Association of German immigrant teachers

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In the Association of German Teacher Emigrants , also known as the Union des instituteurs allemands émigrés ( Union for short ), teachers who fled Nazi Germany organized themselves between 1933 and 1939. According to its own assessment, the association represented the “best-organized professional group of the emigration” and counted among its members many teachers who had helped set up schools in exile or taught there. The research into the association and the schools in exile is essentially thanks to Hildegard Feidel-Mertz .

Establishment of the Union in 1933

With 125 to 150 members, as Heinrich Rodenstein estimated, the union was not exactly an association with a large number of members and mainly organized those members of educational professions who had distinguished themselves through a combination of political and educational commitment before the seizure of power and therefore "in the Third Reich 'Removed from the state school service and after partly temporary work in rural education centers and other private schools in social work or adult education was pushed into emigration ”. Anyone who did not go voluntarily was reminded at the latest when the law to restore the civil service was passed that there was no longer any professional future for them in Germany.

The first aid measures for the threatened German colleagues were organized from Strasbourg via the International Teachers 'Professional Secretariat (IBSL) , to which the General Free Teachers' Union of Germany (AFLD) belonged from the German side until its self-dissolution in 1933 . In consultation with the IBSL, the Union des instituteurs allemands émigrés was founded at the end of 1933 , which was then incorporated into the IBSL as a German section in 1934. Feidel-Mertz and Schnorbach report on the history of the founding of the association:

“In the first months after the National Socialist seizure of power, LC Klein, the chairman of the IBSL in Strasbourg, dealt with matters relating to German teacher emigrants. In September 1933 Ernst Riggert , a former member of the board of directors of AFLD and until the end editor of the "Volkslehrers", came to Saarland and contacted Klein in Strasbourg, whom he knew from years of work. Ernst Riggert's positions in the AFLD and his knowledge of the work of German and international teachers' unions, his proven anti-Nazi opposition, his journalistic skills and his numerous contacts made him a suitable person to represent the interests of German teacher emigrants in the sense of the IBSL and the To carry out tasks that arose. With the help of Klein, he received a 'Récépíssé', a provisional residence permit for France, and an entry and exit visa which, among other things, allowed him to undertake trips to prepare for the organizational consolidation of the German teacher emigrants [..]. In consultation with the IBSL board of directors, the 'Union des instituteurs allemands êmigrês - Association of German Emigrant Teachers' was founded at the end of 1933. This confirmed the importance of international organizations for the development of functioning emigrant organizations. "

The Union had in 1935 "based in Paris, but also came in Czechoslovakia on stronger members quotas, as well as in South America and Sweden. This settlement did not happen by chance; because until the outbreak of war France and especially Paris offered the most favorable living and working conditions for German emigrants. The fact that even political activities were barely restricted, and in fact often found solidarity-based support, led to a concentration of diverse initiatives and organizational approaches in this place. "

The founding call for the Union appeared in various educational and trade union publications and German exile magazines and “appealed to all anti-fascist German teachers who had emigrated to participate in the work of the Union. Specifically, the Union set itself the task of preparing for the school of the 'fourth' Reich and developing socialist educational principles, information, job placement, help and representation of its members and observation of the fascist school system. "

Activities of the Union in the following years

The Union was politically to the left of the SPD and has always been committed to a socialist school and education program in a Germany after the end of the Nazi era. The cooperation with the IBSL made it possible to fall back on its structures, and in France there was close cooperation with the French elementary school teachers' union , the Sydicat National des Instituteurs (SNI).

“Via the office of the SNI (Paris, 9th rue de Université), we requested copies of the new schoolbooks, mainly reading and history, biology and songbooks, from the best-known German schoolbook publishers, and examined them for their chauvinistic, militaristic, racist and totalitarian spirit. The result was our brochure 'L'Allemagne Nouvelle dans son Mannel Scolaire'. I wrote the final version in French. Gaby, a bilingual Swiss woman from ISK circles, corrected my French. The cover shows the picture of a staid German school building with a heavy swastika on the roof. The brochure was offered to the teachers in France through multiple references in the 'Ecole Libératrice', the central organ of the French teachers' union (SNI). The edition was 2,000 pieces. Around 1,800 were sold. The remaining 200 copies were destroyed at my urgent request when the war broke out in the Rue de l'Université. "

In 1935 Rodenstein took over the management of the Paris section from Heinrich Grönewald , who switched to the Pestalozzi School in Buenos Aires and also became the engine of an Argentine Union group. At the same time, the Union's Secretariat, which had previously resided in Strasbourg, was relocated to Paris by decision of the IBSL. “With this 'reorganization' [...] of the association since October 1935, systematic membership recruiting took place, work was intensified and the publication of an information service was prepared. Since January 1936 the 'Informationsblätter der UNION' (up to No. 9 under the title 'Informations der Union') appeared with an average of 3 pages, sometimes up to 7 pages more or less regularly as a monthly membership magazine. The last edition known to us, No. 29, dated April 10, 1939. "Heinrich Rodenstein, who acted as editor of the information service, speaks of" almost 30 circulars "that he published.

In July 1935 the Union took part in building a German popular front in Paris . Several associations, including the Protection Association of German Writers and the Emergency Community of German Science , formed the Action Committee for Freedom in Germany , to which Heinrich Mann also belonged, as well as the historian Helmut Hirsch , the writer Rudolf Leonhard and the journalist Maximilian Scheer .

The Paris group of the Union had the largest number of members and was mainly responsible for the programmatic work from which the 1937 draft for a “socialist school and education program” emerged. For Feidel-Mertz and Schnorbach it is

“- unfortunately - a program that is still interesting and debatable, ie it has remained practically without consequences. In its scope and radical consistency, it is an example of the progressive substance that German pedagogy was deprived of at the time. It has basically not recovered from this loss of substance to this day. The hope of the emigrated educators to bring their experiences, alternative ideas and plans to the post-war development in Germany was only occasionally fulfilled by the return of a few well-known personalities to the western zones of occupation and only in the former Soviet zone of occupation to a significant extent and with greater generality . "

At the beginning of 1937 the existing in Czechoslovakia specialist group of former Reich German educators with 25 members joined the union . After the Munich Agreement of September 1938, dfie Union, together with the IBSL, organized an aid operation to rescue the threatened German colleagues in Czechoslovakia. Two planes were supposed to fly the members to Paris, but one of them crashed on January 7, 1939 while approaching Paris, where one member, Lotte Smigula-Kamp, was killed and three others were injured.

According to Feidel-Mertz and Schnorbach, the Union was not a pure self-help association, but rather “deliberately belonged to the anti-fascist front of international solidarity for the victims of fascism”. She provided legal assistance for colleagues who had come into conflict with the immigration laws, took part in relief operations for Spanish civil war victims, especially children, and at the end of 1936 participated in the non-partisan German Aid Committee , in which left-wing aid organizations coordinated their work.

The end of the union

In April 1939, a decree by the French government severely regulated and restricted the work of foreign associations in France. The Union then considered converting it to a welfare organization and adapting it to French laws, but this never happened. The Second World War broke out, and with foresight Heinrich Rodenstein removed all traces that could have pointed to the Union .

"Unfortunately (from the point of view of today's research interest) or wisely (from the point of view affected at the time) Heinrich Rodenstein has all documents in his possession, such as annual and country reports, the only member list, all correspondence with the regional groups, the cash accounts, the stamp, the remaining 'Union Information Sheets' including the' Board of Directors' communications' destroyed immediately after the outbreak of war in September 1939. He even made sure in the office of the SNI that all traces of the 'Union' had been removed. "

Just a few months later it became clear how necessary these precautionary measures were. After the occupation of Paris by the German Wehrmacht, Gestapo people broke into Rodenstein's former apartment and carried out a - fortunately unsuccessful - house search.

With the occupation of France, the work of the Association of German Teacher Emigrants came to an end. Some of its members were interned, others were able to flee to England or the USA. Those who made it to England could continue to be politically active in the national group of German trade unionists in Great Britain or within the International Group of Teachers Trade Unionists . "The 'International Group of Teachers Trade Unionists' was both a continuation and a new beginning of the International Trade Union Secretariat, which was lost in 1940" and acted as a commission within the framework of the work of the International Trade Union Confederation .

Known members

You could only become a member of the Union on the basis of a personal acquaintance or a trustworthy recommendation, and you also had to
“- be a teacher 'in the broadest sense, including kindergarten teachers, childcare workers, vocational and higher education'; in addition, the membership of paediatricians is proven;
- to be an emigrant;
- to be personally reliable;
- to recognize the free trade union principles within the framework of the IBSL. "The membership directory was kept encrypted, and" Heinrich Rodenstein destroyed the only list that decrypted this system at the beginning of the war, so that a complete reconstruction of the membership of the 'Union' is now impossible proves ". Feidel-Mertz and Schnorbach sketch 68 people in short biographies in their book. The most famous people among them are:

  • Arthur doctor
  • Ernst Behm and Agnes Behm-Barow
  • Erna Blencke
  • Helmut von Bracken
  • Artur Egon Bratu
  • Günter and Johanna Dallmann
  • Alfred Dang
  • Herman and Grete Ebeling
  • Minna Flake
  • Walter Friedländer
  • Heinrich Grönewald
  • Nora Hackel (born 1901 or 1902 in Russia) and Marianne Welter (* 1907 in Hattingen - † 2004) were among Walter Friedländer's employees in the youth welfare office in Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg , where they had met around 1930. Hackel and Welter had a close personal partnership beyond their professional collaboration, which they later maintained during their emigration. Feidel-Mertz sees a “survival strategy in exile” as “which women in particular seem to have developed more often from educational and social professions in exile”.
    Because of their union and SPD membership, Hackel and Welter lost their job in 1933 and fled to France together. Together with other emigrants, they built a home for refugee children in Plessis Robinson near Paris, which - run as a cooperative - existed until 1939. After the outbreak of the Second World War, the two women were interned in Camp de Gurs together with Hackel's mother, who had since fled Germany, and Hackel's daughter, who was born around 1938 . Together they managed to escape to the USA in 1941.
    After a few teething problems and living in a refugee hostel, Welter began studying at the University of Chicago. From then on, Hackel and Welter parted ways. There is no further information about von Hackel's, while Welter achieved an academic degree and practically and theoretically engaged in social work. At the end of the 1940s she kept returning to Germany and took part in further training for social workers. But the center of her life remained the USA, where she then also worked as a university lecturer.
  • Anna-Luise Haaris (born June 16, 1900 in Wolfenbüttel - † 1978) and Otto Meyer (* 1908 - † 1943) met and fell in love at the Technical University of Braunschweig in 1929, where they were also members of the Socialist Student Group in Braunschweig . After 1933 both were active in the resistance against the Nazis, had to flee Germany and were later imprisoned and sent to concentration camps. Otto Meyer did not survive this.
  • Henry Jacoby
  • Fritz Karsen
  • Leo Kestenberg
  • Willy Korbmacher (born November 23, 1897 in Krefeld - † April 28, 1977 in Tangier) The worker Willy Korbmacher was central secretary of the Red Aid from 1922 to 1929 and then a welfare worker in Berlin. From 1929 to 1931 he attended the German School of Politics in Berlin. He belonged to the SPD , USPD and KPD , from which he was excluded in 1928 because he was one of the so-called rights in the Red Aid leadership and in the KPD, the Brandner wing .
    After his expulsion from the KPD, Korbmacher became a member of the KPD-O and in 1931 a member of the SAP . He emigrated to CSR in January 1935 as a politically persecuted person after previously working illegally for SAP . Presumably in the CSR he also became a member of the Association of German Teacher Emigrants .
    Korbmacher was able to emigrate to Sweden in May 1938. He worked as a textile worker and in an archive and was also a member of the SAP and the trade union. On November 10, 1939 Korbmacher's name was on the 131 expatriation list . After the war ended, Korbmacher, who was able to work as a welfare worker again, did not want to return to Germany. He lived in Gothenburg “and became a member of the Swedish Social Democratic Labor Party. Willy Korbmacher died on April 28, 1977 while on vacation in the Moroccan port city of Tangier. "
  • Eva Landé (born September 23, 1901 in Elberfeld ; † January 18, 1975 in Tucson ) and Erich Stedeli (* July 16, 1894 in Bielefeld ; † May 21, 1940 in Camp du Ruchard ) were educators and socialists whose life together in 1940 was torn apart in France.
    There are very few references to the life of Erich Stedeli. His daughter, born in 1933, who was able to rely on the oral traditions of her mother, made little contribution to her father's life. Accordingly, he worked as a teacher in Chemnitz in the mid-1920s , where he also met Eva Landé. The couple married on June 5, 1926 in Chemnitz; Daughter Katharina was born here on March 21, 1933. Event information in the Socialist Workers' Newspaper from January 1932 shows that he was a member of the SAPD and gave political presentations (“The Fascist Danger”) both to the SAPD in Ratingen and to the German Freethinkers Association in Wuppertal-Barmen (“The Church as a bulwark of reaction ”). In both cases he was announced as Comrade Stedeli from Chemnitz. He was also a member of the Saxon teachers' association .
    Shortly after the birth of his daughter, Erich Stedeli was arrested on Easter 1933, but was able to escape from the police prison and emigrate to Czechoslovakia , from there later to France. It is unclear whether Stedeli became a member of the Association of German Teacher Emigrants in Czechoslovakia or only in France .
    Eva Landé's life is better documented than Erich Stedeli's life. She comes from a well-known Elberfeld family and is the youngest of the four children of Hugo Landé and Thekla Landé . As a result of her daughter, she was a member of the Wandervogel , and she attended the Odenwald School . In 1921, however, she had to take her Abitur as an external student at a Darmstadt school. She was trained as a teacher and got her first job from Easter 1923 at the of AS Neill co-founded and now available from Hermann Harless , a former teacher of the Odenwald School, directed and reform educationally oriented new school Hellerau in Dresden Hellerau . Presumably due to the closure of the New School Hellerau in 1925, she then became a teacher in Chemnitz, where she met Ernst Stedeli. Her daughter writes that she was involved in the SPD here, whether also in the SAPD like Stedeli is not known.
    The circumstances of the escape and Eva Landé's escape route after her husband's arrest are not clearly clarified. In any case, the family got together again in France in the mid-1930s, where Eva Landé opened a small children's home in Le Plessis-Robinson , which her daughter describes as a childcare facility. Like her husband, she was also a member of the Association of German Teacher Emigrants .
    When the Second World War broke out, Erich Stedeli was interned, and since Eva Landé also expected reprisals, at the end of November 1939 she sent her daughter to the children's home in the     Château de Chabannes founded by the Œuvre de secours aux enfants organization . In January 1940, Erich Stedeli was briefly released from the internment camp for health reasons before he had to return to Camp du Ruchard in the vicinity of Villaines-les-Rochers . He died there on May 21, 1940. Eva Landé was interned in Camp de Gurs in the spring of 1940 , where she also learned of her husband's death. There she met her sister-in-law Hanna, the wife of Franz Landé . Eva managed to leave Gurs at the end of July 1940 and pick up her daughter from the Château de Chabannes . The two went to Grenoble together , where Eva enrolled at the university. But she was also in written contact with her brother Alfred Landé , with whose support mother and daughter were able to enter the USA in August 1941. Eva Landé and her daughter first moved to Columbus, Ohio, to live with Alfred Landé. However, the socialist Landé soon found herself at odds with her brother's political views and moved to New York with her daughter . Eva's German training as a teacher was not recognized in the USA, so she was forced to train as an accountant and take on various short-term jobs on a transitional basis. It was only after the end of World War II that she found more adequate employment: She became an employee of the Central Location Index (CLI), a service founded in 1944 by the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) together with six other refugee aid organizations to help people in the United States search after their relatives who were missing in Europe during the war. The CLI was a forerunner of the larger and more comprehensive International Tracing Service that was set up by the Red Cross after the war and now operates as the Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution . She later worked for the National Council of the Churches of Christ (NCC) until she was 64 . Due to German reparations and pension payments, she was able to spend the rest of her life reasonably worry-free. Eva Landé worked for the NCC even though she was Jewish by her own origin. “She was proud of her Jewish origins, but she was not affiliated with any Jewish community or practiced Jewish rituals. In fact, she was hostile to all religious rituals, Jewish and others. ”Instead, she joined the Ethical Movement founded by Felix Adler and was involved in the Socialist Party of America (SPA) until 1972 because she was convinced“ that capitalist system would never give workers a fair chance ”. When asked whether the SPA should set up its own presidential candidate, it refused in 1972 and decided to support the Democratic candidate George McGovern and became involved in the Democratic Party from then on . The last presidential candidate she supported was Jimmy Carter . Shortly after his election in November 1976 Eva Landé died in Tucson, where she had recently moved for health reasons.



  • Berthold Levy was one of four children born between 1906 and 1918 to women's and civil rights activist Frida Levy and her husband Fritz Levy. “After the transfer of power on January 30, 1933, the Levy family became victims and targets of the new rulers within a few weeks due to their Jewish origins. Immediately after the Reichstag fire on February 27, Fritz Levy was taken into ' protective custody ' because he loudly suggested that the National Socialists had set the Reichstag on fire themselves. Because of an already advanced illness that led to his death three years later, he was released after eight days. But he had to leave his hometown with his wife within a few days. The younger daughter Susanne could no longer attend grammar school in Essen. The sons Berthold and Robert were imprisoned for several months in place of their father. Frida and Fritz Levy moved to Wuppertal, where friends took care of them. ”After his release from protective custody, Berthold Levy was able to escape to Sweden, where he became a teacher at the Kristinehov boarding school .
  • Hans Lewinski (1911–1953), ISK member, worked in the children's department at the Walkemühle rural education home before emigrating to France. In 1937 he moved to Denmark and became a teacher at the now relocated to Östrupgaard Walke mill . In 1938 he helped move the school to Wales .
    Hans Lewinski was the half-brother of Erich Lewinski , whose son Tom also attended the two schools in Denmark and Great Britain. According to Inge Hansen-Schaberg , Lewinski continued to work at the Butcombe Court School after the Walkemühle successor closed and looked after children who had survived concentration camps.
  • Karl Linke
  • Hans Lohr
  • Kurt Lowenstein
  • Friedrich Mehnert (born November 30, 1915 in Berlin - † November 29, 1999 in Bremerhaven) was the son of a senior teacher who fell in 1917. Little is known about Mehnert's youth. He must have graduated from high school, because Feidel-Mertz and Schnorbach mention a one-semester pedagogical degree, while Donsbach only refers to the entry into the KPD at the age of 17 in Senftenberg . At their request he became a member of the SS in order to gain information from them. In 1935 he was arrested by the National Socialists and sentenced in January 1936 to two years in prison for preparing for high treason . After his release, Mehnert emigrated to Prague and was involved in various left-wing groups, including the Association of German Teacher Emigrants . In January 1939 he moved to Paris. The evidence is inconsistent over Mehnert's years in France. Feidel-Mertz and Schnorbach write that he was interned and then forced to serve in the Foreign Legion. In Donsbach it is said that Mehnert was in contact with French intellectuals and was "used as a member of the French army [...] against the invading Germans". There is no information about Mehnert's time after the German invasion. After the end of the Second World War, Friedrich Mehnert moved to the Soviet occupation zone and studied at the Humboldt University in Berlin . Here he received his doctorate on December 12, 1956 at the Philosophical Faculty with a dissertation on the subject of key words in the psychological vocabulary of the second half of the 18th century, examined on the basis of the letters of two salon ladies . According to Donsbach, Mehnert was expelled from the SED in 1951 as a "rebellious free spirit , which means that he was automatically denied school service in the former GDR ". When he moved to the Federal Republic is unclear. Donsbach does not give a date, just writes: "In West Germany he initially taught at private schools for six years before he was accepted into the public school service in Bremerhaven." He mainly taught Spanish and French and did so for many years after his retirement as a private tutor. Mehnert not only made friends with “a critical attitude that was unadjusted throughout his life”, but he no longer seems to have been more politically active in the Federal Republic. Since around 1952 he was married to the sinologist Ursula Bredow († 1996).



  • Ernst Papanek
  • Ernst Riggert
  • Heinrich Rodenstein
  • Walter Rosengarten
  • Johann (Hans) Schellenberger. His name is occasionally used in connection with Theydon Bois School , but little is known about him. Feidel-Mertz and Schnorbach only know to report about him: “Schellenberger, Johann, geb. 1907. Teacher. KPD. 1933-35 imprisonment. March 1936 emigration CSR. Leading member of the Czechoslovak national group of the Union des instituteurs allemands émigrés. Expatriated in 1938 on List 31. 1940 England. Collaboration in the national group of German trade unionists in the UK and in the Freíen German Cultural Association in the UK. "
  • Gerhard Scholz
  • Hanna Schramm
  • Anna Siemsen
  • August Siemsen
  • Hans Sievers
  • Minna Woodpecker
  • Otto Stamfort
  • Albin and Elly Tenner
  • Adelheid Torhorst
  • Karl Veken
  • Kurt Weckel
  • Ernst Wildangel

literature

  • Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: teachers in emigration. The Association of German Teacher Emigrants (1933–39) in the traditional context of the democratic teachers' movement , Beltz Verlag, Weinheim and Basel, 1981, ISBN 3-407-54114-7 .
  • Hildegard Feidel-Mertz: Partnerships of women as strategies for survival in exile , in: Inge Hansen-Schaberg (ed.): “Tell something”. The biographical dimension in education. Bruno Schonig on his 60th birthday , Schneider Verlag, Hohengehren, 1997, ISBN 3-87116-898-X , pp. 107–112.
  • Bernhild Vögel: Dismissed, persecuted, returned - socialist teachers from the state of Braunschweig between the Weimar Republic and the post-war period , in: Frank Ehrhardt (Heraqus donor on behalf of the Other History Working Group): Paths of life under dictatorship. Contributions to the history of Braunschweig under National Socialism , Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig, 2007, ISBN 978-3-937664-59-0 , pp. 39-100.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ quoted from Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Lehrer in der Emigration , p. 10
  2. ↑ a b c Heinrich Rodenstein: Association of German teacher emigrants (see web links )
  3. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Teachers in Emigration , p. 16
  4. ^ Hermann Schnorbach: Teacher in the International Trade Union Confederation. Origin and development of the International Teachers' Trade Secretariat from 1918 to 1945 , Juventa Verlag, Weinheim, 1989, ISBN 3-7799-0692-9
  5. ^ Hermann Schnorbach (ed.): Teacher and school under the swastika. Documents of the Resistance 1930 to 1945 , Athenäum Verlag, Königstein / Ts., 1988, ISBN 3-7610-8275-4
  6. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Teachers in Emigration , p. 97
  7. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Teachers in Emigration , p. 15
  8. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Teachers in Emigration , p. 97
  9. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Teachers in Emigration , p. 103
  10. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Teachers in Emigration , p. 111
  11. ↑ For the history of the Action Committee for Freedom in Germany see the multi-part work by Ursula Langkau-Alex: Deutsche Volksfront 1932 - 1939 with documents on the history of the committee for the preparation of a German Popular Front.
  12. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Teachers in Emigration , pp. 160–161
  13. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Teachers in Emigration , p. 107 and 235
  14. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Teachers in Emigration , pp. 114–115
  15. ↑ a b Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Teachers in Emigration , pp. 114–115
  16. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Teachers in Emigration , p. 124
  17. ↑ Board reports No. U / April 1938, quoted from Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Lehrer in der Emigration , p. 103
  18. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Teachers in Emigration , p. 104
  19. ↑ This information is based on the database of Ellis Island , where she was registered on arrival on July 26, 1941 with the age of 39 years and 7 months. ( Passenger list of the ship Nyassa from July 26, 1941 ) St. Petersburg is entered as the place of birth , the handwritten addition above it is illegible.
  20. ↑ Barbara Louis: Marianne Welter. Social worker who helped rebuild social services in post-World War II Europe . The place of birth is also taken from the Ellis Island Database .
  21. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz: Partnerships of women as survival strategies in exile , pp. 108-109
  22. ↑ For a detailed biography see: Bernhild Vögel: Never again the feeling of security - The teacher couple Anna-Luise Haaris and Otto Meyer . The undated speech manuscript was probably created in 2005 in the context of the exhibition Teachers against Hitler. Braunschweig reform pedagogues: dismissed - persecuted - returned .
  23. ↑ a b c Willy Korbmacher in the biographical database of the Federal Foundation for the Processing of the SED Dictatorship
  24. ↑ a b Exile Archive: Willy Korbmacher
  25. ↑ a b Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach : Teachers in Emigration , p. 231
  26. ↑ So far there is only one article about the internment camp in the French WIKIPEDIA: fr: Camp du Ruchard
  27. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Katherine Goold: Eva Landé (1901-1977), reform school pedagogue , in: Elke Brychta, Anna-Maria Reinhold, Arno Mersmann (ed.): Courageously controversial reformist. Die Landés - Six Biographies 1859-1977 , Klartext Verlag, Essen 2002, ISBN 3-89861-273-2 , pp. 165 ff.
  28. ^ Socialist Workers' Newspaper, Organization News, Issue 013/1932
  29. ↑ a b c Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Teachers in Emigration , p. 235. The Saxon Teachers 'Association is not to be confused with the Saxon Teachers' Association ; So far there seems to be only one monograph on him: Andreas Hofmann: On the history of the Saxon Teachers' Association during the First World War and the Weimar years 1914–1933, reconstructed on the basis of the publications of the Saxon school newspaper , master's thesis, Technische Universität Dresden 2010. The work is located in the holdings of the Saxon State Library - Dresden State and University Library .
  30. ↑ Arno Mersmann: Insights reform movement , in: Elke Brychta, Anna-Maria Reinhold, Arno Mersmann (ed.): Courageously controversial reformist. Die Landés - Six Biographies 1859-1977 , Klartext Verlag, Essen 2002, ISBN 3-89861-273-2 , pp. 170-173. For the New School Hellerau see: paed.com - the somewhat different education server: New German School . Further references are also available there.
  31. ↑ Hellerau; Section schools in Hellerau
  32. ↑ It is not known whether there were contacts with the children's home in Plessis Robinson, on which Nora Hackel and Marianne Welter worked (see above).
  33. ↑ Holocaust Encyclopedia of the USHMM: Quakers (section "Postwar Work")
  34. ^ A b Frida Levy Comprehensive School: Who was Frida Levy?
  35. ↑ For more information about Berthold Levy and his family, see teachers at Kristinehov boarding school: Berthold Levi
  36. ↑ Birgit S. Nielsen: Education for self-confidence. A socialist school experiment in Danish exile 1933-1938 , Peter Hammer Verlag, Wuppertal, 1985, ISBN 3-87294-265-4 , p. 187
  37. ↑ Inge Hansen-Schaberg: Reformed Pedagogues in English Exile , in: Yearbook of the Research Center for German & Austrian Exile Studies , 2017, Vol. 18, p114-127
  38. ↑ a b c d e f g Rainer Donsbach: Mehnert, Friedrich , in: Hartmut Bickelmann (Ed.): Bremerhaven personalities from four centuries. A biographical lexicon , Bremerhaven City Archives, Bremerhaven, 2003, ISBN 3-923851-25-1 , p. 216. Mehnert's estate is in the possession of Donsbach, who works as a journalist for the Nordsee-Zeitung .
  39. ↑ a b c Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Teachers in Emigration , pp. 232–233
  40. ↑ Friedrich Mehnert's dissertation in the catalog of the DNB
  41. ↑ The year 1951 mentioned by Feidel-Mertz and Schnorbach cannot be correct because of the later doctoral procedure in East Berlin.
  42. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Teachers in Emigration , p. 234