Wittingau basin
The Wittingau basin (also Wittingau pan , Czech Třeboňská pánev ) forms the eastern part of the Jihočeská kotlina (German South Bohemian valley basin ). The scenic area belongs to the South Bohemian region of Jihočeský kraj in the Czech Republic , a small southern part, the Gmünd depression , belongs to Austria . The landscape is characterized by traditional pond farming. The central part is under the name Třeboňsko a conservation area and one of the six biosphere reserves in the Czech Republic.
geomorphology
The area of the Wittingau basin extends over 1360 km² in the vicinity of Třeboň ( Wittingau ) and Veselí nad Lužnicí on the river Lainsitz and Nežárka . It borders the Austrian granite and gneiss plateau and the Javořická vrchovina in the southeast . The eastern end is the Kardašořečická pahorkatina ( Kardaschretschitzer hills ) and in the western to the Vltava river in České Budějovice reaching ridge Lisovsky práh ( Lischauer threshold ), the natural border with the Českobudějovická pánev ( Budweiser basin forms). The northern part is formed by the Lomnická pánev ( Lomnicky Basin ), the foothills of which extend to the town of Soběslav . The average altitude is 457 m above sea level. NN. The highest point of the entire area is the Baba in Lišovský práh at 583 m, the largest elevation in the core basin is the Dunajovická hora near Dunajovice at 504 m .
Landscape and history
At the end of the last glacial period , the Wittingau basin was covered by an almost treeless steppe tundra. With increasing warming from around 9000 BC Forests developed and moors formed in damp places . At the beginning of colonization in the 12th century, dense fir forest predominated in the basin, the moors were overgrown with mountain pines. The bog mountain pine is still the typical wood of the basin. The first settlers, who were called into the country by the lords of Neuhaus and Landstein , found themselves in a swamp area after the clearing of the forests - from the High Middle Ages the basin was therefore drained through the construction of canals and dams. At the same time, a pond system was developed, which gained great economic importance with fish farming. The first ponds were created in the time of Charles IV. Known by name are the Bošilecký rybník from 1355 and Dvořiště from 1367. In 1450 there were already 20 ponds with an area of 700 hectares. The Lords of Rosenberg undertook large-scale development in the 16th century. The well-known pond builders Štěpánek Netolický , Mikuláš Ruthard z Malešova (Nikolaus Ruthard of Maleschau) and Jakob Krčín of Jelčany worked for them . The system of ponds and canals characterizes the landscape to this day: Since the soil is largely either sandy or peaty and therefore not very suitable for agriculture, the pond system was not developed in the course of the 17th and 18th centuries, like similar systems in other areas of Bohemia. Century drained. There are a total of 460 ponds in the Wittingau basin, they cover 10% of the protected landscape area. About 50% of the areas are covered with forest, only 28% are used for agriculture. The most famous hydraulic structures include the 45-kilometer-long Golden Canal , which connects all the large fish ponds in the Wittingau basin, the Nová řeka Canal , which carries excess water from the Lainsitz into the Nežárka, and the Rosenberg Pond , the largest pond in the Czech Republic with 489 hectares .
Sightseeing and tourism
The Wittingau Basin is one of the most well-developed tourist areas in the Czech Republic thanks to the bodies of water and the charming landscape, as well as a number of historical and art-historical locations. The town of Třeboň has the status of a spa because of its mud baths , the historic old town is a listed building . There are also six rural monument protection zones : in Bošilec , Ponědrážka , Pístina , Žíteč and Lutová (districts of the municipality of Chlum u Třeboně ) and Kojákovice near Jílovice . In the country, the architecture of the peasant baroque has been preserved in many cases . The landscape is accessed by a network of cycling and hiking trails, and some of the waters are navigable by boat. Within the nature reserves, however, the banks are usually not allowed to be entered. The Svět , Hejtman , Staňkovský and Dvořiště ponds are also open for swimming.
Economy and Transport
Pond management is traditionally predominant in the Wittingau basin . The former state-owned company, meanwhile privatized with the company Rybářství Třeboň as , claims to be the largest producer of freshwater fish in the European Union with an annual production of 3,000 tons of fish, 95% of which are carp . Other branches of business are brewing , glass smelting , forestry and wood processing, textile and electrical industries and traditional handicrafts. Tourism and medicinal baths in and around the town of Třebon are becoming more and more important. The region can be reached via the E55 from Prague and E49 from Schrems in Austria or via the Veselí nad Lužnicí - Třeboň - České Velenice - Gmünd railway line .
natural reserve
The central area of the Wittingau basin was declared a biosphere reserve in 1977 and a landscape protection area (Chráněná krajinná oblast Třeboňsko) in 1979. The protected landscape area is 700 km² and includes 33 nature reserves and natural monuments with a total size of 4,027 hectares. The management of the reserve distinguishes four biotope species that are particularly worthy of protection:
- Moors : The moors in the Wittingau basin are often classified as transitional moors, but especially in the south they are apparently oligotrophic submontane raised moors in an atypical location. The National Nature Reserves (NPR) Červené blato and Žofinka , the National Natural Monument (NPP) Ruda as well as seven other nature reserves and two natural monuments are under special protection .
- Ponds , pond littoral and adjacent wetlands: The centuries of extensive use of the ponds gave rise to specific wetlands. The intensification of pond management at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries led to increasing eutrophication of the ponds. Only with the end of the state economy did the nutrient enrichment decrease. The ecological management is aimed at the harmonization of the pond management with the concerns of the nature protection. The NPR Velký a Malý Tisý , the NPP Vizír , five nature reserves and a natural monument are designated in this area.
- Rivers, canals, alluvial forests and floodplains: The NPR Stará řeka is located on the naturally meandering course of the Lainsitz river shortly before it enters the Rosenberg pond . Five other nature reserves for the protection of river biotopes can be found at Lainsitz, one in the floodplain of the Nová řeka Canal and one in the ravine of the Reissbach .
- Sand dunes and dry biotopes: Two nature reserves and three natural monuments protect biotopes with warmth-loving flora and fauna in the Wittingau basin.
A representative portion of the pond system is an internationally important wetland after Ramsar entered (Třeboňské rybníky) , a second Ramsar site comprises the peat bogs (Třeboňská rašeliniště) . According to the Natura 2000 classification, the Wittingau basin has 16 areas of European importance and a bird sanctuary with an area of 47,386.23 hectares.
Web links
- de.trebonsko.com - official website of the region (Czech, German, English)
- jiznicechy.org
- trebonsko.ochranaprirody.cz
Individual evidence
- ↑ trebon.rybarstvi.cz
- ↑ trebonsko.ochranaprirody.cz
- ↑ A detailed description can be found on the pages of the administration of the landscape protection area at trebonsko.ochranaprirody.cz , for an overview see also the list of nature protection areas in Jihočeský kraj
- ↑ trebonsko.ochranaprirody.cz