe (Rchb f..) , Pleione maculata var. virginea Karth (Rchb f..). ) It is in the northern Thailand, Myanmar, India, Bhutan, Nepal and spread in western Yunnan .
  • Pleione × maoershanensis W.Zhang & SBZhang (= Pleione hookeriana × Pleione pleionoides ): It occurs in Guangxi .
  • Pleione microphylla S.C. Chen & ZHTsi : This endemic species only occurs in southern Guangdong .
  • Pleione pleionoides (Kraenzl.) Braem & H.Mohr ( Pogonia pleionoides Kraenzl. , Pleione amoena Schltr. Nom. Illeg., Pleione speciosa Ames & Schltr. Nom. Illeg., Pleione hubeiensis Torelli & Riccab. , Pleione voltolinii Torelli & Riccab. ): It thrives on humus- or moss-covered rocks and rock walls in forests at altitudes of 1700 to 2300 meters in the Chinese provinces of Chongqing , Guizhou and western Hubei.
  • Pleione praecox (Sm.) D.Don (Syn .: Pleione wallichiana (Lindl.) Lindl. & Paxton , Pleione concolor B.S.Williams , Pleionereichenbachiana (T.Moore & Veitch) Kuntze , Pleione birmanica (Rchb. F.) BSWilliams , pleione praecox var. alba E.W.Cooper , pleione praecox var. birmanica (Rchb. f.) B.Grant , pleione praecox var. candida Pfizer , pleione praecox var. reichenbachiana (T.Moore & Veitch) Torelli & Riccab. , pleione praecox var . wallichiana (Lindl.) EWCooper ): It is common in Bangladesh , northeastern India, Bhutan, Nepal, Laos, Myanmar, northern Thailand, northern Vietnam, in southeastern Tibet and in southeastern and southwestern Yunnan.
  • Pleione saxicola Tang & FTWang ex SCChen : It occurs in Bhutan, in southeastern Tibet and in northwestern Yunnan.
  • Pleione scopulorum W.W.Sm. : It occurs in north-east Arunachal Pradesh , in Myanmar, in south-east Tibet and in north-west and south-west Yunnan.
  • Pleione × taliensis P.J. Cribb & Butterf. (= Pleione bulbocodioides × Pleione yunnanensis ): It thrives at altitudes of 2400 to 2700 meters only in northwestern Yunnan.
  • Pleione vietnamensis Aver. & PJCribb : It only occurs in south-central Vietnam.
  • Pleione yunnanensis (Rolfe) Rolfe (Syn .: Coelogyne yunnanensis Rolfe , pleione chiwuana Tang & FTWang , Pleione yunnanensis var. Chiwuana (Tang & FTWang) G.Kleinh ex Torelli & Riccab.. ): It comes in the northern Myanmar, in southeastern Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of northern and western Guizhou, southwestern Sichuan, northwestern and southeastern Yunnan.
The Pleione variety 'Tolima'

use

In the Asian cultural area, the pseudobulbs of certain Pleione species are used for medical purposes. For example, various bibenzyl derivatives of the active ingredient phenanthrene were discovered in the bulbs of Pleione bulbucodioides . The bulbs from Pleione maculata are used against liver problems , the bulbs from Pleione formosana against various tumors .

Some Pleione species are used as ornamental plants because of their attractive, often fragrant flowers . The species Pleione formosana and Pleione limprichtii are particularly popular because they tolerate light frost and can therefore be cultivated in the open all year round.

Over 360 Pleione varieties were bred. Attempts have often been made to create inter- generic hybrids, but it was not until 2014 that this was achieved with Coelogyne and Pleione as parents.

Endangerment and species protection

The species Pleione chunii , Pleione formosana and Pleione pleionoides were classified in 2004 (current monitoring would be required) in the IUCN's Red List of Threatened Species as "Vulnerable". The species Pleione forrestii is considered "Endangered" = "endangered". The main reason why many Pleione species are in need of protection is illegal collecting at natural sites.

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literature

  • James Cullen: The Orchid Book: A Guide to the Identification of Cultivated Orchid Species. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK) 1992, ISBN 0-521-41856-9 .
  • Guanghua Zhu, Shingchi Chen (Xinqi Chen): Humiles, a New Section of Pleione (Orchidaceae). In: Novon, Volume 8, Issue 4, pp. 461-463, 1998. Full text PDF , online , JSTOR 3391875
  • Phillip Cribb, Ian Butterfield: The Genus Pleione. Natural History Publications in association with the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1999, ISBN 983-812-040-5 .
  • Xinqi Chen, Phillip J. Cribb, Stephan W. Gale: Pleione , pp. 325-331 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 25: Orchidaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2009, ISBN 978-1-930723-90-0 .
  • James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey: The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass. (= The European Garden Flora 5 Volume Hardback Set , 5th volume). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK) 2011, ISBN 0-521-76147-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Xinqi Chen, Phillip J. Cribb, Stephan W. Gale: Pleione , pp. 325-331 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 25: Orchidaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2009, ISBN 978-1-930723-90-0 .
  2. ↑ a b c James Cullen: The Orchid Book: A Guide to the Identification of Cultivated Orchid Species. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK) 1992, ISBN 0-521-41856-9 . Pp. 136-139.
  3. ↑ a b c James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey: The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass. (= The European Garden Flora 5 Volume Hardback Set , 5th volume). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK) 2011, ISBN 0-521-76147-6 . Page 482.
  4. ^ PF Hunt, CG Vosa: The Cytology and Taxonomy of the Genus Pleïone D. Don (Orchidaceae) . In: Kew Bulletin . tape 25 , no. 3 , 1971, p. 423-432 , doi : 10.2307 / 4103191 (English).
  5. ↑ a b c d Guanghua Zhu, Shingchi Chen (Xinqi Chen): Humiles, a New Section of Pleione (Orchidaceae). In: Novon, Volume 8, Issue 4, pp. 461-463, 1998. Full text PDF , online , JSTOR 3391875
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Pleione. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  7. ↑ Barbara Gravendeel, Marcel CM Eurlings, Cassio van den Berg, Phillip J. Cribb: Phylogeny of Pleione (Orchidaceae) and Parentage Analysis of its Wild Hybrids Based on Plastid and Nuclear Ribosomal ITS Sequences and Morphological Data. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 29, Issue 1, 2004, pp. 50-63. doi: 10.1600 / 036364404772973988
  8. ↑ Eng Soon Teoh: Medicinal Orchids of Asia. Springer, Berlin 2016, ISBN 3-319-24274-1 , p. 63.
  9. ↑ a b Lakshman Chandra De: Commercial Orchids. Walter de Gruyter, Leuven 2015, ISBN 3-11-042640-4 , pp. 206-207.
  10. ^ Nico Vermeulen, Richard Rosenfeld: Encyclopedia of House Plants. Taylor & Francis, London 1999, ISBN 1-57958-108-0 , page 204.
  11. ^ The Pleione website .
  12. ↑ Pleione chunii in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016.2. Listed by: China Plant Specialist Group, 2004. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  13. ↑ Pleione formosana in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016.2. Listed by: China Plant Specialist Group, 2004. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  14. ↑ Pleione pleionoides in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016.2. Listed by: China Plant Specialist Group, 2004. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  15. ↑ Pleione forrestii in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016.2. Listed by: China Plant Specialist Group, 2004. Retrieved November 23, 2016.

Web links

Commons : Pleione  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikispecies: Pleione  - Species Directory