Schneebergbahn
Schneebergbahn trunk line Wiener Neustadt − Puchberg am Schneeberg |
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Puchberg am Schneeberg station shortly after the opening
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Route number (ÖBB) : | 163 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Course book route (ÖBB) : | 522 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Route length: | 28.205 km | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gauge : | 1435 mm ( standard gauge ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Network category : | B1 (Wiener Neustadt - Bad Fischau-Brunn) B2 (Bad Fischau-Brunn - Puchberg am Schneeberg) |
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Maximum slope : | 44 ‰ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Minimum radius : | 152 m | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Top speed: | 110 km / h | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Schneebergbahn Continuation of the Puchberg am Schneeberg – Hochschneeberg rack railway |
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The new mountain railway station built in 2009 with
the Hotel Hochschneeberg in the background | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Route number (ÖBB) : | 198 01 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Course book route (ÖBB) : | 523 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Route length: | 9.851 km | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gauge : | 1000 mm ( meter gauge ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Maximum slope : | 196 ‰ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Minimum radius : | 80 m | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rack system : | System dept | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Top speed: | 15 km / h | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Schneebergbahn wing lift Bad Fischau-Brunn − Wöllersdorf |
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Fireworks establishment, on the right side of the picture next to
the road the route of the Schneebergbahn line | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Route number (ÖBB) : | 166 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Route length: | 5.519 km | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gauge : | 1435 mm ( standard gauge ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Maximum slope : | 20 ‰ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Minimum radius : | 170 m | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Schneebergbahn connecting route Sollenau (Aspangbahn) - fireworks station |
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The former Steinabrückl train station was demolished in 2015.
It was the junction of the Schneeberg Railway with the Gutenstein Railway | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gauge : | 1435 mm ( standard gauge ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Schneebergbahn is a local railway line in Lower Austria from Wiener Neustadt to the Hochschneeberg , which was realized from Wiener Neustadt to Puchberg am Schneeberg as a standard-gauge adhesion railway (main line) and from Puchberg am Schneeberg to the Hochschneeberg as a narrow-gauge rack railway (continuation line).
The main route from Wiener Neustadt to Puchberg am Schneeberg included a connecting loop to Wöllersdorf from the start, the section from Sollenau to the fireworks facility (supplementary route), which was built later, is now closed or renatured .
The route name Schneebergbahn not only found its way into the name of the original owner company, the "Actiengesellschaft der Schneebergbahn", but was also taken over by the operating company "Niederösterreichische Schneebergbahn GmbH (NÖSBB)" founded on January 1, 1997. Since then, the NÖSBB has only been marketing the cogwheel railway part of the route belonging to it under the name “Schneebergbahn”.
Operational management
While the normal-gauge section of the Schneebergbahn is operated by ÖBB, the narrow-gauge rack-and-pinion railway section is managed by Niederösterreichische Schneebergbahn GmbH, founded in 1997, in which the state of Lower Austria in the form of the "NÖ Verkehrsorganisationsgesellschaft" (NÖVOG) and ÖBB each hold 50 percent involved.
The travel time on the main route from Wiener Neustadt to Puchberg am Schneeberg is approximately 45 minutes for regional trains on the non-electrified single-track route. On average, between 15 and 20 regional trains run in each direction today . The line is to be electrified by 2027.
The Schneebergbahn on the continuation from Puchberg am Schneeberg to Hochschneeberg, as a narrow-gauge rack railway, represents an important tourism factor in southern Lower Austria; 120,000 to 130,000 guest promotions are registered every year.
The journey uphill with modern trains takes 53 minutes, nostalgic journeys under steam with the still original train take 1 hour 17 minutes. The trains on the Hochschneeberg run every hour depending on demand, but unfavorable weather conditions can lead to restrictions or the suspension of train traffic. Depending on the weather, operation takes place from the end of April to the end of October, and special trips to the Hengsthütte are offered in April.
owner
Since the end of the Second World War , all lines of the Schneeberg Railway (including the rack railway) have been owned by the Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB). In the course of the takeover of numerous branch lines by the state of Lower Austria on January 1, 2012, the cogwheel railway to the Hochschneeberg (Schneebergbahn continuation line) also became the property of the state. The previous operating company “NÖ Verkehrsorganisationsgesellschaft” (NÖVOG) was repositioned as a railway company for this purpose.
history
prehistory
The opening of the Vienna-Gloggnitzer Railway in 1842 made the Semmering area more attractive for those seeking relaxation. Annual pilgrimages to the Schneeberg to commemorate the victims of the plague catastrophe of 1713 as well as the already existing tourism to the Schneeberg prompted local initiatives such as the “Puchberg Beautification Association” to consider connecting the area to the railway network and thus making it even more attractive for tourism.
The first attempt was made in 1872 by a consortium of banks. Although a pre- license for the construction of a rack railway from Payerbach to the Schneeberg had already been issued, the venture failed due to the Vienna stock market crash of 1873. Another attempt to build a rack railway from Puchberg am Schneeberg to the Hohen Hengst (foothill of the Schneeberg), was given up again in 1875.
On August 10, 1885, the Viennese graduate engineer ( former designation: "qualified engineer" ) Josef Tauber was granted a pre- license for the construction of a steam tram from Wiener Neustadt to Puchberg. Despite the license extension, the project failed.
Due to the planned construction of various branch lines in the Triesting and Piestingtal valleys in 1877 and the resulting better accessibility of Vienna , the municipal council of Wiener Neustadt was forced to take action against the threatened economic damage in the Wiener Neustadt area. With the connection of (Bad) Fischau, Grünbach am Schneeberg and Puchberg am Schneeberg, including the establishment of a connection to the Gutenstein route via the fireworks station to Wöllersdorf, the economy and the importance of Wiener Neustadt as a transport hub should be strengthened. Likewise, industrial centers such as the Puchberg gypsum works, the lime works in Winzendorf and the Grünbacher Steinkohlenrevier on the one hand and the Wöllersdorfer Werke powder factory in the fireworks facility on the other hand should be connected to an efficient means of transport.
Planning, financing, concession
In order to be able to start with the evaluation and the planning work, the Viennese graduate engineer Josef Tauber received a “pre-concession for a locomotive railway from Wiener Neustadt to Puchberg with a branch to Wöllersdorf” from the Imperial and Royal Ministry of Commerce .
In the early planning phase that followed, the name "Schneebergbahn" was determined for the sections to be built. The state of Lower Austria, which announced its financial support at the beginning, withdrew this commitment after a supplementary project became known. As a continuation of the Schneeberg Railway, a section of the route up to the Schneeberg was to be built, which was to be implemented as a rack railway.
In order to better estimate the profitability of the routes and to attract private investors, the following annual requirement was calculated:
- 150,000 people were calculated for the adhesion routes Wiener Neustadt – Puchberg and Wöllersdorf (standard gauge), and 8,000 wagon loads for goods traffic.
- The continuation of the route from Puchberg to Hochschneeberg (cogwheel narrow gauge) was intended primarily to serve tourist purposes and also to ensure that the refuges were supplied. The calculation basis was based on an examination of the hut books of the Schneeberg. The Baumgartnerhaus dismissed, according to the census in 1893, before the establishment of the mountain route quite a number of visitors from 34,000 guests on.
Since the state of Lower Austria did not want to take the financing risk because of the additionally planned construction of the mountain route, private investors had to be found:
When the lawyer and deputy land marshal Karl Haberl (1833–1908) was elected mayor of Wiener Neustadt in 1886 , he found an enthusiastic supporter of the railway line who also contributed his private fortune to the project.
Karl Haberl drew up a financing plan and calculated a financial requirement of 2,372,000 guilders . The standard gauge line accounted for 1,622,000 guilders and the cogwheel section 750,000 guilders. The financing was solved in the form of the issue of common shares, preferred shares and priority bonds. Karl Haberl and Josef Tauber took over the preference shares and priority bonds, while the ordinary shares were subscribed to by local investors such as the local Sparkasse, the municipality of Wiener Neustadt and other smaller interested parties. The law of June 19, 1895 gave the state an assurance that it would take over ordinary shares worth 300,000 crowns (previously 150,000 guilders) in the joint-stock company to be formed .
On September 25, 1895, Karl Haberl and Josef Tauber were granted the concession to build and operate "for the local railway from Wiener = Neustadt to the Schneeberg with a branch to Wöllersdorf (Schneebergbahn)" and this was published on the same day in the Reichsgesetzblatt 156/1895:
"We grant the concessionaires the right to build and operate a standard-gauge local train from the Wiener = Neustadt station on the Vienna - Trieste southern railway line via Fischau to Puchberg am Schneeberge with a branch from Fischau to the Wöllersdorf station of the Wittmannsdorf Gutenstein state railway line and one as a rack railway The continuation to be made from Puchberg to the Schneeberg to the hotel complex to be built there. "
The concession was valid for 90 years from the date of issue and also included approval for the concessionaires as investors to set up a stock corporation.
Construction and opening
For the construction , a building contract was signed on November 5, 1895 with the railway entrepreneur Leo Arnoldi , who had already submitted an offer in March of that year, which was monitored by the Berlin bank vd Haydn & Co and with which, as a result, all previous investors were signed Financial consortium was formed.
The construction contract contained the following project goals, which were to be implemented by March 15, 1897 at the latest:
- the construction and commissioning of the Schneebergbahn including the standard gauge and rack railway section
- the construction of a hotel on the Hochschneeberg
In the event of non-compliance and clearly missed deadlines, extensive penalties were provided for the establishment company of Leo Arnoldi.
After completion of the surveying and laying out work, construction of the standard gauge line began on December 4, 1895, and the official groundbreaking ceremony in Puchberg am Schneeberg took place on December 9, 1895 in the presence of politicians and the press. The construction work on the standard-gauge line proceeded quickly and without any special incidents, although the route included a gradient of 45 ‰. After the technical and police examination on April 6, 1897, the main line was on 14/15. Opened April 1897 during a festival trip from Wiener Neustadt to Puchberg am Schneeberg.
In contrast to the standard gauge, construction work on the cog railway on the Hochschneeberg could not begin until spring 1896. The first part of the route, including the substructure and culverts, was built in 1896, the upper high-alpine part was built late in 1897 due to a harsh winter in 1896/97.
After a one-day technical and police examination by the General Inspectorate of the Austrian Railways on May 31, 1897, the first section of the rack railway from Puchberg am Schneeberg to Baumgartner was ceremoniously opened on June 1, 1897.
Since the builder Leo Arnoldi took the porous rock structure into consideration despite the threat of time and budget overruns and the resulting penalties and attached importance to a safe and sustainable construction method, Baumgartner's second part was not completed by Baumgartner until the end of the route in the Hochschneeberg station after detailed acceptance runs only on 25 Inaugurated September 1897.
The Hotel am Hochschneeberg was able to start operations on June 28, 1898.
business
According to the agreement in the construction contract, the operation of the Schneebergbahn was led by the Arnoldi railway company from the opening. After Leo Arnoldi died unexpectedly on May 4, 1898, his son Carl Arnoldi took over the management of the company.
The establishment of a stock corporation requested by the financial consortium was granted on May 12, 1898 by the Imperial and Royal Ministry of the Interior. The seat of the "Stock Corporation of the Schneebergbahn" thus founded was Wiener Neustadt. The corresponding constituent plenary assembly took place in Wiener Neustädter Rathaus on June 21, 1898, at which the new mayor of the city, Franz Kammann , was elected to the supervisory board.
During the year 1898, all priority shares in the Schneebergbahn public limited company were gradually bought up by the “Société Belge des chemins de fer”. With the influence gained as a result, the management of the Schneeberg Railway was transferred from Arnoldi to the Vienna-Aspang Railway (EWA) on January 1, 1899 . The company of the Schneebergbahn remained the owner of the route.
Since the EWA had committed itself to not insignificant financial contributions when taking over the management, it had to react to the poor utilization of the main line Wiener Neustadt – Puchberg and the resulting deficit despite the profitable cog railway.
In order to increase the attractiveness of the main route and, as a result, that of the continuation route to the Hochschneeberg, it built a direct connection between the Aspangbahn and the Schneebergbahn. This six-kilometer extension route from Sollenau to the fireworks facility was built in just six months after the license was granted on February 10, 1900, and it was officially opened on August 27, 1900.
In addition to reducing the travel time from Vienna by an hour, the new connection also brought a number of difficulties:
- The municipality of Wiener Neustadt protested violently against the bypassing of the city, as the Schneebergbahn was originally built specifically to bring passengers to Wiener Neustadt.
- In order to be able to build the supplementary route, the Schneebergbahn had to borrow loans.
While the profitable rack railway normally had to carry the other standard gauge, not so lucrative routes, the picture changed during the First World War . The number of passengers on the rack railway collapsed, while the main route of the Schneeberg Railway benefited from the war industry.
Even after the First World War, the owner, the stock company of the Schneebergbahn, turned out to be a solid company and survived both the currency crisis of the Krone in 1924 and the global economic crisis of 1929 . The strong increase in ski tourism on the Schneeberg was particularly beneficial for the stable continued existence. The mountain hotel has remained open in winter since 1925, so the cogwheel railway kept operation, as far as the weather permitted, even in winter, and the main route of the Schneebergbahn was able to benefit from its new role as a feeder to winter sports as well as an increasingly important one Take over the future transport function to the Grünbach coal mining area in Grünbach am Schneeberg .
In contrast to the joint stock company of the Schneebergbahn, the financial situation of the EWA worsened, its financial decline had a direct impact on the Schneebergbahn.
When EWA could no longer guarantee operation, the law of June 26, 1937 transferred the operation of both railways to the Austrian Federal Railways (BBÖ) from July 1, 1937 by means of a lease agreement. The civil servants of the EWA were taken over into the service of the Austrian Federal Railways (BBÖ) if they were used, the employment relationship of the other employees ended on June 30, 1937.
When Austria joined the German Reich , the ÖBB was broken up and incorporated into the Deutsche Reichsbahn . The operation was thus handled by the Deutsche Reichsbahn, while ownership remained with the Actiengesellschaft der Schneebergbahn (SchBB).
On December 18, 1938, the duration of the concession of the stock corporation of the Schneebergbahn was shortened to October 27, 1971 and, according to the law, could be called due at any time with the confiscation of the entire fixed assets.
Taking advantage of the right to prematurely terminate the concession, the German Reich deleted the stock company of the Schneebergbahn from the property sheet of the railway book on January 1, 1942, thereby ending its existence. Thus, the property was forcibly added to the Deutsche Reichsbahn.
After the end of the Second World War, on November 1, 1947, the Schneeberg Railway was taken over by the "Austrian State Railways" and from August 5, 1947 by the re-established Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB). The railway line has been their property since then.
Due to the important coal transport, it continued to fulfill important transport tasks on the main route, the continuation route to the Hochschneeberg remained popular. However, when the mine in Grünbach was closed in 1965, a large part of the importance of the main line was lost.
After the renovation of the Wiener Neustadt train station, the main line of the Schneebergbahn was integrated into the southern route on May 21, 1966 and the Schneebergbahnhof in Wiener Neustadt was shut down.
A Desiro multiple unit at the Grünbacher Sattel , the highest point ( 678 m above sea level ) on the standard-gauge line
The Schneebergbahn and its neighboring lines around 1915 (special map of the land survey )
Owner and management of the Schneebergbahn
date | milestone | owner | Operational management | ||
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Standard gauge lines | Rack railway line | Standard gauge lines | Rack railway line | ||
09/25/1895 | Granting of the concession | Financing consortium | Financing consortium | - | - |
04/15/1897 | Opening of the standard gauge lines Wiener Neustadt Schneebergbahnhof – Puchberg am Schneeberg and Bad Fischau – Wöllersdorf | Arnoldi | |||
06/01/1897 | Opening of the Puchberg am Schneeberg – Baumgartner rack railway | Arnoldi | |||
09/25/1897 | Opening of the Baumgartner – Hochschneeberg cog railway | ||||
05/12/1898 | Positioning the owner company | Aktiengesellschaft der Schneebergbahn (SchBB) | Aktiengesellschaft der Schneebergbahn (SchBB) | ||
01/01/1899 | Takeover of the majority of the shares by the "Société Belge des chemins de fer" (owner of EWA) | Actiengesellschaft der Schneebergbahn (SchBB) (majority shareholder: Société Belge des chemins de fer) |
Actiengesellschaft der Schneebergbahn (SchBB) (majority shareholder: Société Belge des chemins de fer) |
kk priv. Railway Vienna-Aspang (EWA) | kk priv. Railway Vienna-Aspang (EWA) |
08/27/1900 | Commissioning of the Sollenau Aspangbahnhof – Steinabrückl – Feuerwerkanstalt connection and the loop in Bad Fischau | ||||
06/26/1937 | Insolvency of Société Belge des chemins de fer and takeover of operations by the Austrian Federal Railways (BBÖ) | Austrian Federal Railways (BBÖ) | Austrian Federal Railways (BBÖ) | ||
03/12/1938 | Takeover of the Austrian Federal Railways (BBÖ) by the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DR) | German State Railroad (DR) | German State Railroad (DR) | ||
01/01/1942 | License redemption of the Schneeberg Railway by the German Reich and takeover into the Reichseisenbahn assets of the German Reich | German State Railroad (DR) | German State Railroad (DR) | ||
11/01/1945 | Takeover of the lines of the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DR) by the "Austrian State Railways" (from August 5th, 1947 "Austrian Federal Railways") | Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB) | Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB) | Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB) | Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB) |
05/04/1947 | Closure of the Sollenau Aspangbahn – Steinabrückl line | ||||
05/28/1972 | Closure of the Steinabrückl – Feuerwerkanstalt route and the Bad Fischau loop | ||||
01/01/1997 | Foundation of Niederösterreichische Schneebergbahn GmbH (NÖSBB) - ownership: 50% ÖBB, 50% NÖVOG | Lower Austrian Schneebergbahn GmbH (NÖSBB) | |||
07/17/2009 | Extension of the cog railway line from Hochschneeberg station to the new mountain station | ||||
01/01/2011 | Takeover of several branch lines of the Austrian Federal Railways by the state of Lower Austria | Lower Austrian Transport Organization (NÖVOG) |
Railway stations and stops
literature
- Leo Woerl : Guide through Wiener Neustadt and the surrounding area together with a guide on the Schneeberg Railway. With map inserts . 2nd Edition. Woerls travel book publisher, Leipzig 1904.
- Siegmund Schneider: The Schneebergbahn near Vienna . Verl. Of the kk priv. Eisenbahn, Vienna / Aspang 1909.
- Hans Wintermahr, Emil Peege: The area of the Aspang and Schneebergbahn. Special guide for summer visitors, tourists and winter sports enthusiasts . Hartleben, Vienna (among others) 1925.
- Alfred Niel, Anton Ousko-Oberhofer (plan sketch): The Schneeberg and its railway. History and stories of an old railway . Kurt Wedl Publishing House, Melk / Vienna 1967.
- Alfred Luft: 75 years of the Schneeberg Railway, 1897–1972 . Club 760, Association of Friends of the Murtalbahn (publisher), Murau 1972.
- Hans Peter Pawlik, Josef Otto Slezak: Schneebergbahn near Vienna . Railway collection booklet (ESA), Volume 18, ZDB -ID 47388-1 . Verlag Josef Otto Slezak, Vienna 1985, ISBN 3-85416-117-4 .
- Paul Slezak: From the ship canal to the railroad. Wiener Neustädter Canal and Aspangbahn . 2nd Edition. International Archive for Locomotive History , Volume 30, ZDB -ID 256348-4 . Verlag Josef Otto Slezak, Vienna 1989, ISBN 3-85416-151-4 .
- Union of Railway Workers - Local group Puchberg am Schneeberg (Ed.): The Schneeberg Railway since 1897 . Puchberg am Schneeberg 1992.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b RGBl. 1895/156. In: Reichsgesetzblatt for the kingdoms and states represented in the Reichsrath , year 1895, pp. 589–592. (Online at ANNO ). .
- ^ A b Lower Austrian provincial government: Schneebergbahn: Full steam ahead into the second century. 22 million from regionalization . In: ots.at , March 25, 1998, accessed on November 12, 2012.
- ↑ Local transport strengthen multi-million euro package for rail expansion. noen.at, June 23, 2019, accessed on June 23, 2019 .
- ↑ Niederösterreichische Schneebergbahn GmbH ( Memento of the original from October 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ NÖ Verkehrsorganisationsgesellschaft - Geschichte ( Memento of the original from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c d e f Niel: The Schneeberg and its railway .
- ^ Union of Railway Workers (Ed.): The Schneebergbahn since 1897 .
- ↑ Little Chronicle. (...) The Schneebergbahn project. In: Neue Freie Presse , Abendblatt, No. 10970/1895, March 9, 1895, p. 1, bottom center. (Online at ANNO ). .
- ↑ Chronicle: Schneebergbahn (technical-police inspection of the valley line). In: Oesterreichische Eisenbahn-Zeitung of April 20, 1897 (Volume 20, No. 12), p. 116 ( full text in the Google Book Search USA )
- ↑ Little Chronicle. (...) Opening of the Schneeberg cable car. In: Wiener Zeitung , supplement Wiener Abendpost , No. 86/1897, April 15, 1897, p. 2, bottom right. (Online at ANNO ). .
- ↑ Trade, Industry, Transport and Agriculture. (...) Schneeberg Railway. In: Wiener Zeitung , No. 125/1897, June 2, 1897, p. 12, center left. (Online at ANNO ). .
- ↑ Franz Straka: Experience nature on the Schneeberg with the cogwheel train! . In: narrowspur-europa.at , January 31, 2010, accessed on November 12, 2012.
- ↑ RGBl. 1900/30. In: Reichsgesetzblatt for the kingdoms and countries represented in the Reichsrath , year 1900, pp. 57–60. (Online at ANNO ). .
- ↑ Klaus Liebscher : 190 years of the Austrian National Bank ( memento of the original dated February 6, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: oenb.at , July 6, 2006, accessed on November 12, 2012.
- ↑ Marktgemeinde Grünbach am Schneeberg: A brief review ( memento of the original from December 31, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: gruenbach.com , accessed on November 12, 2012.
- ↑ a b BGBl 1937/197. In: Federal Law Gazette for the Federal State of Austria , year 1937, p. 879 f. (Online at ANNO ). .
- ↑ Federal Law Gazette 1937/471. In: Federal Law Gazette for the Federal State of Austria , year 1937, p. 1978 f. (Online at ANNO ). .