Protest and dissent in China

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Protest and dissent in China have spread despite restrictions on freedom of assembly and speech in the People's Republic of China . In the decades since Mao Zedong's death in particular , various protests and dissident movements took place. Among the bemerkenswertesten which includes 1959 Tibetan uprising against the rule of the Communist Party of China , the Tiananmen Square Massacre in 1989 , which was crushed by military force, and the demonstration of 10,000 Falun Gong practitioners on April 25, 1999 in Zhongnanhai .Demonstrators and dissidents in China campaigned against a wide variety of abuses, including corruption , forced evictions, unpaid wages, human rights violations , environmental destruction , ethnic protests, petitions for religious freedom and civil liberties, protests against one-party rule and nationalist protests against foreign countries.

The number of annual protests has risen steadily since the early 1990s, from around 8,700 "mass events in groups" in 1993 to over 87,000 in 2005. In 2006, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences estimated the number of annual mass incidents at over 90,000 and Chinese sociology professor Sun Liping estimated them at 180,000 in 2010. Mass events are broadly defined as "planned or improvised meetings that arise from internal contradictions" and can include public speeches or demonstrations, physical clashes, public displays of grievances, and other group behaviors that are perceived to be disruptive to social stability.

Despite the rise in protests, some scholars have argued that they may not pose an existential threat to Communist Party rule because they have no "links". Most of the protests in China are directed against local officials, and only a select few dissident movements seek systemic change.

Legal framework

The Constitution of the People's Republic of China states that "the citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech , press , assembly , association , procession and demonstration ". In practice, the exercise of these rights on the pretext of "social stability" is strictly prohibited. The constitution guarantees freedoms, but also declares that it is the duty of the Chinese citizens "to fight against the forces and elements [...] that are hostile to the socialist system of China and try to undermine it". Poorly defined anti- subversion laws such as Article 105 of the Criminal Code can be used to prosecute anyone who wishes to exercise the right to assemble, speak or demonstrate. Other citizens involved in various forms of protest may face administrative penalties , such as a forced labor camp sentence .

Tactics

Chinese dissidents and protesters used a wide variety of tactics to express dissatisfaction with the authorities, including petitions to local governments or appeals offices , the Weiquan movement , demonstrations in Tian'anmen Square , support for dissident manifestos , like Charter 08 , boycotts , marches and the occasional violent riot .

Most protests in China concern local grievances, such as corruption by government or communist party officials at the district or community level ; Exploitation by employers ; excessive taxation and so on. Protests that target specific, local grievances and where citizens propose remedies are more likely to be successful than alternative forms of protests.

As the legal awareness of the Chinese population has grown since the 1980s and 1990s, more and more citizens have adopted semi-institutionalized forms of protest. They refer to this as "legitimate resistance" using the court system, petitioners' channels, or central government decrees and guidelines to bring complaints against local authorities. Such protests are sometimes successful. However, protesters are often frustrated when the authorities discover that it is not in the party's interest to listen to the protesters' demands.

The failure of semi-institutionalized means of protest can ultimately lead citizens to use more open and public forms of resistance, such as sit-in strikes , picket lines , coordinated hunger strikes , or marches. When petitions to local authorities fail, many citizens bring their complaints to the capital, Beijing, and occasionally demonstrate in Tiananmen Square.

In isolated cases, dissatisfied citizens used rioting, bombing government buildings and similar targets, or suicide as a form of protest. In December 2011, residents of the village of Wukan evicted communist party authorities after protests because the villagers had their land taken from them.

In pro- nationalist protests, citizens participated in boycotts against foreign goods or companies, officially approved marches and occasionally became violent against foreign embassies.

Technology has become an increasingly important part of the arsenal of Chinese protesters and dissidents. Some protests take place almost exclusively in the area of online - activism instead and use. Citizens protest by signing online petitions, making statements on the Internet against the Communist Party, and supporting dissident manifestos such as the signing of Charter 08. Cyber vigilantes use the internet to publicly shame government officials and others who are viewed as corrupt, who have violated human rights, or who otherwise violate collective values. SMS text messages are used to organize and coordinate protests.

Protests in the countryside

An estimated 65 percent of the 180,000 annual "mass incidents" in China can be traced back to abuses of forced land expropriation, in which government authorities - often in consultation with private developers - confiscated land in villages and the owners received little or no compensation. Surveys since 2005 have shown that the number of these land expropriations has increased steadily. The local government confiscated the land from around four million Chinese landowners. According to surveys, 43 percent of Chinese villagers have been land expropriated. In most cases, the land was sold to private developers, with the land being sold on average for much more than the compensation the villagers received from the government.

Labor protests

Labor protests in China's industrial sector are common as migrant workers defend themselves against low wages or poor working conditions. There are trade unions in China, but these should consist of state cadres. The unions are said to be an extension of the Chinese Communist Party in factories, factories and management.

In 2010, employees at the Chinese Honda factory went on strike, demanding a wage increase and a union of their own choosing. A staff member mentioned that Honda was willing to compromise, but the Guangdong government opposed wage increases because they feared similar demands could be made in other plants. According to media reports, the number of workers' strikes rose to a record high in 2015. The China Labor Bulletin mentioned 2,509 strikes and protests by workers and employees in China. The main reason for these strikes is said to have been the many factory closures and layoffs.

In 2011, many migrant workers did not return to work in southern China's Guangzhou after the New Year holiday. The reason is said to have been that more opportunities for jobs had been created in the previously poorer provinces. As a result, many no longer had to go to other areas to work and earn a living there. There are said to have been 30 to 40 percent fewer migrant workers, 10 to 15 percent is normal, although China's authorities had raised the minimum wages. As a result, foreign companies relocated their production facilities in Southeast Asia to “cheaper” provinces or even abroad. China experts at the investment bank Credit Suisse called this change a "historic turning point" for both the Chinese economy and possibly the world.

Petition

Since the imperial era, one of the most important means for citizens when they had complaints was to seek legal remedies from the authorities. One means was to file a petition. The People's Republic of China maintained the institution by establishing petition and appeal offices at local, provincial and national levels. These offices are entrusted with receiving appeals and complaints from citizens and with supporting them in resolving their complaints. In most cases, citizens start the petition process at the local level and escalate to the provincial or state level if they cannot find legal protection.

The number of petitioners in China - especially those who travel to the capital Beijing to visit the central appeal office - has skyrocketed since the early 1990s. Some of the general complaints raised through petitioning channels relate to land expropriations and forced demolitions, environmental damage, official corruption, excessive or reckless taxation and human rights violations. Although the petition system is a practical tool for some citizens to reach decisions, the system as a whole is strained and largely ineffective. Many petitioners end up in secret prisons in China or other detention centers because they protested against abuses.

Pro-democratic protests

Wall of Democracy

In 1978, while Deng Xiaoping was pursuing a reform course based on the "Four Modernizations" theory of China's economy, pro-democratic dissidents began posting writings, messages and ideas on a wall in Beijing's Xicheng District . The activist Wei Jingsheng began to stand up for democracy and greater political freedoms as a "fifth modernization". The wall of democracy was tolerated for a while, but it was closed in 1979 when the authorities thought the criticism of the one-party rule and the party leadership at the time had gone too far.

Protests in Tiananmen Square in 1989

In the spring of 1989, hundreds of thousands (Tiananmen massacre) gathered by students, workers and others in Tiananmen Square to the death of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party , Hu Yaobang , to mourn. The nonviolent assembly turned into a movement for more transparency, reform and, ultimately, democracy. In the early morning of June 4, 1989, the People's Liberation Army was mobilized to disperse the masses by opening fire on the crowd with weapons and killing hundreds to thousands of Chinese citizens.

Pro-democracy protests 2011

Inspired by the Jasmine protests in North Africa and the Middle East, Chinese dissidents called for pro-democracy demonstrations in several Chinese cities in February 2011 . The organizers initially suggested that participants shout slogans, but later revised their plans to encourage citizens to roam harmlessly at certain times, in certain places. In response, the Chinese authorities launched a concerted crackdown on dissidents, journalists, lawyers, artists and others who campaigned for democratic reform.

Ethnic protests

China has 55 ethnic minority groups , some of which have experienced recurring tensions with the Han majority group and / or the Chinese authorities. The Tibetan , Uighur and Mongolian populations in particular have long-standing cultural and territorial grievances and, to varying degrees, reject the rule of the Chinese Communist Party in their respective home countries. Perceived suppression of the cultures and rights of minorities, social discrimination or economic imbalances sometimes lead to ethnic protests or riots .

Tibet

Tibet has historically been the site of several major protests and uprisings against Communist Party's rule, most notably in 1959 , 1989 and 2008 . The main criticisms of the Tibetan protesters include the ubiquitous human rights violations and the lack of religious freedom and cultural protection. Tibetan protesters often demand greater political autonomy , independence and the right to practice their religion without interference. Several protests in Tibet were violently suppressed, some ending with the detention of activists and the murder of civilians.

Xinjiang

Ethnic minorities in Xinjiang have protested and rioted, sometimes violently, against the rule of the Communist Party. The Uyghur people in particular identify themselves most strongly with their Central Asian relatives and not with the rule of the Han Chinese . Many have campaigned for an independent East Turkestan and greater political and religious freedoms. Ethnic tensions have risen over the past few decades as a growing Han Chinese population in the region threatens to dilute Uighur culture. In 2009 ethnic unrest broke out in the capital, Urumqi . The ethnic Hui in the region also suffer from tension with the Han people.

Mongolia

Like the Tibetans and Uighurs, some ethnic Mongols living in Inner Mongolia have sought greater autonomy, if not total independence, from China. There is ethnic tension in the province between the Han and Mongols, which has occasionally led to protests. In 2011, a Mongolian shepherd tried to prevent a Chinese mining company from entering its Xilin Hot grassland. A Han Chinese in a truck ran over the man and killed him, sparking several protests.

Falun Gong

Falun Gong practitioners are among the most vocal and consistent opponents of the Communist Party in recent years. Falun Gong is a qigong- based meditation practice with a moral philosophy based on Buddhist traditions . It was popularized in China in the 1990s, and there were an estimated 70 million practitioners in 1999 .

Some of the leaders of the Communist Party were skeptical of the group's popularity, independence from the state, and spiritual philosophy. From 1996 to 1999, the practice faced varying degrees of harassment from Communist Party authorities and public security offices, as well as criticism in the state media. Falun Gong practitioners responded to media criticism by picketing the local government or the media, and were often successful in obtaining recantations. One such demonstration in April 1999 was stopped by the Tianjin security forces , and several dozen Falun Gong practitioners were beaten and arrested. In response, on April 25th, Falun Gong mobilized the largest demonstration in China since 1989 and silently gathered outside the center of the Zhongnanhai Central Government to demand official recognition and an end to the escalating harassment against them. Falun Gong group representatives met with Prime Minister Zhu Rongji and reached an agreement. However, Party Secretary General Jiang Zemin criticized Zhu for being "too soft" and ordered the defeat of Falun Gong. On July 20, 1999, the Communist Party leadership launched a campaign to exterminate the group through a combination of propaganda , detention, torture and other coercive methods.

During the first two years of the crackdown, Falun Gong practitioners in China responded with a petition to local, provincial, and national appeals authorities. Efforts to petition were often jailed, prompting the group to change tactics by holding non-violent demonstrations in Tiananmen Square on a daily basis . These demonstrations, at which practitioners usually held banners or staged meditation sessions, were often broken up by security officers. In late 2001, Falun Gong largely gave up the Tiananmen Square protests, but continued to quietly oppose the persecution campaign .

Online protests

Chinese dissidents are increasingly using the Internet as a means of expressing and organizing opposition to the government or the leadership of the Communist Party. Technical aids have become a primary tool for Chinese citizens to distribute otherwise censored news and information. Although the Internet is strictly censored and monitored in China , its relative anonymity and security make it a preferred forum for contradicting statements and opinions.

Blogging and microblogging platforms like Weibo regularly contain such views, although these platforms are also subject to censorship and harmful comments can be deleted by administrators.

A number of prominent Chinese dissidents, scholars, and legal defenders and artists have blogs posting essays and criticisms of the Communist Party. An innovative use of the Internet medium as a protest medium was a video by artist Ai Weiwei in which various Chinese citizens were filmed reading the names of victims of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake who died as a result of poor school construction.

Several known cases of human rights violations have sparked online protests. The arrest of Deng Yujiao , 21, who killed a local government official in self-defense in 2009 while trying to sexually assault her, sparked outrage among Chinese netizens , resulting in around four million posts online. The charges against Deng were eventually dropped in response to the outcry.

Internet vigilantes christened human meat search engines Renrou Sousuo in order to prosecute corrupt authorities or individuals for disclosing personal information about the perpetrators. You invite the public to use this information to humiliate and shame these individuals.

In 2008, a pro-democracy manifesto written by a group of intellectuals entitled Charter 08 was circulated online, collecting around 10,000 signatures. One of the authors, Liu Xiaobo , was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . Dajiyuan newspaper, affiliated with Falun Gong, has a website that enables Chinese citizens to post anonymous, symbolic withdrawals from the Communist Party, Communist Youth League, or Communist Young Pioneers. The website claims that tens of millions of people posted such statements even though the number has not been independently verified.

Nationalist protests

The anti-Japan protests of 2005 demonstrated the Chinese sentiment against Japan . These protests broke out in China and spread from Beijing to southern Guangdong Province . Protesters are said to have been angry about Japanese war history books and to have thrown stones at the Japanese embassy in Beijing. More than 10,000 Chinese are said to have joined a rally in Beijing and protested against the distortion of Japan's wartime past and against Tokyo's candidacy for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council . Several thousand Chinese are said to have marched through Beijing and called for a boycott of Japanese goods.

Official response

The Chinese authorities have used various strategies to contain protests. This includes the use of coercive measures for repression , censorship, the imprisonment or re-education through the work of dissidents and activists and the establishment of a huge internal security apparatus. The authorities have tried to address the root causes of frustration in some cases, for example through anti- corruption measures and reducing income inequality in rural areas.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

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