Snoop Dogg / Music Sales Awards

Snoop Dogg (2008)

This is an overview of the awards for music sales of US rapper Snoop Dogg . According to sources, he has sold over 85.1 million records worldwide in his career. The rapper's most successful release is his debut album Doggystyle, which has sold more than ten million. The awards can be found according to their type (gold, platinum, etc.), sorted by country in chronological order, and according to the sound carriers themselves, also in chronological order, separated by medium (albums, singles, etc.). In total, the rapper received awards for over 56 million records sold, including 41.1 million in the United States alone. The most successful release according to record awards is the single California Gurls with singer Katy Perry , of which 7.8 million sales were certified. In Germany, Snoop Dogg has been able to sell more than 2.1 million records to date.

Awards

Silver record  United Kingdom 2006: for the album Tha Blue Carpet Treatment 2013: for the album Da Game Is to Be Sold, Not to Be Told 2013: for the album Death Row: Snoop Doggy Dogg at His Best 2013: for the single I Wanna Fuck / Love You 2015: for the single PIMP 2017: for the single Beautiful 2017: for the album The Best of Snoop Dogg 2019: for the single All I Do Is Win 2019: for the single Gin & Juice 2020: for the single moves Golden record  Australia 2003: for the single Beautiful 2004: for the single Holidae In 2005: for the single Drop It Like It's Hot 2005: for the album R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece 2005: for the single signs 2007: for the single I Wanna Fuck / Love You  Belgium 2006: for the single buttons 2010: for the single California Gurls 2011: for the single Sweat 2013: for the single Young, Wild & Free 2014: for the single Wiggle  Brazil 2009: for the single buttons  Denmark 2005: for the album R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece 2007: for the single I Wanna Fuck / Love You 2007: for the single signs 2011: for the single Sweat 2011: for the Streaming Sweat 2012: for the single Never Let U Go 2013: for the single Young, Wild & Free 2014: for the Streaming Still DRE 2018: for the single PIMP 2019: for the single Drop It Like It's Hot  Germany 2005: for the album R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece 2012: for the single Young, Wild & Free 2015: for the single Wiggle 2018: for the single The Next Episode 2018: for the single Still DRE 2018: for the single Drop It Like It's Hot 2018: for the single PIMP 2018: for the single buttons  Finland 2011: for the single Sweat  France 1996: for the album Doggystyle 2001: for the album Tha Last Meal 2002: for the single Mission Cleopatra 2003: for the album Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss 2005: for the album R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece 2007: for the album Tha Blue Carpet Treatment  Italy 2016: for the single The Next Episode 2019: for the single PIMP 2019: for the single Drop It Like It's Hot  Japan 2011: for the ringtone California Gurls 2011: for the single California Gurls  Canada 1999: for the album No Limit Top Dogg 2000: for the album Snoop Dogg Presents Tha Eastsidaz 2001: for the album Duces N 'Trays - The Old Fashioned Way 2001: for the album Tha Blue Carpet Treatment 2003: for the album Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss 2019: for the single No Pressure  Mexico 2013: for the single California Gurls  New Zealand 1997: for the album Tha Doggfather 1997: for the single Snoop's Upside Ya Head 2003: for the single Beautiful 2005: for the album R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece 2005: for the single Drop It Like It's Hot 2006: for the single buttons 2012: for the single Young, Wild & Free 2014: for the single Wiggle  Norway 2003: for the single PIMP  Austria 2014: for the single Young, Wild & Free 2015: for the single Wiggle  Russia 2006: for the album Tha Blue Carpet Treatment 2008: for the album Ego Trippin '  Switzerland 2005: for the album R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece 2012: for the single Young, Wild & Free 2014: for the single Wiggle  United States 1994: for the single Who Am I (What's My Name?) 1994: for the single Gin & Juice 2002: for the album Duces N 'Trays - The Old Fashioned Way 2005: for the single signs 2005: for the single Holidae In 2005: for the single Drop It Like It's Hot 2006: for the single PIMP 2006: for the Mastertone PIMP 2007: for the album Tha Blue Carpet Treatment 2012: for the single Boyfriend 2016: for the single You And Your Friends 2016: for the album Mac & Devin Go To High School 2017: for the single professional rappers 2019: for the single Smile (Living My Best Life)  United Kingdom 2000: for the album Tha Last Meal 2002: for the album Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss 2013: for the album Tha Doggfather 2018: for the single Young, Wild & Free 2019: for the single buttons 2020: for the single signs 2020: for the album No Limit Top Dogg

Platinum record  Australia 2001: for the single Bow Wow (That's My Name) 2003: for the single PIMP 2006: for the single buttons 2011: for the single Last Night 2016: for the single Flip It  Brazil 2009: for the single I Wanna Fuck / Love You  Denmark 2007: for the single buttons 2020: for the album Tha Blue Carpet Treatment 2020: for the single Still DRE  Germany 2011: for the single California Gurls  Italy 2011: for the single California Gurls 2012: for the single Sweat 2014: for the single Wiggle 2018: for the single Still DRE  Canada 1994: for the album Doggystyle 1996: for the album Tha Doggfather 1999: for the album Da Game Is to Be Sold, Not to Be Told 2001: for the album Tha Last Meal 2005: for the album R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece 2011: for the ringtone California Gurls 2013: for the single All I Do Is Win  New Zealand 1997: for the single Never Leave Me Alone 2007: for the single I Wanna Fuck / Love You 2011: for the single Sweat  Austria 2011: for the single Sweat 2012: for the single California Gurls  Sweden 2010: for the single California Gurls 2011: for the single Sweat  Switzerland 2010: for the single California Gurls 2011: for the single Sweat  Spain 2015: for the streaming wiggle  United States 1993: for the single Nuthin 'But A' G 'Thang 1999: for the album No Limit Top Dogg 2000: for the album Snoop Dogg Presents Tha Eastsidaz 2001: for the album Tha Last Meal 2003: for the album Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss 2004: for the album R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece 2007: for the single buttons 2007: for the mastertone I Wanna Fuck / Love You  United Kingdom 2005: for the album R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece 2010: for the single California Gurls 2013: for the video album Doggystyle 2013: for the single Sweat 2013: for the album Doggystyle 2017: for the single Still DRE 2017: for the single The Next Episode 2019: for the single Drop It Like It's Hot 2020: for the single Wiggle 3 × gold record  Germany 2018: for the single Sweat

2 × platinum record  Australia 2014: for the single Wiggle  Denmark 2012: for streaming Young, Wild & Free 2012: for streaming Never Let U Go 2014: for the streaming wiggle  Canada 2015: for the single Wiggle  New Zealand 2010: for the single California Gurls  Sweden 2012: for the single Young, Wild & Free  United States 1997: for the album Tha Doggfather 1998: for the album Da Game Is to Be Sold, Not to Be Told 2007: for the mastertone Drop It Like It's Hot 3 × platinum record  Italy 2019: for the single Young, Wild & Free  Canada 2013: for the single Young, Wild & Free  United States 2009: for the single I Wanna Fuck / Love You 2015: for the single All I Do Is Win 2019: for the single Wiggle 4 × platinum record  Australia 2012: for the single Sweat  Canada 2011: for the single California Gurls  United States 1994: for the album Doggystyle 5 × platinum record  Australia 2018: for the single Young, Wild & Free 6 × platinum record  Australia 2013: for the single California Gurls  United States 2019: for the single Young, Wild & Free 8 × platinum record  United States 2018: for the single California Gurls

Awards by album

Doggy style

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
France (SNEP)	gold	100,000
Canada (MC)	platinum	100,000
United States (RIAA)	4 × platinum	4,000,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	platinum	300,000
All in all	1 × gold 6 × platinum	4,500,000

Tha Doggfather

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Canada (MC)	platinum	100,000
New Zealand (RMNZ)	gold	7,500
United States (RIAA)	2 × platinum	2,000,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	gold	100,000
All in all	2 × gold 3 × platinum	2,207,500

Da Game Is to Be Sold, Not to Be Told

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Canada (MC)	platinum	100,000
United States (RIAA)	2 × platinum	2,000,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	silver	60,000
All in all	1 × silver 3 × platinum	2,160,000

No Limit Top Dogg

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Canada (MC)	gold	50,000
United States (RIAA)	platinum	1,000,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	gold	100,000
All in all	2 × gold 1 × platinum	1,150,000

Snoop Dogg Presents Tha Eastsidaz

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Canada (MC)	gold	50,000
United States (RIAA)	platinum	1,000,000
All in all	1 × gold 1 × platinum	1,050,000

Tha last meal

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
France (SNEP)	gold	100,000
Canada (MC)	platinum	100,000
United States (RIAA)	platinum	1,000,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	gold	100,000
All in all	2 × gold, 2 × platinum	1,300,000

Death Row: Snoop Doggy Dogg at His Best

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
United Kingdom (BPI)	silver	60,000
All in all	1 × silver	60,000

Duces N 'Trays - The Old Fashioned Way

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Canada (MC)	gold	50,000
United States (RIAA)	gold	500,000
All in all	2 × gold	550,000

Paid tha Cost to Be da Bo $$

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
France (SNEP)	gold	100,000
Canada (MC)	gold	50,000
United States (RIAA)	platinum	1,000,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	gold	100,000
All in all	3 × gold 1 × platinum	1,250,000

R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Australia (ARIA)	gold	35,000
Denmark (IFPI)	gold	20,000
Germany (BVMI)	gold	100,000
France (SNEP)	gold	100,000
Canada (MC)	platinum	100,000
New Zealand (RMNZ)	gold	7,500
Switzerland (IFPI)	gold	20,000
United States (RIAA)	platinum	1,000,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	platinum	300,000
All in all	6 × gold 3 × platinum	1,682,500

The Best of Snoop Dogg

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
United Kingdom (BPI)	silver	60,000
All in all	1 × silver	60,000

Tha Blue Carpet Treatment

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Denmark (IFPI)	platinum	20,000
France (SNEP)	gold	75,000
Canada (MC)	gold	50,000
Russia (NFPF)	gold	10,000
United States (RIAA)	gold	500,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	silver	60,000
All in all	1 × silver 4 × gold 1 × platinum	715,000

Ego Trippin '

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Russia (NFPF)	gold	10,000
All in all	1 × gold	10,000

Mac & Devin Go to High School

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
United States (RIAA)	gold	500,000
All in all	1 × gold	500,000

Awards by singles

Nuthin 'but a' G 'Thang

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
United States (RIAA)	platinum	1,000,000
All in all	1 × platinum	1,000,000

Who Am I (What's My Name?)

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
United States (RIAA)	gold	500,000
All in all	1 × gold	500,000

Gin & Juice

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
United States (RIAA)	gold	500,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	silver	200,000
All in all	1 × silver 1 × gold	700,000

Snoop's Upside Ya Head

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
New Zealand (RMNZ)	gold	7,500
All in all	1 × gold	7,500

Never leave me alone

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
New Zealand (RMNZ)	gold	7,500
All in all	1 × gold	7,500

Still DRE

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Denmark (IFPI)	platinum	90,000
Germany (BVMI)	gold	250,000
Italy (FIMI)	platinum	50,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	platinum	600,000
All in all	1 × gold 3 × platinum	990,000

Bow Wow (That's My Name)

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Australia (ARIA)	platinum	70,000
All in all	1 × platinum	70,000

The Next Episode

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Germany (BVMI)	gold	250,000
Italy (FIMI)	gold	25,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	platinum	600,000
All in all	2 × gold 1 × platinum	875,000

Mission Cleopatra

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
France (SNEP)	gold	250,000
All in all	1 × gold	250,000

Beautiful

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Australia (ARIA)	gold	35,000
New Zealand (RMNZ)	gold	7,500
United Kingdom (BPI)	silver	200,000
All in all	1 × silver 2 × gold	242,500

Holidae In

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Australia (ARIA)	gold	35,000
United States (RIAA)	gold	500,000
All in all	2 × gold	535,000

PIMP

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Denmark (IFPI)	gold	45,000
Germany (BVMI)	gold	150,000
Italy (FIMI)	gold	25,000
Norway (IFPI)	gold	5,000
United States (RIAA)	Gold (Single) + Gold (Mastertone)	1,000,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	silver	200,000
All in all	1 × silver 6 × gold	1,425,000

Drop It Like It's Hot

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Australia (ARIA)	gold	35,000
Denmark (IFPI)	gold	45,000
Germany (BVMI)	gold	150,000
Italy (FIMI)	gold	25,000
New Zealand (RMNZ)	gold	7,500
United States (RIAA)	Gold (Single) + 2 × Platinum (Mastertone)	2,500,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	platinum	600,000
All in all	6 × gold 3 × platinum	3,362,500

Signs

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Australia (ARIA)	gold	35,000
Denmark (IFPI)	gold	7,500
United States (RIAA)	gold	500,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	gold	400,000
All in all	4 × gold	942,500

Buttons

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Australia (ARIA)	platinum	70,000
Belgium (BEA)	gold	25,000
Brazil (PMB)	gold	30,000
Denmark (IFPI)	platinum	15,000
Germany (BVMI)	gold	150,000
New Zealand (RMNZ)	gold	7,500
United States (RIAA)	platinum	1,000,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	gold	400,000
All in all	5 × gold 3 × platinum	1,697,500

I wanna fuck / love you

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Australia (ARIA)	gold	35,000
Brazil (PMB)	platinum	60,000
Denmark (IFPI)	gold	7,500
New Zealand (RMNZ)	platinum	15,000
United States (RIAA)	3 × platinum (single) + platinum (mastertone)	4,000,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	silver	200,000
All in all	1 × silver 2 × gold 6 × platinum	4,317,500

All I Do Is Win

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Canada (MC)	platinum	80,000
United States (RIAA)	3 × platinum	3,000,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	silver	200,000
All in all	1 × silver 4 × platinum	3,280,000

California Gurls

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Australia (ARIA)	6 × platinum	420,000
Belgium (BEA)	gold	15,000
Germany (BVMI)	platinum	300,000
Italy (FIMI)	platinum	30,000
Japan (RIAJ)	Gold (Single) + Gold (Ringtone)	200,000
Canada (MC)	4 × platinum (single) + platinum (ringtone)	360,000
Mexico (AMPROFON)	gold	30,000
New Zealand (RMNZ)	2 × platinum	30,000
Austria (IFPI)	platinum	30,000
Sweden (IFPI)	platinum	40,000
Switzerland (IFPI)	platinum	30,000
United States (RIAA)	8 × platinum	5,800,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	platinum	600,000
All in all	4 × gold 27 × platinum	7,885,000

Boyfriend

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
United States (RIAA)	gold	500,000
All in all	1 × gold	500,000

Sweat

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Australia (ARIA)	4 × platinum	280,000
Belgium (BEA)	gold	15,000
Denmark (IFPI)	gold	15,000
Germany (BVMI)	3 × gold	450,000
Italy (FIMI)	platinum	30,000
New Zealand (RMNZ)	platinum	15,000
Austria (IFPI)	platinum	30,000
Sweden (IFPI)	platinum	40,000
Switzerland (IFPI)	platinum	30,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	platinum	600,000
All in all	3 × gold 11 × platinum	1,505,000

Young, Wild & Free

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Australia (ARIA)	5 × platinum	350,000
Belgium (BEA)	gold	15,000
Denmark (IFPI)	gold	15,000
Germany (BVMI)	gold	150,000
Canada (MC)	3 × platinum	240,000
Italy (FIMI)	3 × platinum	150,000
New Zealand (RMNZ)	gold	7,500
Austria (IFPI)	gold	15,000
Sweden (IFPI)	2 × platinum	80,000
Switzerland (IFPI)	gold	15,000
United States (RIAA)	6 × platinum	3,211,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	gold	400,000
All in all	7 × gold 19 × platinum	4,648,500

Never Let U Go

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Denmark (IFPI)	gold	15,000
All in all	1 × gold	15,000

Wiggle

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Australia (ARIA)	2 × platinum	140,000
Belgium (BEA)	gold	15,000
Germany (BVMI)	gold	150,000
Italy (FIMI)	platinum	30,000
Canada (MC)	2 × platinum	160,000
New Zealand (RMNZ)	gold	7,500
Austria (IFPI)	gold	15,000
Switzerland (IFPI)	gold	15,000
United States (RIAA)	3 × platinum	1,663,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	platinum	600,000
All in all	5 × gold 9 × platinum	2,795,500

You and your friends

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
United States (RIAA)	gold	500,000
All in all	1 × gold	500,000

Smile (Living My Best Life)

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
United States (RIAA)	gold	500,000
All in all	1 × gold	500,000

Professional rapper

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
United States (RIAA)	gold	500,000
All in all	1 × gold	500,000

No pressure

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Canada (MC)	gold	40,000
All in all	1 × gold	40,000

Moves

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
United Kingdom (BPI)	silver	200,000
All in all	1 × silver	200,000

Awards by video albums

Doggy style

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
United Kingdom (BPI)	platinum	50,000
All in all	1 × platinum	50,000

Awards after music streaming

Sweat

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Denmark (IFPI)	gold	450,000
All in all	1 × gold	450,000

Still DRE

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Denmark (IFPI)	gold	900,000
All in all	1 × gold	900,000

Young, Wild & Free

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Denmark (IFPI)	2 × platinum	1,800,000
All in all	2 × platinum	1,800,000

Never Let U Go

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Denmark (IFPI)	2 × platinum	1,800,000
All in all	2 × platinum	1,800,000

Wiggle

Country / Region	Award	Sales
Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales)
Denmark (IFPI)	2 × platinum	5,200,000
Spain (Promusicae)	platinum	10,000,000
All in all	3 × platinum	15,200,000

Statistics and sources

Country / Region	silver	gold	platinum	Sales	swell
Awards for music sales (country / region, awards, sales, sources)
Australia (ARIA)	-	6 × gold6th	22 × platinum22nd	1,750,000	aria.com.au
Belgium (BEA)	-	5 × gold5	-	85,000	ultratop.be
Brazil (PMB)	-	gold1	platinum1	90,000	pro-musicabr.org.br
Denmark (IFPI)	-	10 × gold10	9 × platinum9	295,000	ifpi.dk
Germany (BVMI)	-	9 × gold9	2 × platinum2	2,100,000	musikindustrie.de
Finland (IFPI)	-	gold1	-	5,075	ifpi.fi
France (SNEP)	-	6 × gold6th	-	725,000	infodisc.fr snepmusique.com
Italy (FIMI)	-	3 × gold3	7 × platinum7th	365,000	fimi.it
Japan (RIAJ)	-	2 × gold2	-	200,000	riaj.or.jp
Canada (MC)	-	6 × gold6th	16 × platinum16	1,630,000	musiccanada.com
Mexico (AMPROFON)	-	gold1	-	30,000	amprofon.com.mx
New Zealand (RMNZ)	-	8 × gold8th	5 × platinum5	135,000	nztop40.co.nz
Norway (IFPI)	-	gold1	-	5,000	ifpi.no
Austria (IFPI)	-	2 × gold2	2 × platinum2	90,000	ifpi.at
Russia (NFPF)	-	2 × gold2	-	20,000	2m-online.ru
Sweden (IFPI)	-	-	4 × platinum4th	160,000	sverigetopplistan.se
Switzerland (IFPI)	-	3 × gold3	2 × platinum2	110,000	hitparade.ch
Spain (Promusicae)	-	-	platinum1	-	elportaldemusica.es
United States (RIAA)	-	14 × gold14th	41 × platinum41	41,674,000	riaa.com
United Kingdom (BPI)	10 × silver10	7 × gold7th	9 × platinum9	7,290,000	bpi.co.uk
All in all	10 × silver10	87 × gold87	121 × platinum121

Individual evidence

1. ^ Gary Trust: Ask Billboard: Katy Perry's Career Song & Album Sales. In: Billboard. February 20, 2017, accessed October 5, 2017 . 
2. ^ Paul Grein: Week Ending Sept. 23, 2012. Songs: The Song That Is Sweeping The Globe. In: Yahoo Music. September 23, 2014, accessed December 25, 2014 . 
3. ^ Paul Grein: Chart Watch: Fergie Shows LA Some Love. In: YahooMusic. October 23, 2014, accessed April 22, 2017 .