Pons Aeni

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Memorial stone on the former Römerstrasse am Inn / Rosenheim
Pons Aeni on a map of Raetia

Pons Aeni (dt. Innbrücke) or "Ponte Aoni" and "Ad Enum" (dt. Am Inn) or "Statio Enensis" is the name of one or two Roman settlements near Pfaffenhofen am Inn , Upper Bavaria . The Inn Bridge built there by the Romans not only connected the two provinces of Raetia and Noricum , but also belonged to the important highway from Salzburg to Augsburg. In addition, a military road led from Italy via Pons Aeni over the Brenner Pass to the Castra Regina legionary camp ( Regensburg ).

Research history

Research of the Middle Ages

One of the best-known traditional Roman places in the Upper Bavarian Alpine foothills is the Pons Aeni , which has been handed down on various ancient testimonies . In particular, the geographical location on the Inn, which is clearly identifiable with the name, leaves little room for speculation. The Bavarian Renaissance scholar Johannes Aventinus (1477–1534) attempted a first georeferencing in his work Historia Otingae , published in 1518 . According to him, he had taken the historical name from a copy of the " Itinerarium Antonini ", which was preserved as a medieval copy of a Roman-era street station directory. His assumption to equate Pons Aeni with Ötting ( Altötting ) was based on pure speculation. In contrast to other places in Altötting, Aventine could not have a single Roman find. After the scholar Markus Welser (1558–1614) had also adopted Aventine's specifications, the cartographer Philipp Apian (1531–1589) first thought about a different location for the sought-after settlement and brought Altenhohenau near Wasserburg into play. This definition was then taken over by the geographer Philipp Clüver (1580–1622) and the historiographer Johann Heinrich von Falckenstein (1682–1760).

Research in the 18th century

The court councilor Johann Georg von Lori (1723–1787), the most important founding father of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences , which opened in 1759 , dealt with questions about Pons Aeni and the obviously difficult localization of the place along the Inn in the year it was founded . Von Lori particularly regretted the lack of accurate, up-to-date maps. Therefore he turned against attempts to solve the problem without local knowledge and solely on the basis of the given distance information in the Itinerarium Antonini and the " Tabula Peutingeriana ", another Roman street directory that has been handed down in map form. Rather, von Lori realized that a personal inspection of the premises and an accurate survey would be key. Therefore, he asked the question "Where was the Roman Pons Oeni?" In August 1761 of the Bavarian Scholars Society, which he also founded . Although there was no person to answer this question in the circle of this society, the professor of ancient history in Erfurt, Ferdinand Wilhelm Beer, succeeded in finding the solution to the problem only with the help of the two ancient street directories, regardless of these efforts. He came across the “village of Pfunzen, opposite the city of Rosenheim”, which came very close to the later archaeological localization. However, since Beer's study was not published until 1784, it no longer played a role in later discussions. Von Lori, who did not want any external research on the Roman era in Bavaria, asked the Innsbruck archive director Anton Roschmann (1694–1760) to write a treatise in 1759. In this also unpublished work, Roschmann assumed that he was looking for Pons Aeni "by the influence of the Salza", that is, obviously at the confluence of the Salzach and Inn.

Another co-founder of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Johann Georg Dominicus von Linprun (1714–1787) came closer to the puzzle for the first time when he succeeded in discovering and measuring a long section of the Roman road in the Grünwald Forest around 1763 . In his publication, Linprun also went into the further, still unknown course of this road. Correctly, he saw in it the connection between Salzburg and Augsburg and located Pons Aeni at the Mangfall tributary into the Inn near Happing . Not least because Aventine had already known Roman stone monuments there. The next important step in the identification of Pons Aenis was taken by the Rosenheim district judge Franz Josef Ignaz Johann von Kloeckel (1773–1823). He personally visited the place named by Linprun and had numerous ancient inscriptions shown in the area. He also heard that a few years ago Roman graves had been dug on the “Haunstatter Höhe” northwest of Rosenheim. During the follow-up investigation now scheduled by Kloeckel, two urn burials and other finds were uncovered. During this work, the farmers present said that around 1.50 kilometers to the northwest, near Westerndorf, the same ceramic fragments were lying in the fields. Here, too, Kloeckel started the spade, which led to the discovery of the important terra sigillata factories in Westerndorf. With this knowledge, Joseph von Stichaner (1769–1856), member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, brought the new research findings to publication. In his work "Collection of Roman Monuments in Bavaria", published in 1808, he also went into the localization of Pons Aeni . He saw the conspicuous concentration of finds near Westerndorf, Langenpfunzen and Pfaffenhofen - where Roman Age finds also came to light in 1807/1808 - as an indication to look for the long-sought location in this area. Von Stichaner was also the first scholar to equate the ancient place with the village of Pontena , which was handed down in 790. Its location at Langenpfunzen on the west bank and Leonhardpfunzen on the east bank of the Inn is now considered obsolete.

Research in the 20th and 21st centuries

In the spring of 1900, privately run excavations began on the northern edge of Pfaffenhofen in the Kastenfeld corridor, which were continued from 1902 with funds from the Bavarian Academy of Sciences until 1908 or 1909 and which have come down to us in brief annual reports by the two leading pastors Quirin Weiß and Josef Allmer. The excavations brought to light a larger Roman settlement with streets and pottery kilns. The chief conservator at the General Conservatory of Art Monuments and Antiquities of Bavaria , Paul Reinecke (1872–1958), made further progress in determining the location of Pons Aeni . In 1915 he was able to identify a longer section of the Roman route coming from Salzburg east of the Inn with its descent south of Zaisering down to the Inn in the direction of Mühlthal with the help of still-preserved road sections. This made it possible to pinpoint the place where the ancient river crossing must have been. In this sense, Reinecke identified the settlement area on the northern edge of Pfaffenhofen as the Pons Aeni that had been sought after for centuries . The prehistorian Friedrich Wagner (1887–1963) also took over Reinecke's evaluations in his standard work “The Romans in Bavaria”, first published in 1924. The Provincial Roman archaeologist Hans-Jörg Kellner (1920–2015) initiated the research excavations of the Prehistoric State Collection in Kastenfeld in 1967 . Kellner and the prehistorian Rainer Christlein (1940–1983) conducted the 1967 research together. In 1969 they were under Christlein alone, and in 1971 and 1974 the Roman Provincial Archaeologist Jochen Garbsch (1936–2003) worked on the ancient settlement area.

Since June 1969 at the latest, when a number of Roman finds were being dredged during the expansion of the Feldkirchen barrage, which is located exactly near Mühldorf, the localization of Pons Aeni had clearly consolidated. The archaeologist Wolfgang Czysz published these finds as early as 1976. Noteworthy were "unusually large" blocks of tuff, which may have served as the foundation for a bridge over the Inn. Among other things, coins from the 1st to 4th centuries AD could be identified as belonging to the Roman period. An old land map, which shows the state before the first internal regulation, attests to a 90-meter-long embankment wall at the dredged location. If this wall does not represent a quay, the map could also show the remains of a Roman bridgehead.

In November 2004 the Bavarian State Office for the Preservation of Monuments carried out a large-scale geophysical inspection of the Pfaffenhofen site, led by the geophysicist Jörg Faßbinder . The result was an almost complete documentation of the Roman settlement, which presents itself as a linear street vicus along the road from Salzburg to Augsburg. The voluntary employee of the State Monuments Office, Wolfgang Ager, who has been prospecting the find area for many years, played an important role in the findings on Pons Aeni .

Today there is a relatively clear picture of the Roman period in the Pons Aeni area . The route between Pons Aeni, Bedaium, Traunstein, Teisendorf to Iuvavum is secured and can be viewed at any time with the help of the Bavarian Monument Atlases. New aerial photographs, such as the late antique inland fort near Aying discovered in 2016, are secondary evidence of the securing of the Roman road leading two kilometers south into the Hofoldinger Forest. This new discovery could lead to a lively discussion about a reassessment of Pons Aeni and the troop location, which has so far only been handed down in writing.

Mithraeum

On the opposite, eastern bank, the prehistorian Walter Torbrügge (1923–1994) found reading finds on the lower bank of the Inn in 1959 as evidence of Roman settlement. Stimulated by a concentration of finds in the Mühlthal corridor on the steep slope of the river, the Prehistoric State Collection had a search cut made in 1977, which led to the discovery of a mithraum . Jochen Garbsch took over the complete investigation from 1978 to 1980. In the mitraum there were heavily damaged pieces of equipment from cult images, altars, cult vessels and small finds. The quality of the finds leaves no doubt about the financial strength of the donors. The type of damage can clearly be traced back to a targeted act of destruction during antiquity. A fragmented votive relief for Mithras from the 3rd century AD, donated by the imperial customs slave Secundus, had already been recovered in 1977. As usual, there was also a customs post at the transition from one Roman province to another. In this case, this was on the Noric side. The provincial Roman archaeologist Bernd Steidl was only able to add further, newly discovered inscription fragments from the old excavation site to the inscription from the Mühlthal corridor with the help of Wolfgang Ager and publish it in 2008:

[D (eo) I (nvicto) M (ithrae) Sec] undus Laeti Augg (ustorum) nn (ostrorum)
[vil (ici) vic (arius) s] igillum ex voto posuit

Translation: "For the invincible Mithras [Sec] undus, deputy of the Laetus, the imperial station master, set up the small votive picture on the basis of a vow."

According to the current state of research, two Roman settlements can be identified near Pons Aeni , which faced each other on both sides of the Inn bank. In 2009, after a reassessment of the Garb finds, Steidl advocated addressing the not insignificant settlement on the Noric side, which belongs to the Illyrian customs, as the Ad Enum (Am Inn), which is called the "Tabula Peutingeriana". Until then, the names Pons Aeni from the "Itinerarium Antonini" and Ad Enum were equated for one and the same settlement. The discovery of a Mithras dedicatory inscription from the Illyrian province of Pannonia superior Poetovio ( Ptuj ), dating back to the 3rd century AD, meets this consideration :

D (eo) I (nvicto) [M (ithrae)]
pro salute
Charidemi
Aug (usti) n (ostri) vil (ici) sta (tionis)
Enensis
M (arcus) Antonius
Celer v (otum) s (olvit) l ( ibens) m (erito)

Translation: “To the undefeated Mithras for the salvation of [customs slave] Charidemus, tenant of our Augustus of the customs station Enensis. Marcus Antonius Celer gladly kept his vow as God deserved it. "

The term Enensis is generally equated with the Ad Enum from the "Itinerarium Antonini".

The street village "Pons Aeni"

An essential part of the settlement near Pfaffenhofen ("Pons Aeni") was the terra sigillata factory in Westerndorf, which was established as a branch of the Rheinzabern production facility at the end of the 2nd century AD. Products from Westerndorf were only shipped downstream to Noricum and the Pannonian provinces . In its time, the Westerndorfer Ware was the most widely sold ceramics there and is therefore an important guide to the Roman chronology in Austria and Hungary . The relationship between Westerndorf and Pfaffenhofen remains difficult to this day, as there were also pottery kilns in the last-mentioned place.

According to the geophysical investigations in 2004, ancient Pfaffenhofen was on a flood-proof plateau above the Inn and presented itself as a typical Roman-era street village of over 200 meters in length, which was built with a slight deviation to the east in a north-south direction along a local road. Along this street, around 20 Roman wooden strip houses were built close together , with their narrow side facing the street. In the northern part of the camp village, where the road possibly bends to the east, a stone, 13 × 35 meter large late antique hall building was excavated in 1971. This pushes its front face into the area of ​​the road. This only stone building of “Pons Aeni” clearly breaks through the scheme of the otherwise Middle Roman street village. Since the majority of the finds come from the middle imperial period, scattered reading finds and the stone hall speak for a certain continuation during late antiquity. The extent to which the wooden structures can also be dated to the period after the Principate will have to be clarified in future excavations. The hall structure, which was built from tuff stone , offers the only indication that there was evidence of settlement activity along the street village even in late Roman times. The building, of which only the lowest foundation layer was preserved during the excavation, was addressed by the excavators as a horreum .

Remarkably, the strip house development was only on the western side of the village street. From the narrow sides of the houses facing the street, the Roman-era observer obviously looked towards the Inn. On the eastern side of the road, the 2004 survey showed only three larger and other small pits.

Pottery Quarter

The 2004 investigations also revealed four to five pottery kilns, which were located a little away from the settlement on its northern edge. Large quantities of sigillata fragments were found in the settlement area for these ovens.

River crossing

The coins found in the river area between the fields of Kastenfeld and Mühlthal range from the 1st to the late 4th century. This is also the time that the Inn transition was obviously used in Roman times.

garrison

In Pons Aeni there has been an equestrian fort that has not been clearly identified to this day at least since late antiquity. In the Notitia Dignitatum , a late Roman state manual, the Dux Raetiae list of troops contains the following mention: Equites Stablesiani juniores, Ponte Aoni nunc Febians . Since no subsequent unit for Pons Aeni is named, the complex there is likely to have been abandoned towards the end of the 4th to the first decades of the 5th century.

On the western edge of the ancient settlement, around 150 meters from it, a pointed ditch and a wall excavation were cut in 1974 in the area of ​​the modern development, which Garbsch interpreted as the remains of the late Roman fort. In Meike Weber's master’s thesis, the author considers the findings to be a small fort from the Middle Imperial period, and Steidl, too, the findings appear to belong more to the time of the Principate than to late antiquity. However, since there is no possibility of dating, in his opinion the date of origin of the trench and the pit is generally questionable.

Decline and reconstruction

A much earlier presence of the Roman military could indicate the strikingly extensive spectrum of mid-imperial militaria that came out of the ground with harness components on the area of ​​the vicus. The quantities and variations of the recovered material leave room for many considerations, as they have already been expressed in the past. Since the military finds come exclusively from the settlement area and did not appear on the area of ​​the alleged fort findings, Steidl speculated that these must be understood in the settlement context. The archaeologist does not necessarily consider many parts from the field of draft animal harnesses, belt and knife fittings to be militaria, but can also imagine them in civil use. From the actual military finds it is clear that the material, with the exception of a few pieces from late antiquity, can largely be dated to the second third of the 3rd century. Steidl mentions, among other things, the large number of riveted buttons on helmets of the Niederbieber type , which in Pons Aeni mostly have the late, pointed-conical shape. In addition to matching military belts, sword scabbard parts and spurs, other fragments of this type of helmet came to light. Since the military find material of Pons Aeni , which also includes defensive weapons such as armor and shields belong present in comparison to the known Limes forts in hitherto unknown quantities, it could be thought that in the Lech settlement during the time of Limes If heavy fighting took place, which went hand in hand with the destruction of the place. The discovery of a wagon in a layer of fire rubble as well as larger skeletal parts of horses that belong together and cannot be interpreted as slaughterhouse waste would also speak in favor. The investigations in the place revealed an extensive fire catastrophe, the term post quem with four denarii from 228/231 AD can be proven. A coin hoard comprising 1274 antoninians and denarii from the Noric Ad Enum , which ends with mintings from the years 238/239 AD, could also belong in this context .

May have been Pons Aeni inhabited by Münzbefund in the last quarter of the 3rd century back, the dimensions of reconstruction to date are unknown.

Inner passages outside of the doctrinal opinion

Considerations related to the two Roman street directories outside of the scientifically proven doctrinal opinion resulted in an alternative route for the trunk road from Salzburg to Augsburg. The archaeological research results of the last hundred years were not recognized in these paths, which were determined exclusively from written sources. According to this, Pons Aeni is said to have been located at another Roman crossing in the area south of Wasserburg . This road, which is still not detectable in any section, then continued on an "ideal line" via the Erding area in the direction of Augsburg. There are no relevant findings for a long-distance Roman route from Salzburg via Wasserburg and Erding to Augsburg.

See also

literature

  • Bernd Steidl : Stops at the bridge - Pons Aeni and Ad Enum at the Inn crossing of the Augusta Vindelicum-Iuvavum state road . In: Gerald Grabherr, Barbara Kainrath (Ed.): Conquiescamus! longum iter fecimus. Roman rest stations and road infrastructure in the Eastern Alps , files from the colloquium on the research situation on Roman road stations, Innsbruck June 4 and 5, 2009, innsbruck university press, Innsbruck 2011, ISBN 3-902719-84-2 , pp. 72–110.
  • Bernd Steidl: News about the inscriptions from the Mithraeum of Mühlthal am Inn. "Pons Aeni", "Ad Enum" and the "statio Enensis des publicum portorium Illyrici" . in: Bavarian History Leaflets 73, 2008, pp. 53–85.
  • Michael Mackensen : Silver decorative pencil from Pons Aeni / Pfaffenhofen. Reference to a late Roman crested helmet of the Deurne / Berkasovo type . In: Bavarian History Sheets 74, 2009, pp. 289–294.
  • Meike Weber: Military equipment, harness components and brooches from the Roman vicus “Pons Aeni” / Pfaffenhofen . In: Bavarian History Sheets 72, 2007, pp. 151–233. (= Master's thesis)
  • Martin Pietsch: To the Roman Inn crossing at Pons Aeni. New finds and research on the Noric bank . Festschrift E. Keller. In: Reports of the Bayerische Bodendenkmalpflege 41/42, 2000/01, pp. 161–165.
  • Jörg Faßbinder , Martin Pietsch: On the trail of the potter vicus from Pons Aeni - Geophysical prospection in Pfaffenhofen a. Inn . In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 2004 (2005), pp. 100–102.
  • Wolfgang Hameter: The Noric Inscriptions of Bavaria , Vienna 1992, pp. 35–37, no. 17–19. (Dissertation)
  • Hans-Jörg Kellner : Terra Sigillata Manufactories in Westerndorf and Pfaffenhofen . In: Ludwig Wamser (ed.): The Romans between the Alps and the North Sea , Mainz 2000, p. 348 No. 66.
  • Hans-Jörg Kellner: To the Sigillata pottery from Westerndorf V - goods with the Hefner 120 egg stick . In: Report of the Bayerische Bodendenkmalpflege 34/35, 1993/1994 (1995), pp. 178-180.
  • Hans-Jörg Kellner, Dénes Gabler : The picture stamps of Westerndorf II - Helenius and Onniorix . In: Bayerische Prognistorblätter 58, 1993, pp. 185-270.
  • Hans-Jörg Kellner: The stamps of Westerndorf: COMITIALIS and IASSVS . In: Bavarian History Leaflets 46, 1981, pp. 121-189.
  • Hans-Jörg Kellner: Observations in Westerndorf-St. Peter 1976. In: Annual Report of the Bayerische Bodendenkmalpflege 21, 1980, pp. 175–181.
  • Hans-Jörg Kellner: Westerndorf Sigillata between Inn and Salzach . In: Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Salzburger Landeskunde 115, 1975 (1976), pp. 345–347.
  • Hans-Jörg Kellner: The Sigillata Pottery of Westerndorf and Pfaffenhofen , (= Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany 9), Stuttgart 1973
  • Hans-Jörg Kellner: Sigillata pottery Westerndorf and road station Pons Aeni (Pfaffenhofen) . In: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz (Hrsg.): Guide to prehistoric and early historical monuments . 19. Rosenheim, Chiemsee, Traunstein, Bad Reichenhall, Berchtesgaden, Mainz 1971, pp. 13-16.
  • Hans-Jörg Kellner: Contributions to the type treasury and the dating of the Sigillata from Westerndorf and Pfaffenhofen. To the Sigillata pottery of Westerndorf IV . In: Das bayerische Inn-Oberland 35, 1968, pp. 5-72.
  • Hans-Jörg Kellner: The ceramic finds from the excavations of the "Roman Section" in and near Westerndorf. To the Sigillata pottery of Westerndorf II . In: The Bavarian Inn-Oberland 33, 1963, pp. 5-50.
  • Hans-Jörg Kellner: The Raetian Sigillata Pottery and their relationship to Westerndorf. To the Sigillata pottery of Westerndorf III . In: Bavarian History Leaflets 27, 1962, pp. 115–129.
  • Hans-Joerg Kellner: To sigillata pottery Westerndorf I . In: Bavarian History Leaves 26, 1961, pp. 165-203.
  • Jochen Garbsch: The Mithraeum by Pons Aeni . In: Bavarian History Leaves 50, 1985, pp. 355-462.
  • Dénes Gabler : The Westerndorfer Sigillata in Pannonia. Some peculiarities of their distribution . In: Yearbook of the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseums 30, 1983, p. 349 ff.
  • Rainer Christlein , Wolfgang Czysz , Jochen Garbsch , Hans-Jörg Kellner, Peter Schröter: The excavations 1969–1974 in Pons Aeni . In: Bayerische Vorblätter 41, 1976, pp. 1–106.
  • Rainer Christlein, Hans-Jörg Kellner: The excavations in 1967 in Pons Aeni . In: Bayerische Vorblätter 34, 1969, pp. 76-161.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ The term "Sta (tio) Enensis" is passed down through an inscription from a Mithras shrine in Poetovio (Pettau-Unterhaidin). Source: Paul Reinecke : The Roman Art Route from Chiemsee to Pons Aeni . In: Small writings on the prehistoric and early historical topography of Bavaria Lassleben, Kallmünz 1962, p. 20 ff .; here: p. 50.
  2. ↑ Josef Stern: Roman wheels in Raetia and Noricum - On the way on Roman paths . (= Römisches Österreich. Annual publication of the Austrian Society for Archeology 25 (2002)), Vienna 2003, pp. 101–119.
  3. ↑ Bernd Steidl : Stops at the bridge - Pons Aeni and Ad Enum at the Inn crossing of the Augusta Vindelicum-Iuvavum state road . In: Gerald Grabherr, Barbara Kainrath (Ed.): Conquiescamus! longum iter fecimus. Roman rest stations and road infrastructure in the Eastern Alps , files from the colloquium on the research situation on Roman road stations, Innsbruck June 4 and 5, 2009, innsbruck university press, Innsbruck 2011, ISBN 3-902719-84-2 , pp. 72–110; here: p. 72.
  4. ↑ Bernd Steidl : Stops at the bridge - Pons Aeni and Ad Enum at the Inn crossing of the Augusta Vindelicum-Iuvavum state road . In: Gerald Grabherr, Barbara Kainrath (Ed.): Conquiescamus! longum iter fecimus. Roman rest stations and road infrastructure in the Eastern Alps , files from the colloquium on the research situation on Roman road stations, Innsbruck June 4 and 5, 2009, innsbruck university press, Innsbruck 2011, ISBN 3-902719-84-2 , pp. 72–110; here: p. 73.
  5. ↑ Bernd Steidl : Stops at the bridge - Pons Aeni and Ad Enum at the Inn crossing of the Augusta Vindelicum-Iuvavum state road . In: Gerald Grabherr, Barbara Kainrath (Ed.): Conquiescamus! longum iter fecimus. Roman rest stations and road infrastructure in the Eastern Alps , files from the colloquium on the research situation on Roman road stations, Innsbruck June 4 and 5, 2009, innsbruck university press, Innsbruck 2011, ISBN 3-902719-84-2 , pp. 72–110; here: pp. 74–75.
  6. ^ Rainer Christlein , Wolfgang Czysz , Jochen Garbsch , Hans-Jörg Kellner, Peter Schröter: The excavations 1969–1974 in Pons Aeni . In: Bayerische Vorblätter 41, 1976, pp. 1–106; Rainer Christlein, Hans-Jörg Kellner: The excavations in 1967 in Pons Aeni . In: Bayerische Vorblätter 34, 1969, pp. 76-161.
  7. ↑ Wolfgang Csysz : The Roman Inn Bridge . In: Bavarian History Leaflets 41, 1976, pp. 101-106.
  8. ↑ Martin Pietsch: To the Roman Inn crossing at Pons Aeni. New finds and research on the Noric bank . Festschrift E. Keller. In: Reports of the Bavarian Heritage Monument Care 41/42, 2000/01, pp. 161–165; here: pp. 161–162.
  9. ↑ Martin Pietsch: To the Roman Inn crossing at Pons Aeni. New finds and research on the Noric bank . Festschrift E. Keller. In: Reports of the Bavarian Heritage Monument Care 41/42, 2000/01, pp. 161–165; here: p. 162.
  10. ↑ Jörg Faßbinder , Martin Pietsch: On the trail of the potter vicus from Pons Aeni - Geophysical prospection in Pfaffenhofen a. Inn . In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 2004 (2005), pp. 100-102; here: p. 101.
  11. ↑ Jörg Faßbinder, Christian Later, Harald Krause, Florian Becker: Construction freeze in Roman times? A newly discovered late antique fort in Aying . In: The archaeological year in Bavaria , 2016, pp. 93–96.
  12. ↑ Bernd Steidl: News about the inscriptions from the Mithraeum of Mühlthal am Inn. "Pons Aeni", "Ad Enum" and the "statio Enensis des publicum portorium Illyrici" . in: Bavarian History Leaves 73, 2008, pp. 53–85; here: p. 53.
  13. ↑ AE 2008, 01019 . See picture: Mithras relief, http://www.ubi-erat-lupa.org
  14. ↑ Bernd Steidl : Stops at the bridge - Pons Aeni and Ad Enum at the Inn crossing of the Augusta Vindelicum-Iuvavum state road . In: Gerald Grabherr, Barbara Kainrath (Ed.): Conquiescamus! longum iter fecimus. Roman rest stations and road infrastructure in the Eastern Alps , files from the colloquium on the research situation on Roman road stations, Innsbruck June 4 and 5, 2009, innsbruck university press, Innsbruck 2011, ISBN 3-902719-84-2 , pp. 72–110; here: p. 78.
  15. ↑ CIL 03, 15184.07 . See picture: Altar for Mithras, www.ubi-erat-lupa.org
  16. ↑ Bernd Steidl : Stops at the bridge - Pons Aeni and Ad Enum at the Inn crossing of the Augusta Vindelicum-Iuvavum state road . In: Gerald Grabherr, Barbara Kainrath (Ed.): Conquiescamus! longum iter fecimus. Roman rest stations and road infrastructure in the Eastern Alps , files from the colloquium on the research situation on Roman road stations, Innsbruck June 4 and 5, 2009, innsbruck university press, Innsbruck 2011, ISBN 3-902719-84-2 , pp. 72–110; here: p. 96.
  17. ↑ Jörg Faßbinder, Martin Pietsch: On the trail of the potter vicus from Pons Aeni - Geophysical prospection in Pfaffenhofen a. Inn . In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 2004 (2005), pp. 100-102; here: p. 100.
  18. ↑ a b c Jörg Faßbinder, Martin Pietsch: On the trail of the potter vicus from Pons Aeni - Geophysical prospection in Pfaffenhofen a. Inn . In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 2004 (2005), pp. 100-102; here: p. 102.
  19. ^ Rainer Christlein , Wolfgang Czysz , Jochen Garbsch , Hans-Jörg Kellner, Peter Schröter: The excavations 1969–1974 in Pons Aeni . In: Bavarian History Leaves 41, 1976, pp. 1–106; P. 84.
  20. ^ Rainer Christlein , Wolfgang Czysz , Jochen Garbsch , Hans-Jörg Kellner, Peter Schröter: The excavations 1969–1974 in Pons Aeni . In: Bayerische Vorblätter 41, 1976, pp. 1–106; P. 103 f.
  21. ^ Rainer Christlein , Wolfgang Czysz , Jochen Garbsch , Hans-Jörg Kellner, Peter Schröter: The excavations 1969–1974 in Pons Aeni . In: Bavarian History Leaves 41, 1976, pp. 1–106; here: pp. 97–100.
  22. ↑ Meike Weber: Military equipment, harness components and fibulae from the Roman vicus "Pons Aeni" / Pfaffenhofen . In: Bavarian history sheets 72, 2007, pp. 151-233; here: pp. 199–201.
  23. ↑ Bernd Steidl : Stops at the bridge - Pons Aeni and Ad Enum at the Inn crossing of the Augusta Vindelicum-Iuvavum state road . In: Gerald Grabherr, Barbara Kainrath (Ed.): Conquiescamus! longum iter fecimus. Roman rest stops and road infrastructure in the Eastern Alps , files from the colloquium on the research situation on Roman road stations, Innsbruck June 4 and 5, 2009, innsbruck university press, Innsbruck 2011, ISBN 3-902719-84-2 , p. 89.
  24. ↑ Bernd Steidl : Stops at the bridge - Pons Aeni and Ad Enum at the Inn crossing of the Augusta Vindelicum-Iuvavum state road . In: Gerald Grabherr, Barbara Kainrath (Ed.): Conquiescamus! longum iter fecimus. Roman rest stations and road infrastructure in the Eastern Alps , files from the colloquium on the research situation on Roman road stations, Innsbruck June 4 and 5, 2009, innsbruck university press, Innsbruck 2011, ISBN 3-902719-84-2 , pp. 72–110.
  25. ↑ Bernd Steidl : Stops at the bridge - Pons Aeni and Ad Enum at the Inn crossing of the Augusta Vindelicum-Iuvavum state road . In: Gerald Grabherr, Barbara Kainrath (Ed.): Conquiescamus! longum iter fecimus. Roman rest stations and road infrastructure in the Eastern Alps , files from the colloquium on the research situation on Roman road stations, Innsbruck June 4 and 5, 2009, innsbruck university press, Innsbruck 2011, ISBN 3-902719-84-2 , p. 90.
  26. ↑ Bernd Steidl : Stops at the bridge - Pons Aeni and Ad Enum at the Inn crossing of the Augusta Vindelicum-Iuvavum state road . In: Gerald Grabherr, Barbara Kainrath (Ed.): Conquiescamus! longum iter fecimus. Roman rest stations and road infrastructure in the Eastern Alps , files from the colloquium on the research situation on Roman road stations, Innsbruck June 4 and 5, 2009, innsbruck university press, Innsbruck 2011, ISBN 3-902719-84-2 , p. 91.
  27. ↑ Hans Bauer: The Roman highways between Iller and Salzach according to the Itinerarium Antonini and the Tabula Peutingeriana. New research results on route guidance (= historical sciences . Volume 18). Herbert Utz Verlag, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-8316-0740-2 ( reading sample, table of contents and reviews ) ( Google partial digitization (accessed on July 21, 2017))

Coordinates: 47 ° 53 '38.8 "  N , 12 ° 8' 17.2"  E