Barrier herbs

Barrier herbs
	Navarretia hamata
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Asterids
Order :	Heather-like (Ericales)
Family :	Barrier herbs
Scientific name
	Polemoniaceae
	Yuss.

The plant family of the barrier herbaceous plants (Polemoniaceae), also called heavenly ladder plants, belongs to the order of the heather-like (Ericales) within the flowering plants (Magnoliopsida).

description

Subfamily Cobaeoideae: Illustration from Cantua pyrifolia

Subfamily Cobaeoideae: flowers of Cantua quercifolia

Subfamily Polemonioideae: Illustration of the Blue Ladder to Heaven ( Polemonium caeruleum )

Subfamily Cobaeoideae: The climbing plant bell vine or bell wind ( Cobaea scandens )

Subfamily Polemonioideae: The cushion-forming Aliciella caespitosa

Subfamily Polemonioideae: Collomia tinctoria

Subfamily Polemonioideae: Eriastrum eremicum

Subfamily Polemonioideae: Ipomopsis arizonica

Subfamily Polemonioideae: Linanthus aureus subsp. aureus

Subfamily Polemonioideae: Loeseliastrum matthewsii

Subfamily Polemonioideae: Microsteris gracilis

Vegetative characteristics

There are usually one-year or perennial herbaceous plants , some species are climbing plants, rarely are woody plants: Half bushes , shrubs or trees ( Cantua ). Some species contain colored milky sap. They often smell unpleasant.

The leaves are alternate and spiral, opposite or lively ( gymnosteris ). The leaves are petiolate to sessile. The leaf blade can be simple or compound; if the leaf blade is composite, it can be incised pinnate or palmate. The leaf margins are smooth, serrated or serrated. Stipules are missing.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are seldom single, mostly in differently shaped inflorescences , mostly in the form of cymes or ebony and often clustered upside down.

The hermaphrodite flowers are usually fünfzählig rarely fourfold double perianth (perianth). They can be radial symmetry to slightly zygomorphic . The rarely four or mostly five sepals are fused cylindrical to bell-shaped. The petals are mostly fused. There is only one circle with mostly five free, fertile stamens . Most three (two to five) carpels have become a top permanent ovary grown. There are one to many ovules in each ovary compartment . The stylus usually ends in a three-lobed scar .

There are fruit capsules formed. The seeds are spherical, ovoid or spindle-shaped and sometimes winged.

ingredients

Triterpene saponins are common.

ecology

They are insects ( Entomophilie ) such as flies, beetles, bees or fanatics, hummingbirds ( ornithophily ) and bats ( Chiropterophilie ) pollinated . The phlox species and Jacob's ladders , which are also native to Europe, are pollinated exclusively by insects.

Systematics and distribution

The Polemoniaceae family was first published in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu , as "Polemonia", in Genera Plantarum , 136. The type genus is Polemonium L.

Just a synonym for Polemoniaceae Juss. nom. cons. is Cobaeaceae D.Don . Phylogenetic studies showed that the Polemoniaceae family is only monophyletic if the taxa of the earlier Cobaeaceae are also incorporated. For a long time this family was placed in its own Polemoniales or Solanales order. According to phylogenetic studies, it is classified in the order Ericales . Within the Ericales, the Polemoniaceae and Fouquieriaceae families are closest.

Representatives of the barrier herb family are mainly found in North America, with many species occurring in the north-western USA. Some species are found in South America. Few species are common in Eurasia .

The Polemoniaceae family has been used since Prather et al. 2000 in two and since Porter et al. 2000 divided into three subfamilies and seven tribes with about 18 to 26 genera. The family includes 350 to 385 species:

Subfamily Acanthogilioideae JMPorter & LAJohnson :
- It contains only one monotypical genus:
  - Acanthogilia A.G. Day & Moran : It contains only one species:
    - Acanthogilia gloriosa (Brandegee) A.Day & RCMoran : This endemic occurs only in Baja California .

Subfamily Cobaeoideae Arnott : The basic chromosome numbers are usually n = 15, 26 or 27. It contains three tribes with three genera and about 33 species in the Neotropic :

Tribe Bonplandieae Baill. : It contains only one monotypical genus:
Bonplandia Cav. : It contains only one species, some authors list two types, but it is a synonym:
Bonplandia geminiflora Cav. (Syn .: Bonplandia geminiflora . Cav, Caldasia heterophylla Willd., Phlox auriculata Sesse & mocino, Bonplandia geminiflora . Var erosa fire, Bonplandia linearis BLRob.): It is common in many parts of Mexico to northern Central America.

Tribe Cantueae Peter : It contains only one genus:
Cantua Juss. ex Lam. (Syn .: Periphragmos Ruiz & Pav. , Tunaria O.Kuntze , Huthia Brand ): It is divided into two sub-genera and contains about ten species; There are shrubs or rarely small trees in the Andes mainly in Peru and Bolivia, including:
Cantua buxifolia J. Juss. ex Lam. (Common names Qantu, Kantuta)

Tribe Cobeeae (D.Don) Meisn. : It contains only one genus:
Cobaea Cav. (Syn .: Rosenbergia Oersted ): It is divided into four sections and contains about 18 species that are common in the Neotropic , including:
Bell vine ( Cobaea scandens Cav. ), Also known as bell winds.

Subfamily Polemonioideae Arnott : The basic chromosome numbers are usually n = 7 or 9, rarely n = 6 or 8. It is divided into four tribes and contains (13 to) about 22 genera and 330 to 350 species:

Tribus Polemonieae: It contains only one genus:
Jacob's ladders ( Polemonium L. s. L.): The 20 to 50 species are common in the northern hemisphere in North America and Eurasia.

Tribus Gilieae: It contains about six genera:

Allophyllum (Nutt.) ADGrant & VEGrant : The only two annual species thrive in the mountains of the western USA.

Collomia Nutt. : The 13 to 15 species are common in the New World, the focus of biodiversity is in the western USA; for example:
Large-flowered glue seeds ( Collomia grandiflora Douglas ex Lindl. )

Gilia Ruiz & Pav. (Syn .: Maculigilia VEGrant, Tintinabulum Rydb. ): The approximately 39 species are common in North America.

Lathrocasis L.A. Johnson : It contains only one species:
Lathrocasis tenerrima (A.Gray) LAJohnson : It occurs in western North America.

Navarretia Ruiz & Pav .: The approximately 30 species are distributed in western North America, Chile and Argentina.

Saltugilia (VEGrant) LAJohnson : Porter & Johnson classified Gilia Ruiz & Pav. Sect. Saltugilia V.E. Grant & ADGrant to the rank of genus. Today it contains four species.

Tribe Phlocideae: It contains about five genera:

Gymnosteris Greene : The roughly two types are common in the western United States.

Leptosiphon Benth.

Linanthus Benth. (Syn .: Dactylophyllum (Benth.) Spach , Fenzlia Benth. , Leptodactylon Hook. & Arn. , Linanthastrum Ewan , Siphonella (A.Gray) A.Heller ): It contains about 55 species.

Microsteris Greene : It contains two or more species.

Flame flowers or phlox ( Phlox L. ): The 67 to 70 species are common in North America and North Asia to European Russia.

Tribe Loeselieae: It contains about ten genera:

Aliciella Brand : The 20 or so species are common in western North America.

Bryantiella J.M.Porter : It was erected 2000th The two species thrive in the driest deserts, one in San Felipe in Baja California and the other in the Atacama .

Dayia J.M.Porter : It was erected 2000th The only two species are endemic to Baja California .

Eriastrum Wooton & Standl. : About 14 species; all but one perennial species are annual. They prefer to thrive in drier areas of the southwestern United States.

Giliastrum (Brand) Rydb. (sometimes in Gilia Ruiz & Pav. ): The nine or so species are distributed from North to Central America.

Ipomopsis Michx. : The approximately 29 species are, with the exception of one South American species, all common in North America.

Langloisia Greene (including Loeseliastrum (Brand) Timbrook ): The three or so species thrive in the arid regions of western North America.

Loeselia L .: The 3 to 14 species are distributed from California to Venezuela.

Loeseliastrum (Brand) Timbrook : The only three species occur in southwestern North America.

Microgilia J.M. Porter & LAJohnson : It was established in 2000 and contains only one species:
Microgilia minutiflora (Benth.) JMPorter & LAJohnson (Syn .: Gilia minutiflora Benth. , Ipomopsis minutiflora (Benth.) V. Grant ): It occurs in southwestern North America.

Subfamily Polemonioideae: inflorescence of the hybrid Phlox × arendsii cultivar 'Anja'

use

Some species and their varieties are used as ornamental plants , for example Ipomopsis aggregata , Cobaea scandens , Phlox and Polemonium varieties.

The medicinal effects of a few species have been studied. There are only a few other uses by humans.

swell

The family of the Polemoniaceae in APWebsite . (Sections Description and Systematics)
J. Mark Porter, Leigh A. Johnson: Polemoniaceae Juss. - Systematics and Evolution .
Leigh Johnson, 2009: Polemoniaceae. Phlox Family. Version January 02, 2009. In: The Tree of Life Web Project .
Ruizheng Fang, Dieter H. Wilkins: Polemoniaceae. , P. 326 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 . (Section description)
Verne Grant: Primary Classification and Phylogeny of the Polemoniaceae, with Comments on Molecular Cladistics. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 85, 1998, p. 741.
JM Porter, LA Johnson: A phylogenetic classification of Polemoniaceae. In: Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany , Volume 19, Issue 1, 2000, pp. 55-91. doi : 10.5642 / aliso.20001901.06 full text PDF.
L. Alan Prather, Carolyn J. Ferguson, Robert K. Jansen: Polemoniaceae phylogeny and classification: implications of sequence data from the chloroplast gene ndhF. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 87, Issue 9, 2000, pp. 1300-1308: Online. (Section systematics)
Verne Grant: Taxonomy of the Polemoniaceae: the subfamilies and tribes. In: Sida - Contributions to Botany , Volume 20, Issue 4, 2003, pp. 1371-1385. JSTOR 41960997
Leigh A. Johnson, LM Chan, TL Weese, LD Busby, S. McMurry: Nuclear and cpDNA sequences combined provide strong inference of higher phylogenetic relationships in the phlox family (Polemoniaceae). In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 48, Issue, 2008, pp. 997-1012. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2008.05.036
Jürg Schönenberger: Comparative Floral Structure and Systematics of Fouquieriaceae and Polemoniaceae (Ericales). In: International Journal of Plant Sciences , Volume 170, Issue 9, 2009, pp. 1132-1167.
Verne Grant: Natural History of the Phlox Family: Systematic Botany . International Scholars Forum. Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-94-017-6077-5 ( limited preview in Google book search).

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ J. Mark Porter, Leigh A. Johnson: Polemoniaceae Juss. - Systematics and Evolution .

↑ ^a ^b Polemoniaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved September 26, 2017.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 .

↑ Leigh A. Johnson: Transfer of the Western North American Species Gilia splendens to Saltugilia (Polemoniaceae), and the taxonomic affinities of Gilia scopulorum, Gilia stellata, and Gilia yorkii. In: Novon , Volume 17, 2007, pp. 193–197: PDF. ( Memento of the original from September 8, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
^ CD Bell, R. Patterson: Molecular Phylogeny of Linanthus (Polemoniaceae). In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 87, Issue 12, 2000, pp. 1857-1870.
↑ JM Porter: Aliciella, a recircumscribed genus of Polemoniaceae. In: Aliso , Volume 17, Issue 1, 1998, 23-46.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Jeffrey P. Rose: Evolution of the Phlox Family .
^ J. Mark Porter, Leigh A. Johnson, Dieter Wilken: Phylogenetic Systematics of Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae): Relationships and Divergence - Times Estimated from Chloroplast and Nuclear DNA sequences. , 2009: PDF-Online. ( Memento of the original from September 20, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ ^a ^b Entries on Polemoniaceae in Plants For A Future

Web links

Commons : Polemoniaceae - Collection of images, videos and audio files

The family of the Polemoniaceae and the family of Cobaeaceae at DELTA L. Watson and MJ Dallwitz. (engl.)

[Porter-Johnson-Web-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ J. Mark Porter, Leigh A. Johnson: Polemoniaceae Juss. - Systematics and Evolution .

[GRIN-2] Polemoniaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved September 26, 2017.

[Mabberley2008-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 .