Death game (soccer)

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Historical poster for the football match in Kiev, August 9, 1942

The death game ( Ukrainian Матч смерті ; Russian Матч смерти ; Mattsch smerti ) is the soccer game between the Kiev team "FC Start" and the "Flakelf", a team consisting of members of the German air defense , during the German occupation on August 9, 1942 in Called Kiev . The "FC Start", the operating team of the bread factory No. 1 consisting mainly of former players from the Dynamo Kiev club , won 5: 3 against the "Flakelf". In the Soviet Union the version was spread that Kiev players were shot by the SS after the game because they had humiliated the Germans with their victory. After the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991, this version was disputed by Ukrainian contemporary witnesses and refuted by historians.

Historical framework

The Wehrmacht marched into Kiev a few weeks after the attack on the Soviet Union in mid-September 1941. SS Einsatzgruppen began the systematic hunt for Jews. Between September 29 and October 12, more than 50,000 Jews were murdered in the Babiy Yar valley near Kiev .

The non-Jewish majority of Kievans saw themselves placed under a rigid occupation regime. Universities and schools were closed, and a four-year elementary school was only introduced in 1942. Work was compulsory for young people aged 15 and over and adults up to 60 years of age . Thousands of residents of the city were to forced labor in the German Reich deported . The Ukrainian police, which took part in the hunt for " Bolsheviks " and Jews, were under German command .

Soviet versions

According to the Soviet portrayal of how books, press articles and films (see below) have disseminated, it was in this climate of fear that the football game, later called the “death game”, took place, in which heavily armed German soldiers with sheepdogs were posted around the field. According to this, an SS officer as referee favored the Germans, he overlooked their brutal fouls, awarded them unjustified penalties and did not recognize goals scored by FC Start regularly. During the half-time break , another SS officer threatened the Kievans with death if they did not let the Germans win. For the sake of the Soviet Union's honor, FC Start, who consciously played in red jerseys, the color of communism , fought for victory and won. After the game, the Soviet players were shot by the SS in revenge for the humiliation of the Germans.

Until the mid-1960s

The writer Lev Kassil first reported on the murder of several former dynamo players during the German occupation after the reconquest of Kiev by the Red Army in late autumn 1943 in a report for the daily Izvestia without mentioning the football game. The term "death game" was first used in 1946 by the playwright Alexander Borschtschagowski in a script that the Kiev youth newspaper "Stalins Stamm" (Сталинское Племя) printed in a ten-part series. According to this, the last words of the players before their execution were praises of Stalin . In 1958 his novel “Alarming Clouds” (Тревожные облака) was published, in which, however, in the light of the incipient de-Stalinization , all references to Stalin are missing. In the same year another novel about the "Death Game" appeared with an edition of 150,000 copies: "The Last Duel" (Последний поединок) by Pyotr Severov and Naum Chalemsky.

These novels served as a template for the black and white film "The Third Half" (Третий тайм) by Russian director Evgeny Karelow . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia According to him a total of 32 million Soviet citizens saw in the movies. Numerous press articles were also published. What the representations have in common is that there is no mention of survivors of the execution after the "death game". Rather, they spread the version that the Germans had shot the entire team.

The FC Start players who survived did not appear in public. In the first post-war years they were under special control of the NKVD secret police on suspicion of “ collaboration with the Hitlerists” and were repeatedly interrogated about their role during the occupation.

During the Brezhnev period

In the sixties the representation of the "death game" changed. There was only talk of four murdered FC Start players. They were goalkeeper Nikolai Trussewitsch , who was an ethnic Russian , defender Olexij Klimenko and striker Iwan Kusmenko, who had become Soviet runners-up with Dynamo in 1936, and runner Mikola Korotkych, who had never been part of the regular eleven and left the club in 1939 was eliminated.

In the course of the policy of domestic political stagnation under Leonid Brezhnev , the war time was transfigured through a large number of monumental heroes and religious ceremonies. In 1965 the Supreme Soviet posthumously awarded the four Dynamo players the "For Bravery" medal . In addition, five of the surviving players received the medal "For Merit in Combat" : Volodymyr Balakin, Makar Goncharenko , Michajlo Melnik, Vasyl Sukharev and Michajlo Swiridowski.

The later dissident Anatoly Kuznetsov also sketched the Soviet version in his novel Babiy Yar (1966), although he was fundamentally very critical of the historiography sanctioned by the Communist Party .

Although a major of the Kiev KGB warned in an internal dossier against “glorifying” the players because they also had collaborators, a monument was erected next to the Dynamo Stadium in 1971 and another in front of the old Zenit Stadium where the game was played had taken place. The latter was named after FC Start on the occasion.

  • Death Game Monument in Kiev

  • Figure of the monument

  • The entrance to the historic "Start" stadium

Refutation of the legend

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991, journalists and historians in Ukraine, which had become sovereign, were able to publish for the first time without control by the Soviet censorship authority Glawlit about the time of the occupation in World War II .

Contemporary witnesses

The 50th anniversary of the "death game" in 1992 was the occasion for reports by contemporary witnesses in the Ukrainian media:

  • The Kiev Radio broadcast a long interview with former Dynamo player Makar Goncharenko. It states: "Nobody from the official administration put us under pressure before the game to make us give up."
  • The sports journalist Georgi Kusmin published a series of articles entitled "The Truth About The Death Game". He took the view that the “legend” of the fight and death of the Dynamo players for the sake of honor was necessary because the people of Kiev, who had survived the German occupation, were accused after the war of “themselves Not having resisted the aggressor with gun in hand ”.
  • The publicist Oleg Jassinski gave his report the headline: “Did the death game even exist?” Jassinski had seen the game as a teenager and later played in the Dynamo youth.
  • Wladlen Putistin, son of midfielder Mikhail Putistin, an ethnic Russian, was one of the ball boys when he was eight. He later interviewed participants in the game.

All of the descriptions ran counter to the Soviet version: there was neither a partisan referee nor an SS officer who issued death threats. The game was fair. The phalanx of heavily armed German soldiers with shepherds next to the playing field is an invention. The red jerseys were not a commitment to Soviet power, rather the Germans made them available to them. A total of nine players from the starting eleven were arrested, but the first of them only nine days after the game. Five and not four former Dynamo players were murdered by the SS, three of them only half a year after FC Start's victory over the Flakelf. All contemporary witnesses rejected the version that the murders were done in revenge for the defeat of the Germans in the football game.

Historical research

The first scientific examination of the files on the "Death Game" produced the same result. Former lieutenant general of the judicial service Volodymyr Prystajko, who was deputy head of the Ukrainian secret service SBU , summarized his file studies on the arrest and death of five former Dynamo players in his 174-page study published in 2006 with the sentence: “A connection the soccer game is to be excluded ”. The book contains part of the NKVD interrogation protocols of participants in the game from 1944 to 1948 as well as excerpts from later KGB files.

The historian Volodymyr Hynda from Zhytomyr demonstrated that defeats by German teams against the local clubs newly registered by the German civil administration were commonplace. The Ukrainian press, controlled by the occupation authorities, reported on it regularly. In total, Hynda found reports and references to 150 games. He was able to determine the results of 111 of them: The occupying forces lost 60 games, but won only 36, 15 games were drawn.

History of FC Start

The three-month history of FC Start can be reconstructed from the publications of the daily newspaper “Nowe ukrainske Slowo” (New Ukrainian Word), the reports of contemporary witnesses and the secret service files.

Establishment of the operating team

All Soviet organizations and associations had been declared dissolved with the German invasion. At the end of 1941, the German occupation authorities allowed Ukrainian sports clubs, but they had to be newly founded. In January 1942, the coach and sports journalist Michail Schwezow, who had played in the city selection in the twenties, founded the club "Ruch" (movement). Schwezow tried to pull together former top players in the club, which he understood as "Ukrainian patriotic".

But most of the earlier Dynamo players, including the popular goalkeeper Trussewitsch, did not want to play for "Ruch", apparently because Schwezow was considered a collaborator. Trussewitsch found a job in bread factory No. 1, which guaranteed its workers and their families a good supply of food. More former Dynamo players were hired by the bread factory; Supported by its German director, they founded an operating team, FC Start. The factory was run by the Moravian engineer Josef Kordik, who was classified by the occupation authorities as an ethnic German and who, after the war, told the Soviet authorities that he was actually Czech.

The team was joined by three players from the also dissolved Lokomotiv Kiev club. Former Dynamo players who were directly subordinate to the occupation authorities also competed for FC Start: three members of the Ukrainian police and a train driver from the Reichsbahn . However, none of the starting players had recently been part of the starting team at Dynamo, some of them had left the club several years earlier.

Games in June / July 1942

A total of seven games are documented for June and July 1942: against the two newly founded Ukrainian clubs "Ruch" and "Sport", three garrison teams from the Hungarians allied with the Germans, a selection of a German artillery unit and the Reichsbahn Sportgemeinschaft (RSG). FC Start won all matches, overall score: 37: 8 goals.

Game against the "Flakelf" on August 6, 1942

On August 6, 1942, FC Start won 5-1 against the German "Flakelf", which had set up the air defense at Boryspil Airport near Kiev. The names of the German players are given in Cyrillic on the poster: Harer, Danz, Schneider, Biskur, Scharf, Kaplan, Breuer, Arnold, Jannasch, Wunderlich, Hofmann.

Second match against the "Flakelf" on August 9, 1942

In front of around 2000 spectators, the second leg, the "death game", took place three days later. The poster for this only indicated that the “Flakelf” was appearing in a “reinforced line-up”, but did not list any names. 14 names of the players of FC Start are listed for this.

The game ended 5-3 for the Kiev team. Only the goal scoring of the first half is recorded: The Germans took the lead, but then goals from Iwan Kusmenko and twice Makar Goncharenko marked the break of 3: 1. Immediately after the game, the winners toasted the result with a glass of home-made vodka and continued to celebrate privately in the evening. “There was a lively atmosphere,” says Putistin's report.

A German took a photo of both teams, which shows the relaxed atmosphere, and a few days later gave a print to former locomotive player Wolodymyr Balakin. This photo was never published in Soviet times. The FC Start squad included the players Lev Gundarew, Georgi Timofejew and Olexander Tkachenko, who did not belong to the workforce of Bread Factory No. 1, but to the Ukrainian police; they were subordinate to the German city commissioner.

Arrest the players

On August 16, 1942, FC Start won the second leg against the "Ukrainian-patriotic" Club Ruch 8-0 after winning the first leg 2-0. Two days later, on August 18, 1942, six of the start players were arrested by the Gestapo in the bread factory, and two more several days later.

The fates of the Kiev players

Several FC Start players were victims of the Gestapo. Few of them were punished as collaborators by the Soviet authorities even after the war.

In Gestapo custody

According to the NKVD protocols, some of the start players stated that they had heard that Ruch trainer Georgi Schewzow had denounced them to the Gestapo. Out of anger about the defeat of his team, he pointed out to the Gestapo that the former Dynamo players were subordinate to the NKVD. Dynamo was officially the sports community of the NKVD, so the players were members of the NKVD. The Gestapo assumed that NKVD agents had stayed behind under cover in Kiev to carry out acts of sabotage.

Ukrainian historians also consider this version valid because, according to the files, the former locomotive players in the ranks of FC Start were not bothered by the Gestapo.

In the 1990s, contemporary witnesses also suggested a number of other suspicions about the reasons for the arrests:

  • Theft of flour and bread
  • Acts of sabotage through broken glass in the flour
  • End of the "soft line" towards the local population after a change at the top of the occupation authorities
  • Retaliation for attacks by Soviet partisans

The Gestapo did not bother Georgi Timofejew, who took part in the “death game”, and Lev Gundarew, whose name is on the poster but who was not used. Both were members of the Ukrainian police. Their names are not found in any Soviet publication.

The first two murders

The NKVD files document the reasons for the arrests of Olexander Tkachenko and Mikola Korotkych, both of whom did not play in the Dynamo team. Both cases were therefore not related to the "death game":

  • Tkachenko, who was a member of the Ukrainian police, is said to have had a physical altercation with an ethnic German . When he tried to escape from the Gestapo quarters, he was shot by an SS man, as his mother later reported to the NKVD. She had just wanted to bring him food and had witnessed his death.
  • Korotkych, who had never been a member of Dynamo and had switched to the Red Front club in 1939, was on a list of former NKVD members that the Gestapo had apparently drawn up on the basis of information from Ukrainian collaborators. When news of this list spread, Korotkych, who did not belong to the bread factory but had worked as a cook in a German officers' mess, went into hiding. According to contemporary witnesses, he was betrayed by his sister, who had been threatened, otherwise her whole family would go to the camp or even be shot. Korotkych did not survive the torture during interrogation by the Gestapo. An NKVD ID was found sewn into his clothes. But the latter is not supported by documents. The Soviet archives contain no evidence that he was an active NKVD officer before the war, and that he was ordered to stay behind enemy lines after the German invasion. All that has been proven is that he was a member of the Communist Party , and that he had served in an NKVD unit in Ivanovo, Russia, from 1932 to 1934 .

Forced labor in the Syrez concentration camp

After three weeks in Gestapo custody, nine former Dynamo players were brought to the Syrez concentration camp not far from the Babiy Yar gorge. Nikolai Trussewitsch, Olexij Klimenko and Ivan Kuzmenko worked in the road construction brigade, which paved roads. Pavlo Komarow, Michail Putistin and Fedor Tjutschew worked as electricians on construction sites outside the camp, Makar Goncharenko and Michajlo Swiridowski also outside in a Wehrmacht cobbler's shop. The last two groups were guarded not by the SS but by Ukrainian police officers. They could be visited by their relatives and provided with food. Komarov was also a block elder in the camp .

Execution of three footballers in a concentration camp

More than half a year after their arrest, Trussevich, Klimenko and Kuzmenko were shot with a group of other prisoners on the grounds of the Syrez concentration camp on February 23 or 24, 1943. Survivors stated that after executions in the concentration camp, the bodies were always thrown into mass graves in Babiy Yar. No eyewitness accounts have survived.

None of the contemporary witnesses portrayed the shooting of the three players as a result of the football game on August 9, 1942. On the 50th anniversary, Goncharenko declared: "Like millions of our people, they perished because two totalitarianisms were fighting a ruthless battle against each other."

The contemporary witnesses gave different information about the reasons for the execution they learned:

  • A conflict over the German shepherd dog of the German camp commandant Paul Radomski : inmates drove him out of the camp kitchen with a shovel, possibly even beaten him. Then one of them physically attacked an SS man who wanted to intervene.
  • Punishment for the escape of several prisoners
  • Inmates refused to hang up several people involved in a failed escape attempt.
  • Partisan attack on a tank repair plant.

After the Second World War

Former dynamo players Gontasharenko and Swiridowskij, who worked in the shoemaker's workshop, left their jobs after hearing about the execution and hid with acquaintances in town. Goncharenko became the model player of FC Start from the mid-sixties and on many occasions described the version of the death game that met the requirements of party propaganda. But he distanced himself from her after the end of Soviet rule.

Putistin and Tjutschew, who were only taken to the concentration camp for the night from their work in the city, managed to escape when the Germans withdrew from Kiev in September 1943. Tjuchev did not live to see the cult around the start player, he died in 1959. Putistin was passed over at the award ceremony in 1966; According to his son, he did not want to support the officially propagated version.

Komarow, once a free-kick and penalty-meter specialist in the regular Dynamo team, went with the Germans when they withdrew to the west, whether forced or voluntary, is not clear. At the end of the war he was in occupied West Germany, from where he emigrated to Canada . His name was not mentioned in Soviet representations.

Timofeev was sentenced to five years in the gulag for his service in the Ukrainian police as a collaborator . Gundarew, a substitute for the “Death Game”, was even sentenced to death as an alleged “Gestapo agent”, but the sentence was then changed to ten years in a camp. After the end of his detention he was not allowed to return to his hometown, but had to stay in the Asian part of the Soviet Union. He took over the management of the stadium of Karagandy in the Soviet Republic of Kazakhstan . Her cases also remained taboo in Soviet representations .

Reception in Germany

The "Death Game" from Kiev became part of numerous publications about the German war of aggression and annihilation against the Soviet Union.

GDR

In the GDR , the Soviet version was distributed, beginning with the German edition of Borschtschagowski's novel, which appeared in 1960 under the title “Your biggest game”. (After the end of the Soviet Union, Borschtschagowski made a name for himself internationally with publications on the anti-Semitic campaigns under Stalin.)

In 1961 Lothar Creutz and Carl Andrießen's book Das Spiel mit dem Tode was published with the subtitle “Film count after the events in Kiev in the summer of 1942” in a first edition of 37,000 copies. The book was reprinted again in 1969 with 45,000 more copies by the German military publisher .

The version of the murder of the Dynamo players, who were upright communists, in revenge for the victory over the eleven of the “fascist” Germans also found its way into the standard works of the GDR on football history and was repeated in numerous articles in the press.

Federal Republic

In 1973, after a VfB Stuttgart game in Kiev , Hans Blickensdörfer reported in the “ Stuttgarter Zeitung ” for the first time about the murder of four former Dynamo players by the SS, a “crime of unimaginable cruelty”. The article under the heading “The Tragedy of Kiev” states: “The game was to become a demonstration of German strength and the Russians had been ordered to lose. But they didn't stick to the deal and won 5-3. The German commander then had a fit of rage and ordered every third player from Dynamo Kiev to be shot. It was then 'rounded up' because the number 11 cannot be divided by three. ”The report was picked up by other German media. The "death game" in Kiev became part of the German guilt discourse about the Second World War.

In 2005 the WDR broadcast a television documentary about it under the title “Die Todeself”. Its author, Claus Bredenbrock, advocated the thesis “that the defeats inflicted on the Germans on the field had dramatic consequences”. However, he did not name a source for this finding. None of the contemporary witnesses he interviewed, including Oleg Jassinski and Wladlen Putistin (see above) as well as the daughter of the murdered Mikola Korotkych, had made a connection between the football matches and the further fate of the former Dynamo players. Bredenbrock completely ignored the investigations of Ukrainian historians into FC Start in his film and his documentary text that was published in 2008; none of them are mentioned in the bibliography.

It was only in the course of reporting on the European Football Championship in 2012 that numerous reports appeared in the German press that also presented the results of the Kiev investigations into the “death game”.

Prosecutor's investigation

Triggered by the first reports in the German press, the Hamburg public prosecutor's office opened an investigation in July 1974 "on the suspicion of murdering four Soviet football players". On March 25, 1976, the proceedings "for failure to investigate the perpetrators" were discontinued after the Soviet authorities had not provided any relevant documents and had not named any witnesses.

She resumed the investigation in 2002 after receiving information from the Ukrainian side about the investigation there. On February 18, 2005, she finally stopped the investigation, as no living suspect could be identified. Even after analyzing the files from Kiev, the German public prosecutors could not find any connection between the football game on August 9, 1942 and the murder of the former Dynamo players.

Survival of the Soviet version

The publications of Kyiv contemporary witnesses and historians met with a strong response in Ukraine, but in neighboring Russia they were only taken up by some of the historians. In other countries they remained largely unknown.

Andy Dougan's book (2001)

In the Anglo-American language area, a book by the Scottish journalist Andy Dougan, published in 2001, became the basis for numerous other representations. It was Dougan's first book on a World War II subject, by which time he had published widely- readable books on Hollywood stars, including George Clooney , Robert De Niro, and Robin Williams . On the back cover of “Dynamo” a quote summarizes his main statement: “If ever soccer was a matter of life and death, then it was here . ")

Without referring to specific sources, Dougan repeats in a novel-like form, including dialogues, the Soviet version that the players of FC Start were threatened by an SS officer with death threats to lose the game against the "Flakelf" (p. 178) . The arrests of the former Dynamo players are a result of their victory in the "death game". As facts, he presents numerous details that contemporary witnesses had long dismissed as inventions at the time his book was published. This includes the selection of red jerseys as a symbol of the Soviet sentiments of the starting players (p. 137), an SS officer who asked the Kiev players to greet them with "Heil Hitler!" Before the game (p. 164) , the German soldiers who kept the local audience at bay with guns and shepherds (pp. 177–178), Trussevich's praise for the Soviet regime before it was shot (p. 210).

Dougan quotes longer passages from Goncharenko's distancing from the Soviet version and also cites Kuzmin's first publication as the source (both in 1992), but he ignores the content.

In 2012 a film adaptation of the Soviet legend repeating book by Dougan was announced in Great Britain. The Scottish actor Gerard Butler was to take on one of the leading roles .

The film by Andrei Malyukov (2012)

The film “Match” (2012) by Russian director Andrei Maljukov also ignores the reports of Ukrainian contemporary witnesses and historians, instead it repeats the Soviet version of propaganda. In Malyukov, who became popular in Russia with a national patriotic series about a military command in Afghanistan, Russian communists, including former Dynamo players, are fighting the German occupiers. Also shown are collaborators who speak Ukrainian throughout the film. The Ukrainian authorities decided to postpone the premiere of the film in Kiev, which had been announced for April 2012, until after the European Football Championship and to only release the film from the age of 18.

The German premiere took place on May 8, 2015 in Berlin in the presence of the actor Dirk Martens ( Russian House of Science and Culture ; OmeU ).

Related films

In 1961 the film " Two halves in hell " (Két félidő a pokalban) by Zoltán Fábri was released in Hungary . In it, Hungarian prisoners of war in a penal camp in occupied Ukraine played a game against an extremely brutal Wehrmacht self on Hitler's birthday on April 20, 1944. When the Hungarians, which included players from the Olympic squad, could no longer take victory, the game was abandoned and the proud Hungarians were shot by the SS.

In the Hollywood film " Escape or Victory ", which premiered in 1981 and directed by John Huston , an eleven made up of British and US officers prisoner-of-war played a soccer game against an Wehrmacht self in occupied Paris . Although the officers had the opportunity to escape at half-time, they continued the game for the sake of honor because of their deficit. After all, you win against the Germans. After the final whistle they manage to escape. In addition to the actors Michael Caine and Sylvester Stallone, well-known football stars played in the film, including Pelé , Bobby Moore and Kazimierz Deyna .

literature

  • Thomas Urban : The Myth of the Kiev Death Game , in: From Conflict to Competition. German-Polish-Ukrainian football history. Edited by D. Blecking / L. Pfeiffer / R. Traba. Göttingen: Verlag die Werkstatt, 2014, pp. 205–221; ISBN 978-3-7307-0083-9 .
  • Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, 174 p. (Ukrainian - Пристайко, Володимир: Чи був "матч смертi"? Документи свiдчать. Київ 2006; German: Was there a "death game"? ISBN 966-7769-56-9 .
  • James Riordan : The Match of Death: Kiev, August 9, 1942. In: Soccer and Society, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Spring 2003), pp. 87-93 (English).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ In some publications incorrectly referred to as No. 3; before the war she wore the number 4, cf. Volodymyr Pristajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat. Kyiv 2006, p. 88.
  2. ↑ Erhard R. Wiehn (Ed.): Babij Jar 1941. Konstanz 2001, p. 56.
  3. ↑ Izvestia, November 16, 1943, p. 4.
  4. ^ First episode in: Stalinskoe Plemja, August 24, 1946, p. 3.
  5. ↑ http://feb-web.ru/feb/kle/kle-abc/ke1/ke1-7002.htm
  6. ↑ Последний поөдинок. Северов П. Ф., Халемский Н. А. - 1959
  7. ↑ Tretiy taym in the Internet Movie Database (English)
  8. ↑ http://fileszona.com/filmy/russian_films_torrent/14976-tretiy-taym-1962-dvdrip.html
  9. ↑ a b c d e f Georgi Kusmin: Gorjatscheje leto sorok wtorogo , in: Futbol 13/1995 , paragraph: Футбол, хлеб насущный
  10. ↑ Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, pp. 43-87.
  11. ↑ Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, p. 15.
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g Georgi Kusmin: Gorjatscheje leto sorok wtorogo , in: Futbol 13/1995 , paragraph Момент истины.
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wladlen Putistin, in: Bulwar, August 7, 2002, p. 5. - ( Memento of the original from October 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ja-ja13.narod.ru
  14. ↑ Anatoly Kuznetsov, Ferenc Nagy . In: Der Spiegel . No. 25 , 1979 ( online - June 18, 1979 ).
  15. ↑ Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, pp. 48-50.
  16. ↑ Wetschernij Kyiv, June 21, 1971, p. 1
  17. ↑ Excerpt from the interview in: Andy Dougan: Dynamo. Triumph and Tragedy in Nazi-occupied Kiev. Guilford 2001, pp. 229-233.
  18. ^ "Prawda o 'Mattsche smerti'", in: Kiewskie Nowosti, October 22, 1992, p. 8.
  19. ↑ a b c d e A byl li "Mattsch smerti" ?, in: Wseukrainskie Vedomosti, November 12, 1994, p. 8; Updated version ( Memento of the original from December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / 2000.net.ua
  20. ↑ Russian-language overview of the refuted elements of the Soviet version with sources and numerous quotations
  21. ↑ Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, p. 160.
  22. ↑ A total of 35 documents, pp. 41–105.
  23. ↑ Volodymyr Hynda: Ukrainskyj sport pid nazystskoju swastykoju (1941–1944 rr.). Zhytomyr 2012; Summary
  24. ↑ a b Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, p. 21.
  25. ↑ Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, p. 22.
  26. ↑ Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, p. 19.
  27. ↑ a b Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, p. 30.
  28. ↑ Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, p. 15.
  29. ↑ Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, pp. 23-25.
  30. ↑ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Start-Flakelf_6_aug_1942.jpg
  31. ↑ Claus Bedenbrock, The Elf of Death. Kiev 1942: Football in an occupied city, in: L. Peiffer / D. Schulze-Marmeling (Ed.): Swastika and round leather - football in National Socialism. Göttingen 2008, p. 510.
  32. ↑ a b Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, p. 29.
  33. ↑ Photo 2 ( Memento of the original from December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / 2000.net.ua
  34. ↑ Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, p. 74.
  35. ↑ Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, pp. 34-35.
  36. ↑ Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, p. 34.
  37. ↑ Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, p. 37.
  38. ↑ Putistin, а.а.О.
  39. ↑ Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, p. 86.
  40. ↑ Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, p. 31.
  41. ↑ Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, pp. 37-38.
  42. ↑ Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, p. 160.
  43. ↑ cf. Andy Dougan: Dynamo. Triumph and Tragedy in Nazi-occupied Kiev. Guilford 2001, pp. 229-230.
  44. ↑ Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, pp. 104, 117.
  45. ↑ Claus Bredenbrock, phoenix.de: Documentation: The Death Elf ( Memento of the original from October 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P. 512. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.phoenix.de
  46. ↑ Kuzmin, 1942, paragraph Футбол и политика.
  47. ↑ a b Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, p. 38.
  48. ↑ Georgi Kuzmin: Gorjatscheje leto sorok wtorogo , in: Futbol 13/1995 , paragraph "Динамо" в защите.
  49. ↑ Volodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, pp. 36, 47, 53.
  50. ↑ http://stabikat.de/DB=1/SET=1/TTL=21/SHW?FRST=28
  51. ↑ z. B. stabikat.de
  52. ↑ z. B. Martin Zöllner (Lt. Author collective): Football in the past and present. Berlin / GDR 1976.
  53. ↑ z. B. Free World, 7.1968.
  54. ↑ Stuttgarter Zeitung, December 5, 1973, p. 9.
  55. ↑ cf. The True Story of the Death Game
  56. ↑ phoenix.de: Documentation: The Death Elf ( Memento of the original from October 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.phoenix.de
  57. ↑ Claus Bredenbrock, phoenix.de: Documentation: The Death Elf ( Memento of the original from October 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P. 510. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.phoenix.de
  58. ↑ cf. Claus Bredenbrock, phoenix.de: Documentation: The Death Elf ( Memento of the original from October 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Pp. 508-510. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.phoenix.de
  59. ↑ Claus Bredenbrock, phoenix.de: Documentation: The Death Elf ( Memento of the original from October 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P. 515. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.phoenix.de
  60. ↑ u. a. Süddeutsche Zeitung, 21./22. April 2012, p. V2 / 6
  61. ↑ Good Soviet patriots and bad Nazi Ukrainians. In: The world. April 30, 2012, accessed August 14, 2020 .
  62. ↑ File number 147 Js 7/74
  63. ↑ File number 1001 AR 1/02
  64. ↑ Excerpts and copies from the correspondence between Kiev and Hamburg in: Wolodymyr Prystajko: Tschi buw "mattsch smerti"? Documenty swidtschat . Kyiv 2006, pp. 110-119, 138-139.
  65. ↑ The phantom in the cabin. A German public prosecutor buries the grandiose myth of the “death game” in Kiev. In: Focus 11/2005. March 14, 2005, accessed August 14, 2020 .
  66. ^ Andy Dougan: Dynamo. Triumph and Tragedy in Nazi-occupied Kiev. Guilford 2001.
  67. ↑ z. B. http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18609772 - ( Memento of the original from October 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / footballspeak.com
  68. ^ Andy Dougan: Dynamo. Triumph and Tragedy in Nazi-occupied Kiev. Guilford 2001, pp. 229-233, 242.
  69. ↑ Gerard Butler is making a film about the "death elf" ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kino-zeit.de
  70. ↑ Match (2012) in the Internet Movie Database (English)
  71. ↑ http://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/260136/
  72. ^ APA, April 12, 2012: Kiev delays the start of the film for "Death Game" from World War II
  73. ^ Christian Esch: Football film "Match": The Miracle of Kiev. In: Berliner Zeitung. April 26, 2012, accessed August 14, 2020 .
  74. ↑ Two halves in hell in the Internet Movie Database (English)