Schoenocaulon

Schoenocaulon
	Schoenocaulon officinale , illustration from Edwards's Botanical Register , 25, plate 33, as Asagraea officinalis
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
Order :	Lily-like (Liliales)
Family :	Germer family (Melanthiaceae)
Tribe :	Melianthieae
Genre :	Schoenocaulon
Scientific name
	Schoenocaulon
	A.Gray

The plant genus Schoenocaulon belongs to the Germer family (Melanthiaceae). The approximately 26 species are common in the New World .

description

Schoenocaulon officinale - Illustration from Koehler's Medicinal Plants, 1887: “ Sabadill. AB parts of the flowering plant, nat. Size; 1 male, sterile flower, enlarged; 2 hermaphrodite, like; 3 petals with stamens, the like; 4 stamen, closed, the like; 5 the same opened, the same; 6 pollen, the like; 7 fruit, the like; 8 the same in cross section, the like; 9 single fruit compartment, the like; 10 seed, natural Size and enlarged; 11 the same in longitudinal section. "

Appearance and leaves

Schoenocaulon species grow as perennial herbaceous plants . These geophytes form subterranean, bulbous rhizomes that have a tunic as survival organs .

The basal leaves are densely packed on a short, compressed stem axis. The simple, grass-like leaves are narrow and folded. There is a parallel nerve.

Inflorescences and flowers

Terminally on more or less long inflorescence shafts are simple, spike-like , racemose inflorescences . The flowers are each over a durable, membranous bract and above the top bracts are rudimentary or no flowers.

Of the radial symmetry and threefold flowers , the uppermost are hermaphroditic and the lower are functionally male. The six equal-faceted bloom are durable and fast transient, leathery until something kronblattartig. The bracts are linear-lanceolate to ovate with smooth to notched or tiny toothed edges. The colors of the bracts range from greenish-yellow to green to greenish-purple. There are sometimes translucent auricles on the bracts and their nectaries are not well developed. There are two circles with three stamens each. The mutually free, durable to perishable stamens are one and a half to two and a half times as long as the bracts and awl-shaped or rarely widened base. The basifixen anthers are narrow-arrow-shaped before they open and outward. Three upper carpels are more or less strongly fused to form a three- chamber ovary. There are three free, durable pens.

Fruits and seeds

The septicidal capsule fruit is one to three-fold. Each fruit compartment can hold one to eight seeds. The ellipsoid to egg-shaped or conical seeds are irregularly deformed due to the narrowness in the capsule fruit.

Chromosome numbers

The basic chromosome number is x = 8.

distribution

The genus Schoenocaulon occurs only in the New World in three disjoint areas . Only one species, Schoenocaulon dubium, is native to north-central Florida . In southern Peru there is a partial area of Schoenocaulon officinale , this deposit arose due to its use by indigenous peoples before the arrival of the Europeans. The other sub-area of Schoenocaulon officinale extends from the southern USA (southeastern New Mexico to Texas ) via Central America to Venezuela . The center of biodiversity is Mexico, with around 22 species . About 20 species are found only in Mexico, some of them are restricted to relatively small areas.

All three species found in the United States have been poorly collected in the past two decades and may be endangered.

Systematics

The genus Schoenocaulon was established in 1837 by Asa Gray in Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York , Volume 4, p. 127. Type species is Schoenocaulon gracile A. Gray . Synonyms for Schoenocaulon A.Gray are: Sabadilla Brandt & Ratzeb. , Skoinolone Raf. , Asagraea Lindl. The generic name Schoenocaulon is derived from the Greek words schoenos for urge and caulos for trunk (stem axis).

The genus Schoenocaulon belongs to the tribe Melianthieae within the Melanthiaceae family . It was previously classified in the Liliaceae family.

There are around 26 species of Schoenocaulon :

Schoenocaulon calcicola Greenm. : It occurs only in the Mexican states of Oaxaca and Puebla.
Schoenocaulon caricifolium (Schltdl.) A.Gray : It occurs in eastern Mexico.
Schoenocaulon comatum Brinker : It occurs in the Mexican states of San Luis Potosí , Puebla , Zacatecas, Jalisco and Oaxaca.
Schoenocaulon conzattii Brinker : It occurs only in Oaxaca.
Schoenocaulon dubium (Michx.) Small : It is only found in north central Florida .
Schoenocaulon frameae Zomlefer & Judd : This species, described in 2008, only occurs in Puebla and Oaxaca.
Schoenocaulon ghiesbreghtii Greenm. : Its range extends from southern Texas to Mexico.
Schoenocaulon ignigenum Frame : It occurs in the Mexican states of Tamaulipas and Nuevo León .
Schoenocaulon intermedium Baker : It occurs in the Mexican states of San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo .
Schoenocaulon jaliscense Greenm. : It occurs with two varieties in Mexico in the states of Jalisco, San Luis Potosí and Durango.
Schoenocaulon macrocarpum Brinker : It occurs in northeastern Mexico.
Schoenocaulon madidorum Frame : It occurs in the Mexican states of Veracruz , Puebla and Oaxaca.
Schoenocaulon megarrhizum M.E.Jones : It occurs in two varieties in northern and western Mexico.
Schoenocaulon mortonii Brinker : It occurs in the Mexican states of México , Jalisco , Michoacán .
Schoenocaulon oaxacense (Frame) Zomlefer & Judd : This species, described in 2008, only occurs in Oaxaca (hence the specific epithet).
Schoenocaulon obtusum Brinker : It occurs in the Mexican states of México, Veracruz and Hidalgo.
Sabadill ( Schoenocaulon officinale (Schltdl. & Cham.) A.Gray ): It occurs in Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Venezuela.
Schoenocaulon pellucidum Frame : It occurs in southwest Mexico.
Schoenocaulon plumosum Frame : It occurs in northeastern Mexico.
Schoenocaulon pringlei Greenm. : It occurs in Mexico.
Schoenocaulon rzedowskii Frame : It occurs in central Mexico.
Schoenocaulon tenorioi Frame : It occurs in the Mexican states of Puebla and Oaxaca.
Schoenocaulon tenue Brinker : It occurs in Mexico.
Schoenocaulon tenuifolium (M.Martens & Galeotti) BLRob. & Greenm. : It occurs in the Mexican states of Puebla and Oaxaca.
Schoenocaulon texanum Scheele : Its range extends from southern New Mexico to Texas and northeastern Mexico.
Schoenocaulon tigrense Frame : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Jalisco.

use

Only Schoenocaulon officinale is known to be used, see there.

swell

Dawn Frame: Schoenocaulon , p. 79 - same text online as the printed work , Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 26 - Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5 (Description and Distribution Section)
Wendy B. Zomlefer, W. Mark Whitten, Norris H. Williams & Walter S. Judd: Infrageneric phylogeny of Schoenocaulon (Liliales: Melanthiaceae) with clarification of cryptic species based on ITS sequence data and geographical distribution , In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 93, 2006, pp. 1178-1192. doi: 10.3732 / ajb.93.8.1178 (section description and distribution)

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac RHA Govaerts, 2011: online in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , Kew . Retrieved June 26, 2018.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Dawn Frame: Schoenocaulon , p. 79 - same text online as the printed work , Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 26 - Magnoliophyta: Liliidae : Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5
↑ Wendy B. Zomlefer, W. Mark Whitten, Norris H. Williams & Walter S. Judd: Infrageneric phylogeny of Schoenocaulon (Liliales: Melanthiaceae) with clarification of cryptic species based on ITS sequence data and geographical distribution , In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 93, 2006, pp. 1178-1192. doi: 10.3732 / ajb.93.8.1178
↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
↑ Schoenocaulon at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 1, 2013.
↑ Schoenocaulon in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 1, 2013.

Web links

Commons : Schoenocaulon - collection of images, videos and audio files

[WCSP-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac RHA Govaerts, 2011: online in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , Kew . Retrieved June 26, 2018.

[FoNA-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Dawn Frame: Schoenocaulon , p. 79 - same text online as the printed work , Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 26 - Magnoliophyta: Liliidae : Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5

[Zomlefer2006-3] Wendy B. Zomlefer, W. Mark Whitten, Norris H. Williams & Walter S. Judd: Infrageneric phylogeny of Schoenocaulon (Liliales: Melanthiaceae) with clarification of cryptic species based on ITS sequence data and geographical distribution , In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 93, 2006, pp. 1178-1192. doi: 10.3732 / ajb.93.8.1178

[biodiversitylibrary-4] First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .

[tropicos-5] Schoenocaulon at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 1, 2013.

[GRIN-6] Schoenocaulon in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 1, 2013.