Electricity price

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The electricity price is the payment for the supply of electrical energy . It is made up of the prices for electricity generation , grid usage and - depending on the state - levies , levies and taxes . The electricity price differs between the electricity providers and the tariffs offered and can be influenced by a change in the tariff and, in liberalized markets, by a change of electricity provider by the customer.

Electricity price in Germany

Components of the electricity price

Components of the electricity price for private households in Germany in 2019 (gross shares)

The electricity price is made up of several components (see adjacent illustrations).

Power generation

The prices that power plant operators receive for their electricity are largely determined at electricity exchanges . The producer price for renewable energies generated in Germany (e.g. wind power ) is specified in the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) .

The trading center for electricity from Germany, France and Austria is EEX in Leipzig. Although only part of the electricity is traded here, the price also determines the pricing of over- the -counter transactions (OTC trading) . On the electricity exchange, electricity is traded with different lead times and terms. On the spot market , the demand for the next day is traded with block products that map the load profile through base load, peak load and single hour contracts. Longer-term supply contracts with terms of up to several years are traded on the futures market .

In Germany, but also in other European countries, negative electricity prices are now increasingly appearing on the electricity exchanges . This means that the supply of electricity is not paid for by the buyer, but by the seller. Electricity cannot be stored technically, but must be delivered immediately. The cause of negative electricity prices is that some power plants (especially so-called must-run power plants) have negative short-term marginal costs due to high start-up and shutdown costs as well as low variable costs . This means that power plant operators compare the costs of selling electricity at negative prices with the costs of shutting down a power plant and restarting it later. In addition to the expansion of fluctuating renewable energies such as wind and solar power, the low control flexibility of conventional power plants is responsible for the occurrence of negative electricity prices. Despite negative electricity prices on the stock exchange, lignite-fired power plants continued to operate with a capacity utilization of up to 73%, and with low prices up to 83%. A utilization of 42% was never undercut. During times of negative prices, nuclear power plants were operated with up to 96% of the installed capacity. The minimum utilization was 49%. In the first half of 2013 there were 36 hours with negative stock exchange electricity prices; the number of hours with negative electricity prices increased by around 50% compared to the first half of 2012. In the course of the debate about extending the service life of German nuclear power plants (which was decided by the Merkel II cabinet and the German Bundestag at the end of 2010) and the debate about Germany's nuclear phase-out (since March 2011 = the Fukushima nuclear disaster ), NPP operators stated that nuclear power plants, too Pressurized water reactors - are suitable for load-following operation . A study published in January 2011 on behalf of Greenpeace indicates risks and limits.

Network usage

The electricity network fee ordinance (StromNEV) forms the legal basis for the state- regulated fee for the transport and distribution of energy by the transmission system operator and the local distribution system operator . As of mid-2005, it replaced the previous private law association agreement for electricity . In the meantime, it has been supplemented by the Incentive Regulation Ordinance (ARegV), which came into force on November 7, 2007. Since November 1, 2005, network operators have had to submit their network usage charges to the Federal Network Agency or the state regulatory authorities for approval.

According to the Federal Network Agency, the network usage fee for household customers in the basic supply in 2010 was around 6 ct / kWh and thus around 25% of the electricity price, which corresponds to a reduction of over 20% since 2006. For industrial customers who are connected to higher voltage levels, the share of the network usage fee is significantly lower.

Due to the expansion of the network fee reductions ( Section 19 of the Electricity Network Fee Ordinance ) in autumn 2011, large consumers were significantly relieved of network fees. The relief volume will increase from 805 million euros in 2013 to 1.1 to 1.2 billion euros in 2014. The relief made here will be passed on to private households and small businesses (so-called "§ 19 surcharge").

Levies and levies

The state-set taxes and surcharges on electricity supplies in Germany currently (as of July 2019) make up around 53% of the electricity price for household customers and are broken down as follows (in the chronological order of their introduction):

  • The concession fee was introduced as payment for the granting of rights of way in the municipalities. These regulations go back to the Energy Industry Act 1935 , which has since been amended several times, but has been retained in this area of ​​regulation. The income is an essential source of finance for the municipalities.
  • The EEG surcharge was introduced in 2000 with the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). It compensates for the difference between the price of electricity from conventional and renewable energy sources. Their amount is determined annually from the difference between expenses (payments to EEG feeders and associated expenses) and income (sale of EEG electricity).
  • The CHP surcharge was introduced in 2002 with the Combined Heat and Power Act (KWKG). The law serves to promote the generation of electricity from plants with combined heat and power.
  • The levy according to Section 19 (2) StromNEV ( Electricity Network Fee Ordinance ) was introduced in 2012 to compensate for network fee exemptions from electricity-intensive companies.
  • The offshore liability levy according to Section 17f EnWG ( Energy Industry Act ) was introduced in 2013 to cover compensation costs that may arise from delayed connection of offshore wind farms to the onshore transmission network or from network interruptions (disruptions and maintenance lasting longer than 10 days).
  • The levy for interruptible loads according to § 18 AbLaV ( regulation on agreements on interruptible loads ) was introduced in 2014. The surcharge called "abLa surcharge" by the transmission system operators serves to cover the costs of interruptible loads to maintain network and system security.

In addition, the network usage charges are also subject to state regulation.

Taxes

The taxes on electricity deliveries in Germany include:

  • The electricity tax (" eco tax ") to promote climate policy goals and to lower and stabilize the pension contribution rate with a volume of approx. € 7 billion.
  • The sales tax that is levied on the electricity supply and on all levies and charges. In 2011 sales tax income of approx. Achieved € 12.4 billion.

In addition, taxes are levied on the consumption of certain primary energy sources, such as the fuel element tax for nuclear power plants if new fuel elements are installed between 2011 and 2016 [obsolete] .

Proposal for electricity price zones

In order to reduce the network load, there are proposals to set up two electricity price zones on the electricity exchange in Germany , for example for northern and southern Germany. This would have the effect that if there was a high supply of electricity in northern Germany, for example, the price of electricity would fall more sharply due to strong winds, thus increasing the incentive to consume electricity in the north.

Electricity price for private households

The development of the electricity price for households with three people and an average electricity consumption of 3500 kWh / year is shown in the following table from 1998 onwards according to information from the Federal Association of Energy and Water Management (BDEW). The average electricity price for private households rose between 1998 and 2018 from 17.11 to 29.47 cents / kWh. This corresponds to an increase of around 72% or an average of 2.8% per year.

The table shows the generation, transport and distribution costs as cost groups, followed by the various levies and taxes that make up the gross electricity price. As a result of the market liberalization in the years around the turn of the millennium, the generation, transport and distribution costs initially fell and rose again in the following years.

Electricity price development for a 3-person household with an annual consumption of 3500 kWh in cents / kWh according to the Federal Association of Energy and Water Management (average values)
year Generation,
transport,
distribution (1) 		Con-
cession
duty 		Electricity
tax 		CHP
levy 		EEG
levy 		Section 19 -
Allocation 		Offshore
liability
levy (2) 		AbLa
levy 		Sales
tax 		Gross electricity
price
 Share of
taxes,
duties and levies
1998 13.04 1.66 - - 0.08 - - - 2.33 17.11 25%
1999 11.72 1.66 0.77 - 0.10 - - - 2.28 16.53 30%
2000 8.75 1.66 1.28 0.13 0.20 - - - 1.92 13.94 38%
2001 8.73 1.66 1.53 0.20 0.23 - - - 1.97 14.32 40%
2002 9.84 1.66 1.79 0.25 0.35 - - - 2.22 16.11 40%
2003 10.36 1.66 2.05 0.33 0.42 - - - 2.37 17.19 40%
2004 10.95 1.66 2.05 0.31 0.51 - - - 2.48 17.96 40%
2005 11.35 1.66 2.05 0.34 0.69 - - - 2.57 18.66 40%
2006 11.88 1.66 2.05 0.31 0.88 - - - 2.68 19.46 40%
2007 12.32 1.66 2.05 0.29 1.03 - - - 3.29 20.64 40%
2008 13.14 1.66 2.05 0.19 1.16 - - - 3.46 21.65 40%
2009 14.25 1.66 2.05 0.24 1.31 - - - 3.71 23.21 39%
2010 14.02 1.66 2.05 0.13 2.05 - - - 3.78 23.69 41%
2011 13.93 1.66 2.05 0.03 3.53 - - - 4.03 25.23 45%
2012 14.17 1.66 2.05 0.002 3.59 0.15 - - 4.13 25.89 45%
2013 14.55 1.66 2.05 0.13 5.28 0.33 0.25 - 4.60 28.84 50%
2014 14.01 1.66 2.05 0.18 6.24 0.19 0.25 0.01 4.65 29.14 52%
2015 13.79 1.66 2.05 0.25 6.17 0.24 −0.05 0.01 4.58 28.70 52%
2016 13.27 1.66 2.05 0.45 6.35 0.38 0.04 - 4.60 28.80 54%
2017 13.22 1.66 2.05 0.438 6.88 0.388 −0.028 0.006 4.67 29.28 55%
2018 13.49 1.66 2.05 0.345 6,792 0.370 0.037 0.011 4.71 29.47 54%
2019 14.45 1.66 2.05 0.280 6.405 0.305 0.416 0.005 4.86 30.43 53%
2020 0.226 6.756 0.358 0.416 0.007
(1)Does not include the costs of the amount of electricity generated that is billed according to the EEG or KWKG .
(2) from 2019 offshore grid levy


  • Average electricity price for a 3-person household in Germany with an annual consumption of 3500 kWh

  • 1998 to 2011, adjusted for inflation on the basis of 1998
    Source: data in the table above. § 19 levy until 2011 = 0.

  • 1998 to 2012, nominal
    Source: data in the table above.
    § 19 surcharge not shown, until 2011 = 0, for 2012 = 0.15 ct / kWh.

In terms of household expenditure in 2012, electricity procurement costs were 2.4% (see table).

Household expenditure
on electricity in Germany
year Total
expenditure
on consumption		 of which
for electricity		 proportion of
Billion euros Billion euros %
2012 1441.3 34.0 2.4
2011 1409.8 33.0 2.3
2010 1359.5 31.0 2.3
2009 1319.2 29.4 2.2
2008 1317.3 27.5 2.1
2007 1287.4 26.9 2.1

Source: data from the Federal Statistical Office

Electricity price level for industrial customers

The following important information is still missing in the following section:
Development of electricity prices since the introduction of the EEG in the year and the years before and the development since 2012.
Help Wikipedia by researching and pasting it .

Development of electricity prices in Germany between 2004 and 2012 for private households and industry

According to Eurostat, the average electricity price for industrial customers in Germany was 15.86 cents / kWh in 2014 (decrease of 2,000 to 20,000 MWh / a).

The development since 2004 is shown in the graphic opposite. It should be noted that Eurostat changed the method from 2008. Since then, prices have been given for different consumption ranges (e.g. 20 to 500 MWh / a). Before that, only the price for the average consumer was given (2,000 MWh / a).

According to a study on behalf of Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen , the average electricity price for industrial customers (special contract customers) increased by around 1 percent between 2008 and 2012. In comparison, the price of electricity for private households (tariff customers) has risen by 35 percent. The reasons include a. Various exemptions for taxes, duties and fees, which according to another study on behalf of Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen add up to over 16.2 billion euros for 2014.

In August 2013, the federal government ( Merkel II cabinet ) disclosed numerous facts on the subject of exemptions for industry in the electricity price .

Stock exchange prices

In 2013, a kilowatt hour on the spot market of the power exchange cost an average of 3.78 cents. One reason for average low prices is the increasing feed-in of renewable energies. In France the same product cost 4.3 cents in the same year, in Italy and Great Britain 6.2 cents. In the USA, electricity prices have been rising again since 2012 and in some regions are also above the German level. The electricity prices in over-the-counter trading are also getting cheaper. For the years 2015 to 2017 [obsolete] , the electricity costs for direct supply contracts according to the Association of Industrial Energy and Power Management (VIK) between 2.68 and 4.28 cents. According to network operator Tennet TSO , electricity prices on the stock exchange in Germany fell by 12% in 2014; German industry pays the lowest electricity prices in Europe.

In December 2019, the averaged electricity exchange price for deliveries on the next day was € 32 / MWh, which corresponds to 1/10 of the household electricity price.

Electricity price in the political discussion

In the discussion about electricity prices, the strong price increases in recent years are usually in the foreground, the cause of which is often referred to the promotion of renewable energies through the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). The related charges such as EEG , CHP and Section 19 surcharges made up around 30% of the electricity price in 2016.

On the other hand, renewable energies lead to a price-lowering effect on the electricity exchange through the so-called merit order effect . On balance, electricity-intensive companies in particular benefit from this, as they are largely exempt from the EEG surcharge.

Numerous voices responded to this:

  • The Federal Association of Energy and Water Management (BDEW) declared in August 2010 that the electricity companies were in tough competition for customers: “Nobody can afford to charge excessive prices”. He called on politicians to take public responsibility for the increasing government burdens on electricity prices.
  • In a study from spring 2012, the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) came to the conclusion that warnings of electricity price explosions due to the energy transition are exaggerated; there are as many factors that increase and decrease prices.
  • The Bundestag parliamentary group Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen criticized the electricity supplier's price increases as unjustified additional revenues at the expense of electricity customers, which are incomprehensible due to increased procurement costs or increased funding costs for renewable energy. To this end, the parliamentary group commissioned several reports. In addition, the Greens criticized the distribution of costs at the expense of private consumers and called for the Renewable Energy Sources Act to be reformed.
  • The expert commission on the Federal Government's monitoring report stated in 2012: “From an aggregated perspective, the increase in electricity costs for the period up to and including 2011 was not as dramatic as it has often been shown in public. The share of expenditure on electricity in the nominal gross domestic product is 2.5% in 2011, at the level of 1991. "
  • The Federal Association for Renewable Energy found that the increased costs for the promotion of renewable energies were to a large extent not attributable to the direct promotion costs, but to the expanded exemptions for industry, the lower stock exchange electricity prices (which made the difference to the nominal promotion costs larger) and the new market premium and the liquidity reserve. Representatives of the renewable energy sector also argued, referring to the price-dampening effect of renewable energies on the electricity exchange, that renewable energies would not significantly increase electricity prices, especially not for industry. In net terms, the industry will be relieved rather than burdened by the merit order effect and exemptions from renewable energies subsidies. In addition, the consumption-intensive industry was retroactively excluded from the network costs at the beginning of 2011, which means that around 800 million euros will have to be borne by the other consumers in 2013.
  • According to the Federal Association of Energy and Water Management (BDEW), the share of state taxes and charges in the price of electricity for private customers will rise to 50 percent for the first time in 2013. Reasons for this are the sharply increased EEG surcharge and rising network charges , which in turn lead to an increase in other state-determined price components.
  • Consumer advice centers criticized the fact that more and more poor households are being hit by rising energy prices. In 2010, the payment of electricity bills was sent over three million times. 340,000 households had been threatened with blocking the connection, and 62,000 customers had actually turned off their electricity. Price increases for electricity and gas averaging 15 percent would have made energy “an unaffordable commodity” for many households in the past two years.
  • In November 2012, Federal Environment Minister Peter Altmaier criticized the planned electricity price increases in Germany by an average of twelve percent as partially unjustified: "With their increase, many electricity suppliers are significantly above the increase in the renewable energy surcharge" ... "That is difficult to understand because the electricity prices on the exchange have been have declined across the board over the past year ”.
  • The New Social Market Economy initiative warned of a “de-industrialization of Germany”, with particularly energy-intensive sectors such as the aluminum and paper industries moving away. The civil society organization Campact used this as an opportunity for a counter-campaign and referred to the extensive special regulations for industrial companies as well as lower electricity prices. For example, the aluminum manufacturer Norsk Hydro has announced that it will triple production in Germany due to cheaper electricity procurement costs, after production was allegedly reduced to emergency operation in 2009, mainly due to high electricity costs.
  • A survey conducted by TNS Emnid on behalf of Germanwatch found in January 2013 that over two thirds of Germans are willing to accept higher energy prices if they serve the energy transition.
  • The Öko-Institut expected household electricity prices to fall in 2014, despite an increase in the calculated EEG surcharge. Reasons are the merit order effect and related declining stock electricity prices and low CO 2 -prices in emissions trading. "The results show that just looking at the EEG surcharge is not enough to answer the crucial question: How does the promotion of renewable energies affect the costs of electricity supply?", Says the institute. According to his analyzes, the sum of the electricity price on the exchange and the EEG surcharge is a much better indicator for evaluating the development of electricity prices. Passing these falling system costs on to customers is thus proving to be one of the main, but politically largely ignored, challenges.
  • In January 2013, the Ecological-Social Market Economy Forum (FÖS), on behalf of the Bundestag parliamentary group of Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen, presented an analysis of electricity exchange prices in a European comparison, according to which the competitive situation of large and electricity-intensive companies has improved since 2007. The electricity price on the German electricity exchange, which is decisive for bulk buyers , fell by 22 percent between January 2008 and October 2012. One reason for this is the so-called merit order effect of renewable energies, a complex pricing mechanism. The average German industrial electricity prices including taxes and duties would be somewhat higher than in most European countries. This is not a phenomenon of the energy transition, but traditionally. In March 2013, the FÖS submitted another commissioned study by the Bundestag parliamentary group of Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen, which compares the funding costs for renewable energies, the avoided costs for fossil energies, the cost containment on the electricity exchange and avoided environmental damage costs. As a result, the energy transition from 2030 onwards will be economically positive. The FÖS calculated the exemptions for industry at a volume of at least € 16.2 billion in 2014.
  • In February 2013, the Federal Government's Sustainability Council called for more foresight in the electricity price debate, which is suffering from “imbalances” and is not sustainable. The energy transition is only responsible for part of the cost increases; but often she is solely held responsible for it.
  • In August 2013, Greenpeace called for a “rip-off brake” against excessive electricity prices. In a first step, the antitrust authorities should investigate whether energy groups or municipal utilities are abusing a dominant position with their basic supply tariffs. Second, the standard tariffs are to be checked in advance by the state, as was the law until 2007. Thirdly, the exemptions for industry are to be scaled back.
  • In May 2014, the German Chamber of Commerce and Industry ( DIHK ) published a “fact sheet for electricity prices in Germany”.
  • According to a study by the NRW consumer advice center, purchase prices for electricity fell by an average of around a quarter between 2010 and 2014. In fact, the electricity suppliers in NRW had increased the prices for end customers in the basic supply by 23 percent during this period and justified this with the costs of the energy transition such as green electricity levy and network charges.
  • According to the BHKW-Infozentrum, the average price for base-load electricity (base) in April / May 2020 was 17.35 euros / MWh, an electricity price level that was last common around the turn of the millennium. Due to the Corona crisis and the associated lockdown , the number of negative electricity prices on the exchange also increased significantly in these two months.

Electricity tariffs

Structure of electricity tariffs

Electricity tariffs for private households and small businesses are formed from a consumption-dependent working price - corresponding to the amount of electricity used (kWh) - and a fixed, consumption-independent provision and transfer price (colloquially: basic price). In the case of large customers, there is also a service price for the maximum electrical power used in the billing period. With this basic system, the energy supply companies offer different tariffs that are graded according to power requirements and electricity consumption.

primary care

Energy supply companies are obliged to offer tariffs at which everyone has the right to be supplied with electrical energy. In the past, these tariffs were known as the so-called "general tariffs". According to the federal electricity tariff, these tariffs were subject to approval by the responsible state authorities until mid-2007 and had to be applied for by the energy supply companies. According to the new version of the Energy Industry Act, they are referred to as "General Prices" in Section 39 EnWG. By purchasing electricity, a delivery contract at the “general prices” is automatically concluded. The basic supply contract can be terminated with a notice period of two weeks.

Electricity discounters

Electricity discounters actually or supposedly offer comparatively cheap electricity. Power discounters often optimize their prices for price comparison portals on the Internet and win their customers there too.

Contracts for households

Electricity supply contracts for households usually consist of a combination of labor and base price. In the opinion of the energy suppliers, this two-tier tariff system is more understandable for the consumer than multi-tier commercial and special contracts and is easy to understand. Tariffs are also offered that only consist of the labor price. Prepaid electricity is rarely used in Germany.

Labor price (consumption-dependent)
This is the remuneration per unit of electrical work consumed, specified as euros (or converted into cents) per kilowatt hour (€ / kWh). The wages to be paid (in €) result from the units used (kWh) multiplied by the labor price (€ / kWh).
Provision and transfer price (consumption-independent basic price)
The provision price is used to cover the costs of readiness for delivery. The transfer price is set to cover the costs of the measuring device (meter and accessories), consumption measurement (reading) as well as invoicing and collection . Billing takes place per month or year, but mostly to the day.
Variable electricity prices
From 2011 it is a legal requirement that electricity providers offer variable tariffs ( Section 40 (5) EnWG). The digital electricity meters (mandatory installation of so-called smart meters from 2010 in new and renovated old buildings) will also enable the electricity consumption to be visualized. Various (research) projects deal with this solution, which could offer the sensitized consumers further solutions through refined device controls in order to reduce electricity consumption and electricity costs.

The energy supply companies offer a wide range of tariffs and thus respond to legal requirements and customer requests. In addition to different types of billing (ratio of the consumption- dependent energy price to the fixed supply and transfer price), different areas of origin of the electricity are offered ( conventional power plants , renewable energy sources “ green electricity ” or a mix of electricity). The supply of households, and thus numerous specifications, for example in terms of tariff, contract and billing, are made by the Energy Industry Act (EnWG) Part 4 Energy supply to end consumers . The list of billing details prescribed there is long and a 5-page electricity bill is not uncommon.

Business tariffs

Commercial tariffs usually also consist of a combination of the labor price (consumption-dependent) and the basic price (independent of consumption), whereby the basic price can be broken down into a transfer price and a fixed performance price. The transfer price includes the costs for the measuring device, the consumption measurement as well as the invoicing and collection. The service price covers the costs for readiness for delivery.

Special contracts

For commercial and industrial electricity consumers, individually tailored special contracts are concluded, usually with terms of one to several years.

The electricity prices of these special contracts are not subject to the price control of the state authorities, but to competition on the electricity market . The price regulation is more extensive compared to household and commercial tariffs. The maximum power requirement is added as a billing variable. For this purpose, consumers with an electricity requirement of over 100,000 kWh / year are recorded power measurement, which records the highest power demand (measured as kW) of a billing period.

The price regulation of special contracts for commercial and industrial electricity consumers includes:

  • Labor price (consumption-dependent)
  • Power price (consumption-dependent): Fee for the highest average power value of a billing period, billing unit € / kW
  • Base and measurement price (independent of consumption)
  • Reactive extra work (consumption- dependent ) Calculation if there is insufficient reactive power compensation .

Billing examples for electricity tariffs

Single household

The billing of electricity consumption according to a typical household tariff (basic supply) is shown in the following example for the reading period September 23, 2007 to September 21, 2008. The main tariff components are listed. Accordingly, the remuneration rates were increased on January 1, 2008 within the accounting period. The necessary subdivision of the billing period takes place on a pro rata basis.

Determination of consumption
branch Counter no. ZW * date Meter reading Type ** consumption factor Billable
consumption
electricity S00985632 ET 09/23/2007 8270 01A
12/31/2007 8640 02S
09/21/2008 9370 01A 1100 1 1100 kWh
Amount determination
Tariff Zone Period amount Days price Amount (€)
Labor Award (2007) 1 23.09.07–31.12.07 370 0.142500 € / kWh 52.73
Labor Award (2008) 1 01.01.08–21.09.08 730 € 0.147500 / kWh 107.68
Provision price (2007) 1 23.09.07–31.12.07 1 100 35.00 € / year 9.59
Provisioning price (2008) 1 01.01.08–21.09.08 1 264 40.00 € / year 28.93
Transfer pricing (2007) 1 23.09.07–31.12.07 1 100 25.00 € / year 6.85
Transfer pricing (2008) 1 01.01.08–21.09.08 1 264 30.00 € / year 21.70
Electricity tax 1 09/23/07– 09/21/08 1100 0.020500 € / kWh 22.55
Net amount of electricity 250.03
Sales tax (19%) 47.51
Gross total 297.54

* Legend for ZW (counter):
ET - single tariff meter , DT - double or dual tariff meter
** Legend for type (reason for reading):
01 periodic reading, 02 delimitation, S estimated, A read.

The specified energy price includes, among other things, the network usage fee for the transport of electricity, the concession fee and the levies under the Combined Heat and Power Act and the Renewable Energy Sources Act . The network usage fee is shown separately, the other levies are usually not. The energy carrier use must be specified on the invoice, i.e. the type of electricity generation.

Special contract customer

The billing of electricity consumption for a typical large customer based on a tariff with a monthly service price is shown in the following example for the reading period June 2007. The basic accounting groups are real work, power and reactive work, the real and reactive work is divided into high tariff (HT, daytime) and low tariff times (NT, night).

Determination of consumption for metering point DE 000815 01815 00000000000000000815
ZW * from to Meter reading
old 		Meter reading
new 		difference Converter
factor 		consumption
WHT 06/01/2007 06/30/2007 130,409.25 144,622.03 14,212.78 40 568,512 kWh
WNT 06/01/2007 06/30/2007 143,194.60 156,836.54 13,641.94 40 545,677 kWh
LSTG 06/01/2007 06/30/2007 35,398 82,348 46,950 40 1878.4 kW
BHT 06/01/2007 06/30/2007 11,697.06 13,573.46 1876.40 40 75,056 kVArh
BNT 06/01/2007 06/30/2007 12,949.73 14,470.01 1520.28 40 60,811 kVArh
Amount determination for metering point DE 000815 01815 00000000000000000815
designation from to consumption price Amount (€)
Performance price 06/01/2007 06/30/2007 1878.4 kW € 5.50000 / kW 10,331.20
Labor price HT 06/01/2007 06/30/2007 568,512 kWh € 0.07430 / kWh 42,240.44
Labor price NT 06/01/2007 06/30/2007 545,667 kWh € 0.04430 / kWh 24,173.05
KWKG 06/01/2007 06/30/2007 8333 kWh 0.00289 € / kWh 24.08
KWKG (discounted) 06/01/2007 06/30/2007 1,105,856 kWh € 0.00050 / kWh 552.93
EEG 06/01/2007 06/30/2007 1,114,189 kWh 0.00880 € / kWh 9,804.86
Electricity tax 06/01/2007 06/30/2007 1,114,189 kWh € 0.02050 / kWh 22,840.87
Measurement price 06/01/2007 06/30/2007 30 days 960 € / 365 days 78.90
Transformer rental 06/01/2007 06/30/2007 30 days 1424 € / 365 days 117.04
Blind extra work 06/01/2007 06/30/2007 0 kVArh 0.01090 € / kVArh 0.00
net amount 110,163.73
Sales tax (19%) 20,931.11
Invoice amount 131,094.84

* Legend for ZW (counter):
WHT - real work high tariff, WNT - real work low tariff, LSTG - power, BHT - reactive work high tariff, BNT - reactive work low tariff

The specified energy price already includes the costs for network use and the concession fee . The costs for the use of the network are shown separately in this context. The energy carrier use must be specified on the invoice, i.e. the type of electricity generation.

Electricity price in Austria

The electricity prices in Austria are published by the Statistical Office of the European Union ( Eurostat ). The average electricity price in Austria was accordingly in 2014

  • for household customers at 20.21 ct / kWh (including taxes and duties),
  • for industrial customers at 10.88 ct / kWh (without reversible taxes and duties).

Electricity price in Switzerland

The electricity prices in Switzerland are published by the nationwide umbrella association of electricity companies, the Association of Swiss Electricity Companies (VSE). The average price of electricity in Switzerland in 2012 including taxes and duties was accordingly

  • for household customers with a consumption of 2500 kWh / a at 22.91 cents / kWh ( cents per kWh)
  • for household customers with a consumption of 4500 kWh / a at 18.87 cents / kWh
  • for commercial customers with a consumption of 150,000 kWh / a at 18.13 cents / kWh
  • for industrial customers with a consumption of 1,500,000 kWh / a at 14.83 cents / kWh.

Electricity price in the EU and the euro zone

Overview

The electricity prices in Europe are recorded, evaluated and published monthly by the Statistical Office of the European Union ( Eurostat ). In addition, this data is summarized and analyzed at regular intervals, as in the report “Statistics Explained Archive Vol. 4 - Agriculture, environment, energy and transport statistics” published in May 2012 (evaluated status in the first half of 2011).

Accordingly, the average electricity price in 2014 in the European Union (EU) was

  • for household customers at 20.47 cents / kWh (including taxes and duties),
  • for industrial customers at 11.7 cents / kWh (excluding reversible taxes and duties),

as well as in the euro area

  • for private customers at 21.78 cents / kWh (including taxes and duties),
  • for industrial customers at 13.29 cents / kWh (without reversible taxes and duties).
  • Electricity prices 2011 in the countries of the euro zone (EA 17)

  • Average of household electricity prices
    including charges, levies and taxes, source: Eurostat

  • Average of the electricity prices of industrial customers
    without circulating charges and taxes, source: Eurostat

According to a study by the EU, the share of industry in GDP fell from 18% to 15% between 2000 and 2013, which is partly due to the rise in electricity prices.

Based on the necessary working time for 200 kWh, the range in Europe ranges from 1.8 hours in Finland to 12.12 hours in Romania .

Collection method and terms

As household customers, Eurostat records private consumers with an annual electricity consumption of between 500 and 5000 kWh / a. The surveys are carried out for five different household types in order to include the range of tariff types and the differences in annual consumption. The EU-wide mean is calculated on the basis of national electricity consumption in the private sector (base year currently 2009) using statistical weighting . Companies with an annual electricity consumption between 500,000 and 2,000,000 kWh / a are recorded as industrial customers. The surveys are regulated by the decision of the EU Commission 2007/394 / EC. The range of different tariffs and levels of consumption in this sector is covered by seven different groups. The extrapolation to the EU-wide mean is carried out, as for private customers, by weighting national consumption in the industrial sector.

Details on comparing electricity prices in the Eurozone

Development of electricity prices in the European Union,
source: Eurostat, time series nrg_pc_204 .

In 2011, the highest electricity prices for private customers in the euro zone were recorded in Germany (25.3 ct / kWh), Cyprus (24.1 ct / kWh) and Belgium (21.2 ct / kWh), the lowest in Greece (12.4 ct / kWh) ct / kWh) and Estonia (10.4 ct / kWh). The price range is around twice that. The share of taxes and duties (based on the final price) for electricity delivery to private households is 32% on average and ranges from approx. 45% in Germany to just under 5% in Malta.

In 2011, the highest electricity prices for industrial customers in the eurozone were recorded in Cyprus (24.1 ct / kWh) and Italy (19.1 ct / kWh), the lowest in Finland (9.7 ct / kWh) and Estonia (9.1 ct / kWh). The price range is almost three times as much. In terms of the average electricity price for industrial customers, Germany is in the middle of the euro zone, although due to statistical survey problems (e.g. exemptions from own electricity consumption, excessive estimates of the EEG surcharge), the industrial electricity prices in Germany are overstated by Eurostat. Data from the German statistical office Destatis on the actual electricity costs in different industries also show a very wide range. The share of taxes and duties (based on the final price; without reversible taxes) in the supply of electricity to industrial customers averages 20% and ranges from 30% in Germany and 28% in Italy to 2.6% in Ireland and 0 (none Duties or taxes) in Malta.

According to the price index of the Verband der Industrielle Energie- und Kraftwirtschaft (VIK), electricity prices for energy-intensive companies have decreased since 2011 and are at the 2005 level in 2013. According to the KfW banking group, the electricity price (including all taxes and duties) is between 2008 and in 2012 the EU-wide average rose by five percent, while the electricity price in Germany rose by 4.8 percent for industry in the same period. According to KfW, the German energy-intensive industry has benefited from the energy transition due to falling electricity prices on the stock exchange ( merit order effect). “A competitive disadvantage in comparison with the EU does not seem obvious,” said KfW. According to an analysis presented by the Öko-Institut in June 2013 , the energy-intensive industry in Germany obtained electricity as cheaply as it did in early 2005. In addition, the price of electricity for the energy-intensive industry in Germany has increased less since 2007 than in the majority of the EU Member States . In particular, the energy-intensive industry can enjoy various tax privileges. These include a. the extensive exemption from network usage fees and the EEG surcharge , the compensation for the CO 2 price component of the electricity wholesale price and the free allocation in EU emissions trading.

In January 2014, the Dutch aluminum smelter Aluminum Delfzijl announced its closure because it was no longer competitive due to the cheap industrial electricity in Germany. In contrast, Norsk Hydro decided to significantly expand its production at the Grevenbroich location. In March 2014, the French industrial association Uniden demanded a price limit for nuclear power from the French government, as the electricity costs for large industrial consumers in Germany would soon be 35% lower than in France. According to the German Association of Industrial Energy and Power Industries (VIK), electricity costs for industrial customers at the beginning of 2014 were at the level of ten years earlier.

See also

literature

  • Industry benefits from the electricity price lowering effect of renewable energies . In: Agency for Renewable Energies (Ed.): Renews Compact . April 25, 2012 ( Online [PDF; 1.1 MB ; accessed on July 22, 2013]).
  • Electricity costs and prices . In: Agency for Renewable Energies (Ed.): Renews Special . November 1, 2014 ( online [PDF; accessed November 30, 2014]).
  • Uwe Dankert: How you can noticeably reduce your electricity costs. Made easy, saved money and hassle! (=  Franzis do it yourself - in the house . Volume 7 ). 2nd updated edition. Franzis, Poing 2008, ISBN 978-3-7723-4226-4 .
  • Uwe Dankert: The unofficial cheap electricity book. Here is what the corporations do not reveal ... Franzis, Poing 2008, ISBN 978-3-7723-4187-8 .
  • Swantje Küchler, Bettina Meyer: What electricity really costs . Comparison of state subsidies and overall societal costs of conventional and renewable energies. Ed .: Forum Ökologische-Soziale Marktwirtschaft eV long version, revised and updated edition. ( Online [PDF; 556 kB ; accessed on January 30, 2013]).
  • Felix Matthes: Current electricity costs for the energy-intensive industries in Germany . Berlin June 23, 2013 ( Online [PDF; 261 kB ; Retrieved July 22, 2013] Memo).
  • Lukas Emele: Development of electricity prices in relation to purchasing power and dependence of electricity prices on primary energy costs in the study period 1950 to today . Rottenburg am Neckar June 2009 ( Online [PDF; 2.7 MB ; retrieved on August 19, 2012] Project work at the HFR Rottenburg in cooperation with the Baden-Württemberg Economic Archive).
  • Ines Zenke / Stefan Wollschläger / Jost Eder (eds.): Prices and pricing in the energy industry: from calculation to implementation of prices for electricity, gas, district heating, water and CO2 . de Gruyter, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-11-035462-1 .

Web links

Wiktionary: Electricity price  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Components of the electricity price for private households in Germany 2019 , accessed on September 23, 2019.
  2. ↑ Power at a negative price: an insidious effect of a market model promoting renewables ( Memento of the original from September 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Sia Partners, July 23, 2013, accessed September 17, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / energy.sia-partners.com
  3. ↑ Manuel Köhler (July 2, 2018): Why negative prices on the electricity market are not a cause for concern
  4. ↑ Axel Ockenfels , Veronika Grimm, Gregor Zoettl: Strommarktdesign . Price formation mechanism in the auction procedure for hourly electricity contracts on EEX. March 18, 2008, p. 36 ( Online as PDF, 1 MB [accessed on September 17, 2013] Expert opinion on behalf of the European Energy Exchange AG for submission to the Saxon Stock Exchange Authority). Online as PDF, 1 MB ( Memento of the original from October 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / cdn.eex.com
  5. ↑ Negative Prices - Q & A , EPEX Spor, accessed September 17, 2013.
  6. ↑ Jürgen Neubarth: Negative electricity prices: Who pays the bill? Market players are affected differently. In: ew . tape 109 , no. 13 , 2010, p. 26–28 ( online as PDF; 466 KiB ).
  7. ↑ a b Coal-based power generation at times of low electricity prices. ( Memento of the original from October 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, August 2013 (PDF; 1.9 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ise.fraunhofer.de
  8. ↑ DUH background: energy transition? Coal turnaround! Coal-fired power plants in continuous operation drive electricity exports to historic heights and endanger the national climate protection targets , Berlin 2013 (PDF; 907 kB)
  9. ↑ DIW: Renewable Energies: Surpluses are a solvable problem. Weekly report No. 34/2013 (PDF; 507 kB)
  10. ↑ Load sequence operation and primary control for the ( Memento of the original from October 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Isar 2 nuclear power plant (PDF; 761 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ktg.org
  11. ↑ Limits and safety risks of load following operation of nuclear power plants (PDF; 540 kB)
  12. ↑ Network charges 2006–2010. (PDF; 1.6 MB) Federal Network Agency, accessed on November 1, 2012 .
  13. ↑ FÖS: Exceptions to the electricity network charges - development and outlook. 6/2013 ( Memento of the original from October 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 270 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / oliver-krischer.eu
  14. ↑ a b BDEW electricity price analysis July 2019 (PDF) Federal Association of Energy and Water Management , July 23, 2019, accessed on August 12, 2019 .
  15. ^ BMWi: Competition in the Energy Sector , accessed on July 23, 2013
  16. ^ Federal Ministry of Finance glossary: ​​Electricity tax
  17. ↑ the daily newspaper March 21, 2019: Electricity flows better unevenly
  18. ↑ Federal Statistical Office (DESTATIS): "National Accounts, Private Consumption Expenditures and Disposable Income, Series 1.1, 1st Quarter 2013" Table 2.10 Domestic consumption expenditure by private households by purpose and by durability of the goods at current prices, total in EUR billion , P. 26, accessed August 12, 2013.
  19. ↑ Federal Statistical Office (DESTATIS): "National Accounts, Private Consumption Expenditures and Disposable Income, Series 1.1, 1st Quarter 2013" Tab. 2.10 Domestic consumption expenditure by private households according to purpose and according to the durability of the goods at current prices, expenditure on electricity in billions . EUR, p. 24, accessed on August 12, 2013.
  20. ↑ Federal Statistical Office (DESTATIS): “National Accounts, Private Consumption Expenditures and Disposable Income, Series 1.1, 1st Quarter 2013”, accessed on August 12, 2013.
  21. ↑ a b c d e Eurostat: Electricity prices for household consumers , accessed on January 14, 2014.
  22. ↑ a b c d e f g Eurostat: Electricity prices for industrial customers , accessed on January 14, 2014.
  23. ↑ Eurostat: Electricity prices for household consumers - old methodology until 2007 , accessed on January 14, 2015.
  24. ↑ Eurostat: Electricity prices for industrial customers - old methodology until 2007 , accessed on January 14, 2015.
  25. ↑ Arepo Consult: Industrial electricity prices at a low level. Study, Oct. 2013
  26. ↑ a b FÖS: Exemptions for the industry for energy and electricity prices Overview of the applicable regulations and financial volume 2005-2014 ( Memento of the original from January 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , October 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / oliver-krischer.eu
  27. ↑ Printed matter 17/14489 - answer of the federal government to a small inquiry
  28. ↑ VIK price index: VIK price index: industrial electricity prices continue to fall on March 7, 2014
  29. ^ Agency for Renewable Energies: Renewable Energies. A win for Germany as a business location . Berlin 2014
  30. ^ Tennet TSO: Market Review 2014. Electricity market insights . PDF ( Memento of the original from June 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tennet.eu
  31. ↑ The energy transition in the electricity sector: state of affairs Agora Energiewende 01/2020 p.39
  32. ↑ Dillig et al., The impact of renewables on electricity prices in Germany - An estimation based on historic spot prices in the years 2011–2013 . In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 57, (2016), 7–15, doi: 10.1016 / j.rser.2015.12.003 .
  33. ↑ BDEW on current order study on electricity prices ( memento of the original from August 6, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bdew.de
  34. ↑ DIW supports Röttgen's criticism of the Handelsblatt on March 17, 2012, last accessed on April 7, 2012.
  35. ↑ Electricity price study PDF, 14 pages ( Memento of the original from October 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / oliver-krischer.eu
  36. ↑ Federal government destroys acceptance of the energy transition , website of the Greens
  37. ↑ Expert commission on the “Energy of the Future” monitoring process, opinion on the Federal Government's first monitoring report for the reporting year 2011, Berlin · Mannheim · Stuttgart, December 2012, p. Z-8 ( Memento of the original from January 19, 2013 on the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 419 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmwi.de
  38. ↑ BEE: Background paper EEG surcharge 2012 (PDF; 538 kB)
  39. ↑ Household electricity prices and renewable energies, background paper ( memento of the original from October 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.30 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.unendet-viel-energie.de
  40. ↑ Agency for Renewable Energies: Renewable energies are not price drivers for industrial electricity ( Memento of the original from November 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.unendet-viel-energie.de
  41. ↑ Background paper at the Renewable Energy Agency ( Memento of the original from September 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.10 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.unendet-viel-energie.de
  42. ↑ Industry is avoiding electricity grid costs . In: Der Spiegel , October 23, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  43. ↑ Electricity price: Share of taxes and duties increases to 50 percent , Stromtipp.de, October 15, 2012
  44. ↑ Growing energy poverty ( Memento of the original from October 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Consumer advice center NRW of February 21, 2012, last accessed on March 27, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.vz-nrw.de
  45. ↑ Altmaier calls planned electricity price increases excessive , Zeit Online
  46. ↑ Stop the EEG - make the energy revolution! , INSM of September 2012.
  47. ^ Campaign on the Campact website
  48. ↑ Climate lie detector for the INSM campaign
  49. ↑ Norsk Hydro increases aluminum production in Neuss ( Memento of the original from October 12, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . dapd , September 4, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / de.nachrichten.yahoo.com
  50. ↑ Germans ready for higher electricity prices if it serves the energy transition. Press release, February 21, 2013
  51. ↑ Öko-Institut: EEG surcharge and the cost of electricity supply for 2014. An analysis of trends, causes and interactions. Berlin 2013 ( Memento of the original from October 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.0 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.greenpeace.de
  52. ^ Electricity prices in Europe and the competitiveness of the electricity-intensive industry , Swantje Küchler, January 2013.
  53. ↑ The costs of the energy transition - how resilient is Altmaiers a trillion? , Lena Reuster and Swantje Küchler, 2013.
  54. ↑ The electricity price debate lacks sustainability , statement of the Sustainability Council, February 14, 2013.
  55. ↑ Greenpeace calls for the rip-off brake, notification of August 21, 2013 and accompanying legal opinion ( memento of the original of August 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 599 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.greenpeace.de
  56. ↑ Fact paper on electricity prices in Germany ( Memento of the original dated February 7, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , DIHK, accessed on February 7, 2015 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dihk.de
  57. ↑ Electricity price survey 2014 - pricing and transparency in the basic supply ( memento of the original from February 7, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , NRW consumer advice center from September 2014, accessed on February 7, 2015. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.vz-nrw.de
  58. ↑ Markus Gailfuß: Electricity prices on the Leipzig electricity exchange collapse . In: Forum on combined heat and power (CHP) and the energy transition. CHP information center, June 23, 2020, accessed on June 24, 2020 .
  59. ↑ §20 StromGVV
  60. ↑ Energy Industry Act (EnWG) Part 4 Energy supply to end consumers
  61. ^ Association of Swiss Electricity Companies (VSE) Electricity Price Comparison Switzerland 2012 ( Memento of the original from October 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ( MS Excel ; 7.4 MB) accessed on March 31, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.strom.ch
  62. ↑ a b Eurostat: Statistics Explained Archive Vol. 4 - Agriculture, environment, energy and transport statistics (PDF; 33.0 MB), accessed on January 14, 2015.
  63. ↑ Die Welt: Industrie in Europa on the retreat from September 26, 2013, accessed on October 22, 2013.
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  65. ↑ Bernward Janzing : Because of rising CO2 costs: Electricity is becoming more expensive again. At the turn of the year the electricity price rises. But in terms of purchasing power, Germans still pay less than most other Europeans. www.taz.de, November 16, 2018, accessed on January 13, 2019 .
  66. ↑ EU Commission: 2007/394 / EG Commission decision of June 7, 2007 amending Council Directive 90/377 / EEC to introduce a community procedure to ensure the transparency of gas and electricity prices to be paid by industrial end users (PDF ) , Brussels 2007, accessed September 15, 2012.
  67. ^ FÖS: industrial electricity prices in Germany and the USA. Overview of price level, price composition and survey methodology. 05/2014
  68. ↑ Rising power supply costs and rising prices: Who bears the additional burden? Economics Compact, No. 11 (2013)
  69. ↑ BEE: Falling electricity prices: Companies benefit from the expansion of renewable energies
  70. ↑ Memo: Current electricity costs for the energy-intensive industries in Germany. May 2013 ( Memento of the original from October 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 266 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / germanwatch.org
  71. ^ German electricity too cheap - Energiewende crazy FAZ from January 12, 2014
  72. ↑ Hydro: Hydro significantly increases capacity for the future automotive market ( Memento of the original from March 31, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hydro.com
  73. ↑ Large German industrial power users will pay 35 percent less for their electricity next year than those in France Bloomberg News, March 17, 2014
  74. ↑ There was also a slight decline in the VIK index in March 2014. Message / graphic ( memento of the original from March 31, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / vik.de