Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

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Politburo (between 1952 and 1966 Presidium) is the shortened name for the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union .

Origin, task and development

1925, from left: Laschewitsch , Frunze , Chubar, Rykov, Voroshilov , Stalin, Skrypnyk , Bubnov and Ordzhonikidze

It was created as a permanent governing body by resolution of the Eighth Congress of the Communist Party of Russia in March 1919. In the period from 1917 to 1919 there is said to have already been a Politburo set up by the Central Committee, which had the task of organizing the uprising in Russia. However, there are reports that Stalin is said to have only subsequently documented the existence of this office in 1924.

From 1919 onwards, the task of the Politburo was to lead the party between the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and the party congresses. It was thus the real power and leadership body of the party and the state.

In the years 1936 to 1940 as part of were Stalinist purges twelve former members of the Politburo ( Trotsky (killed), Kamenev , Zinoviev , Bukharin , Rykov , Krestinsky , Sokolnikov , Serebryakov , Tomsky , Rudzutak , Kossior , Chubar ) and three candidates Politburo ( Eiche , Postyshev , Jeschow ) executed or murdered; one member died by suicide ( Ordzhonikidze ). In 1950, another Politburo member ( Vosnesensky ) was executed after a trial.

In 1952, the Politburo and the Organizational Bureau were merged to form the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU in order - according to Stalin - to enlarge the management body and to initiate a rejuvenation. Immediately after Stalin's death, the presidium was downsized again.

From 1961, the party statutes set a limit on the re-election of Politburo members. A quarter of all members had to be replaced by new members. In 1961 that was four out of 14 full members.

composition

The Politburo consisted of full members and candidates of the Politburo . It was composed of secretaries from the Central Committee and leading members of the government of the USSR. It was added z. B. by the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (nominal head of state), the chairman of the trade unions, some first secretaries of the party from larger Union republics or the chairman of the party control commission.

In 1919 - at the time of Lenin - there were only five full members of the Politburo, from 1940 to 1949 9 to 13, then even 25 in 1952, after Stalin's death in 1953 only nine, in Khrushchev's time ten to twelve during the Brezhnev period 11 (1964) to 14 (1980) and finally 24 full members (nine elected and 15 CP chairmen of the Union countries).

The only women who were full members of the Politburo were Ekaterina Furzewa and Galina Semyonova .

Ten Politburo members were on the body for 20 years or more: Stalin (around 36 years), Voroshilov (34), Molotov (31), Mikoyan (31), Suslow (28), Kaganowitsch (27), Khrushchev (25), Brezhnev ( 25), Kosygin (20 + 4 = 24), Kalinin (20). Zhukov had the shortest membership of 120 days.

Composition at some key points in time
  • 1917 (Revolution 7 members): Lenin, Kamenev, Trotsky, Zinoviev, Stalin, Bubnov, Sokolnikov
  • 1924 (7 marks after Lenin's death): Stalin, Kamenew, Trotsky, Bukharin, Zinoviev, Rykow, Tomski; all but Stalin later executed or murdered (Trotsky)
  • 1931 (left and right opposition disempowered, 10 marks): Stalin, Molotov, Kalinin, Voroshilov, Rudsutak, Kuibyshev, Kirov, Kossior, Kaganowitsch, Ordzhonikidze
  • 1939 (9 m after the purges): Stalin, Molotov, Kalinin, Voroshilov, Kaganowitsch, Mikoyan, Andreev, Schdanow, Khrushchev
  • 1953 (after Stalin's death on March 5, 1953: 24 marks): Khrushchev, Malenkov, Beria, Molotov, Voroshilov, Bulganin, Kaganowitsch, Mikoyan, Saburow, Perwuchin; on March 6, 1953, the 14 politburo members newly appointed in 1952 resigned, Beria in June 1953 (†)
  • 1957 (before the attempted coup by police office members against Khrushchev, which was prevented by the Central Committee, 11 marks): Khrushchev, Mikoyan, Suslow, Kiritschenko (= 4) against Bulganin, Molotov, Voroshilov, Malenkov, Kaganowitsch, Saburow, Pervukhin (= 7)
  • 1965 (after the fall of Khrushchev 12 marks): Brezhnev, Kosygin, Podgorny, Suslow, Mikoyan, Kirilenko, Masurow, Polyansky, Schelepin, Schelest, Schwernik, Voronow
  • 1985 (Gorbachev becomes General Secretary, 11 marks): Gorbachev, Gromyko, Ryschkow, Ligachev, Shevardnadze, Aliyev, Solomenzew, Vorotnikow, Chebrikov, Shcherbitzky, Grishin
  • 1991 At the end of August 24, 1991: 24 members

List of all members of the Politburo

Lenin period 1919 to 1924

Stalin period 1924 to 1953

Khrushchev period 1953 to 1964

Brezhnev period 1964 to 1982

Andropov and Chernenko periods 1982 to 1985

Gorbachev period 1985 to 1991

See also

literature

  • Merle Fainsod : How Russia is governed . Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Study Library, 1965
  • Mikhail Gorbachev: Memories . Siedler-Verlag, 1995
  • Oleg V. Khlevniuk : Master of the house: Stalin and his inner circle . Yale University Press, New Haven 2009, ISBN 0-300-11066-9 .
  • Georg von Rauch : History of Bolshevik Russia . Fischer Bücherei books of knowledge , Frankfurt am Main and Hamburg, 1963
  • Leonard Schapiro: The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1962
  • Michel Tatu: Power and Powerlessness in the Kremlin . Ullstein-Verlag, 1967

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ This Politburo for the organization of the uprising is said not to have met once. Apparently, Stalin had the documents forged from 1924.