St. Laurentius (Bischoffingen)

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St. Lawrence from the southeast

St. Laurentius is the church of the Evangelical parish of St. Laurentius von Bischoffingen , a district of the town of Vogtsburg in the Kaiserstuhl . The parish belongs to the Evangelical Church District Breisgau - Upper Black Forest of the Evangelical Church in Baden . The church is especially known for its late Gothic wall paintings.

Church history

The place, already settled in Alemannic times, came to the Duchy of Basel as a gift from Emperor Heinrich II . In a document from Bishop Adaleros II , he was first mentioned in 1010 as Piscofigin . A papal deed from 1139 confirmed the rights of the prince-bishopric and mentions the parish church of St. Laurentius for the first time. The bailiffs of the Basel bishops were the Üsenberger , inheritance from the Basel diocese. When the Üsenberg family died out in 1379, the bailiwick passed to the margraves of Baden-Hachberg , who bequeathed it to the Baden sideline of the margraves of Baden-Durlach . This dynastic development had a consequence in terms of church history: Margrave Karl II of Baden-Durlach introduced the Lutheran confession in his countries in accordance with the Peace of Augsburg in 1556 , and Bischoffingen remained with the margraviate despite a brief re-Catholicization under Jacob III. von Baden-Hachberg ultimately evangelical-Lutheran. At the first church visit after 1556, the community agreed to the Reformation. Charles II “also rendered great services to his country in which he <...> issued important ordinances against drunkenness, swearing, swearing, infidelity and fraud.” The Church of St. Mauritius in the southeastern neighboring Oberbergen was originally a branch from Bischoffingen. The subordination ended with the Reformation because the Habsburg Oberbergen remained Catholic.

Floor plan and cross section according to Johann Heinrich Arnold

In 2002 the Protestant community in Bischoffing decided to rename the old name “St. Laurentius ”for herself and her church building.

Building history

The choir and tower have been preserved from the Gothic period . In 1711 the pastor and bailiff found the "church temple in a very miserable condition, in which it kept raining". In 1741 the ship was demolished and rebuilt, slightly widened to the north. The plans were drawn up by the margrave foreman Johann Heinrich Arnold (1697–1770), the execution was carried out by the master builder Anton Schrotz (1701–1762) , who lived in Karlsruhe , Emmendingen and later Freiburg im Breisgau . On February 4, 1741, “this temple was dedicated”. In 1852 the cemetery was moved away from the church to a place north of the village. In 1908 the gothic wall paintings were discovered in the choir when the paint was renewed and then restored. In 1985 the rectory from 1738 was replaced by a new one "in the style of the previous building". In 1973 and 1974 the chancel was restored and the wooden pulpit decorated in relief was removed. An exterior renovation took place from 1985 to 1991, an interior renovation with the installation of a new organ in 2001.

  • View towards the choir

  • View towards the west entrance

building

On a staircase and under a brick arch between the Landgasthaus Steinbuck Stube and the former town hall you reach the elevated former cemetery with the east- facing church. It is a hall with a polygonal closed choir and to this north adjoining four-storey tower with a gable roof. The rectangular portal in the west lies asymmetrically shifted to the right due to the northern extension of the ship. The two arched windows in the north and south walls of the ship are not exactly opposite each other. The tower has in the lower part of shooting chart openings in the belfry lancet windows with two-web tracery . Except for one, the tracery was broken out of the pointed arched choir windows.

Painting in the choir

The interior of the nave and choir are flat. The tower jumps into the ship with its southwest edge. The triumphal arch is symmetrical to the axis of the choir, but seen from the nave, like the west entrance, shifted asymmetrically to the right. A donkey-backed door leads from the choir into a rib-vaulted room in the tower.

Mural

The frescoes exposed in the Gothic choir in 1908 are the main decoration of the simple church. Joseph Sauer , who was responsible for church monument preservation in Baden from 1909 to 1949, published it in detail immediately after its discovery, such as the picture to the left of the choir apex window:

"Here is <...> the strange scene from the Barlaam and Josaphat legend, which was widespread in the Middle Ages, imported from India and especially used in Greek-Byzantine art . A white ( -tag ) and a black ( -night ) mouse gnaw on a tree, which is referred to below as the world ; on the other hand, a unicorn leaps on from the left, which is characterized as angry , from the right a knight approaches with an ax, carrying the cross- shield over his shoulder; of its name only the article der (probably death) can be read. It is time, worry and death that slowly but surely bring the tree of life to fall, while the human being is chasing after the pleasures up in the branches: it is a young man with a wreath woven into his curls. His robe has fashionable hanging sleeves; the right holds a falcon, the left a scroll, the inscription of which has been lost. An angel and a devil are sitting on the side branches above him, and there can be no doubt about their role, even if the text on both sides has lost its text. At the very top, Christ in the posture of the judge (upper body unclothed and carrying the marks on his hands) points down to the angel. The motif occurs frequently in the actual Middle Ages (e.g. on the portal of the Baptistery in Parma , on S. Isidoro in Venice , in numerous miniature manuscripts); I am not aware of any other example from this later period. It is even more astonishing how such strictly literary material could wander out into the country. "

Tree of life; Hieronymus in the window reveal on the right
James the Elder and (?) Laurentius; Ezekiel in the window reveal on the right

The Lexicon of Christian Iconography lists the Bischoffinger painting as the only example of a fresco with a scene from the Barlaam and Josaphat legends.

To the left of the north-eastern choir window (with preserved tracery) are the remains of an Annunciation of the Lord , the birth of Jesus and the baptism in the Jordan , opposite scenes of the Passion on the south side . An Old Testament prophet - according to Hermann Brommer Isaiah , Daniel , Jeremiah and Ezekiel - and a doctor of the church - according to Brommer Gregory the Great , Hieronymus , Augustine of Hippo and Ambrosius of Milan - face each other in the reveals of the windows .

Two saints to the right of the choir apex window, in arcades with rich crab shapes , come from a later period , namely James the Elder with a pilgrim hat adorned with shell, a walking stick and rucksack and perhaps Lawrence of Rome , the church patron.

Regarding the style, Sauer writes that the execution of the pictures is quite quick, the contours energetic. The heads, especially the individual figures, are extraordinarily expressive and lively, the tendrils and ribbons lively. The ground is sown with simple stars. The drapery of the robes is also of outstanding strength and beauty. Instead of the later creases, he still gives the early bell fold. There are also other references to an early period in the types, not the 14th, but the middle of the 15th century.

Gothic crucifix

Other equipment

In the choir there is a late Gothic wooden crucifix . Anton Schrotz chiseled the font in 1741. The glass painting of the choir apex window, donated in 1908, the meeting of Peter with Jesus on the Sea of ​​Galilee ( Mt 14 : 28-31  EU ), was replaced in 1981 by an abstract picture and is now in the funeral hall in the cemetery.

View of the organ

The organ from 2001 was built by Waldkircher Orgelbau Jäger & Brommer .

I Hauptwerk C – g 3
1. Principal 8th'
2. Viol 8th'
3. Reed flute 8th'
4th octave 4 ′
5. flute 4 ′
6th Octave (in advance No. 7) 2 ′
7th Mixture IV 2 ′
8th. Trumpet 8th'
II breastwork C – g 3
9. Dumped 8th'
10. Reed flute 8th'
11. Salicional 8th'
12. Duplicate 2 ′
13. Nazard 2 2 ⁄ 3  ′
14th third 1 3 ⁄ 5  ′
Pedals C – f 1
15th Sub bass 16 ′
16. Octave bass 8th'
17th Choral bass 4 ′

literature

  • Hermann Brommer : Evangelical Church of St. Laurentius Bischoffingen, Kaiserstuhl. Kunstverlag Josef Fink, Lindenberg im Allgäu 2002. ISBN 3-89870-089-5 .
  • Hermann Brommer: Bischoffingen. In: Hans-Otto Mühleisen (Ed.): Art at the Kaiserstuhl. 2nd Edition. Kunstverlag Josef Fink, Lindenberg im Allgäu 2008. ISBN 978-3-89870-284-3 .
  • Evangelical Church Community Bischoffingen (Ed.): 450 years Evangelical Church Community Bischoffingen St. Laurentius. Bischoffingen 2006.
  • Franz Xaver Kraus : Bischoffingen . In: Franz Xaver Kraus: The art monuments of the Grand Duchy of Baden. Freiburg district. JCB Mohr publishing house, Tübingen and Leipzig 1904, p. 5.
  • State Monuments Office Baden-Württemberg and District Office Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald: District of Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald. List of cultural monuments. I. The architectural and art monuments of the former Freiburg district. Freiburg im Breisgau 1974.
  • Bischoffingen . In: Discover regional studies online in Baden-Württemberg . Retrieved November 22, 2014.
  • Joseph Sauer : Ecclesiastical monument studies and monument preservation in the archdiocese . In: Freiburger Diözesan-Archiv 37, pp. 271–326, here pp. 279–281.
  • State archive administration Baden-Württemberg: Bischoffingen . In: Freiburg im Breisgau, Stadtkreis and Landkreis, Official District Description Volume II, First Half Volume. Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 1974, pp. 57-68.
  • Bischoffingen in: Dagmar Zimdars (arrangement): Georg Dehio. Handbook of German Art Monuments, Baden-Württemberg II. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-422-03030-1 , p. 92.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The certificate on the website 1000 years of Bischoffingen. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
  2. ↑ a b Evangelical Church Community Bischoffingen 2006.
  3. ↑ a b Brommer 2002.
  4. ↑ Sauer 1909, pp. 279–281.
  5. ↑ meaning the Capella di S. Isidoro of St. Mark's Basilica , there a relief on the portal.
  6. ↑ Kurt W. Forster : Baarlaam and Joasaph . In: Engelbert Kirschbaum (Ed.): Lexicon of Christian Iconography , Volume 1. Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1968, Sp. 244–245.
  7. ↑ Information on the organ

Web links

Commons : St. Laurentius  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 48 ° 6 ′ 18.4 ″  N , 7 ° 37 ′ 42 ″  E