Globe flower
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Globe flower ( Trollius europaeus ) |
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The globe flower ( Trollius europaeus ) is a species of the globe flower genus, which includes around 30 species . These belong to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). The European globe flower is the only kind of globe flower native to Europe. Common names are e.g. B. Goldköpfchen, Butterkugel, Butterkugel (Ankenbollen), Budabinkerl, Butterrose, Kugelranunkel or Natter (n) buttons. She was voted Flower of the Year 1995.
description
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The globe flower is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 20 to 60 cm. It has a rhizome as a storage organ, the renewal buds are close to the surface of the earth. Their habitus is characterized by several bare and mostly unbranched stems . The basal leaves are stalked and deeply divided into a palm shape. They have five sawn to pinnate sections and are reminiscent of geranium leaves. At the top, the basal leaves are dark green. The underside of the leaf is a little lighter. The rosette-like basal leaves die off during flowering. The stem leaves are threefold and sit directly on the stems.
The flower, colored yellow by carotenoids, is at the end of the unbranched stem. Globeflowers have hermaphroditic flowers with inwardly concave, characteristic spherical tapering pale yellow tepals. Their diameter is about 2 to 3 centimeters. The perianth consists of 10 to 15 perigones and four to ten nectar leaves. The numerous free carpels in the center of the flower are striking. The flowering period extends from May to July.
The fruits are up to 15 millimeters long and beaten.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 16.
ecology
The petals of the globe flower form a dome with such a small passage that only small insects, flies and beetles can pass through. Three species of fly from the genus Chiastochaeta play an important role in pollinating . They lay their eggs in the ovaries, their larvae feed on the growing seeds. Researchers found that a globular flower can handle up to six hatching fly larvae. If this number is exceeded, the balance shifts between “benefits from pollination” and “feeding damage” into the negative. Only strong, larger insects can push their way between the tepals to the bottom of the nectar leaves. In the globe flower, spontaneous self-pollination also leads to fruit set.
The globe flower forms numerous little-seeded follicles per flower. The seeds are spread by wind, Velcro, and self-propagation. Successful germination is linked to exposure to cold and darkness. It is slightly poisonous and is avoided by cattle.
Occurrence
The globe flower occurs in Europe and western Siberia. It is particularly widespread in Central and Northern Europe, including the Baltic States , Spain , the Apennines and the former Yugoslavia . Their southernmost occurrences in Europe are in central Spain, central Italy and in northern Greece. This type of plant is becoming increasingly rare in the valleys of Europe.
She has a preference for wet meadows , pond and creek edges and especially in the mountains up to altitudes of 3000 meters in Hochstaudenfluren found. It prefers nutrient-rich, permanently moist soil. In Central Europe it is a Molinietalia order character.
In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Tyrolean part at the summit of the Rothornspitze up to 2385 m above sea level.
Taxonomy and Etymology
The globe flower was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . The name is derived from the Old High German word "troll" for "spherical" from the Latin "trulleus" for "round vessel".
Danger
The globe flower is endangered nationwide and is therefore under nature protection . In Austria it is partially protected. The reasons for the decline are to be seen in the fallowing of extensively used fresh and wet meadows and also in their drainage.
Use and cultural significance
The globe flower was previously used against scurvy . It is a popular garden plant with some relatives.
It is the symbol of the County of Glatz and is therefore also called Glatzer Rose.
swell
- Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Alpine flowers. Recognize and determine (= Steinbach's natural guide ). Mosaik, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-576-11482-3 , p. 64 .
- Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 , p. 268 .
- Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species . 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 , p. 485-486 .
Web links
- Globe flower. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Globe flower . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Trollius europaeus L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere from: Eric Hultén, Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants. 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 at Den virtuella floran. (swed.)
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
Individual evidence
- ↑ Thomas Gaskell Tutin : Trollius. In: TG Tutin, NA Burges, AO Chater, JR Edmondson, VH Heywood, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . 2nd, revised edition. Volume 1: Psilotaceae to Platanaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / Melbourne 1993, ISBN 0-521-41007-X , pp. 253 (English, limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ Flower of the Year 1995
- ↑ Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen (ed.): Atlas Florae Europaeae. Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe. 8. Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae. Akateeminen Kirjakauppa, The Committee for Mapping the Flora of Europe & Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo, Helsinki 1989, ISBN 951-9108-07-6 , pp. 38-39.
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Page 395. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5
- ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 519.
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 556, digitized
- ↑ Richard Keilholz : The Glatzer Rose . Nerthus. 1903, Vol. 5, No. 38, p. 615
Lung Gentian (1980) | Yellow Daffodil (1981) | Red Forest Bird (1982) | Wild tulip (1983) | Summer Adonis (1984) | Wood Columbine (1985) | Arnica (1986) | Sea thistle (1987) | Marsh Calla (1988) | Carthusian Carnation (1989) | Mountain Sand Bells (1990) | Rosemary Heath (1991) | Round-leaved sundew (1992) | Checkerboard Flower (1993) | Broad-leaved orchid (1994) | Globeflower (1995) | Pasque Flower (1996) | Silver thistle (1997) | Crab Scissors (1998) | Marsh marigold (1999) | Purple Stone Seed (2000) | Blood-red cranesbill (2001) | Grove Violets (2002) | Kornrade (2003) | Alpenbellchen (2004) | Large rattling pot (2005) | Meadow foam herb (2006) | Bach avens (2007) | Nodding Thistle (2008) | Common Wegwarte (2009) | Siberian Iris (2010) | Moor lily (2011) | Heather Carnation (2012) | Hepatica (2013) | Swan Flower (2014) | Ordinary devil bite (2015) | Real cowslip (2016) | Corn Poppy (2017) | Long-Leaved Honorary Award (2018) | Common heather (2019) | Fever Clover (2020)