Ernst Riggert

Ernst Riggert , also Christoph Ernst Riggert or Ernst Christoph Riggert (born November 1, 1902 in Kutenholz , † November 12, 1977 in Hamburg ) was a German educator , journalist and publisher .

Origin and education

Ernst Riggert's father died in 1917 as a professional soldier in the First World War . Ernst, who was the oldest of five siblings, joined the Wandervogel movement in 1914 , of which he remained a member until 1920. This was followed by an elementary school teacher training at a preparatory institute until 1923 .

The uncertainties of the Weimar period

The economic crisis associated with inflation prevented Ernst Riggert from finding a job, and so he had to survive as an unemployed young teacher until 1928. He has been involved in the left-wing General Free Teachers' Union of Germany (AFLD) since 1922 , became a member of the SPD in 1927 and was involved in the working group of social democratic teachers . He processed his experiences from the time of unemployment or the time only short-term employment in his writings From the practice of traveling lessons. School and alcohol question and moving papers of a young teacher .

Riggert was married and had been a father since 1929. Details about his private living conditions at this time do not seem to be known.

Also in 1929 Riggert was "not permanently employed scientific teacher" at the Free Secular School in Harburg-Wilhelmsburg . This school, founded in 1924, was a non-denominational reform school, a so-called collective school , which was attended by children whose parents did not want religious instruction. In addition to his work there, Riggert increased his union involvement. He headed the AFLD local group and from 1930 to 1933 was editor of the nationwide magazine Der Volkslehrer des AFLD. Contributions by himself also appeared in the Volkslehrer series of publications.

Politically, Riggert walked a tightrope in the years before 1933. He was active in local politics in the SPD, wrote for the SPD papers Volksblatt for Harburg-Wilhelmsburg and the surrounding area and Hamburger Echo , led training courses for the SAJ and was an active campaigner. This moderate local political stance was opposed to his left-wing socialist positions, which shaped his trade union journalism in particular. He also advocated cooperation between the SPD and KPD .

Emigration and exile

After the National Socialist seizure of power , Ernst Riggert quickly fell victim to persecution. Between February and October 1933 he was arrested several times and lost his job as a teacher for political reasons. The magazine Der Volkslehrer was also banned.

In October 1933 Riggert managed to flee via the Saar area to Strasbourg , where he found support from the French elementary school teachers' union, the Syndicat National des Instituteurs (SNI), and continued to be active as a journalist. Like the AFLD, the SNI was a member of the International Teachers' Profession Secretariat (IBSL) , and Ernst Riggert therefore had good contacts with the Strasbourg ISBL chairman LC Klein.

"Ernst Riggert's positions in the AFLD and his knowledge of the work of German and international teachers' unions, his proven anti-Nazi opposition, his journalistic skills and his numerous contacts made him a suitable person to represent the interests of German teacher emigrants within the meaning of the IBSL and to carry out the tasks that came up. With the help of Klein, he received a 'Récépissé', a provisional residence permit for France, and an entry and exit visa which, among other things, allowed him to undertake trips to prepare for the organizational consolidation of the German teacher emigrants [..]. In consultation with the IBSL board of directors, the 'Union des instituteurs allemands émigrés - Association of German Emigrant Teachers' was founded at the end of 1933 . This confirmed the importance of international organizations for the development of functioning emigrant organizations. "

Riggert stayed in France for two years and then traveled to Copenhagen via Dunkirk at the end of September 1935 . The reasons for this change of location are not known, but Christian Gotthardt refers to Riggert's many friends and former colleagues who already lived there. Riggert initially worked in Copenhagen as a language teacher, but soon as a news editor and translator for the Danish radio. He organized himself in the local emigrant policy and remained active for the Association of German Teacher Emigrants . Among his fellow campaigners were Walter Hösterey , who called himself Walter Hammer, Walter A. Berendsohn and Otto Piehl (* September 12, 1906 - † July 2, 1999), “Mechanical engineer, social democrat, 1933 Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp, after being released underground and then put out to search, 1934 escaped to Denmark, 1938 expatriated, 1940 to Sweden. 1953 return to Germany, employed by IG Metall in Frankfurt a. M. ".

Arrest and deportation to Germany

On April 9, 1940, Denmark was occupied by German troops . Ernst Riggert, who in the meantime had a three-year-old child with his Danish partner, was arrested on July 26, 1940 and, like 79 other German refugees, interned in the Horserød camp.

“The Danish police deported him from Hörseröd to Germany in August 1941. Here he was sentenced to one year in prison for preparation for high treason, which he spent in Neumünster. From August 1942 he lived with his mother and siblings in Lüneburg, worked at the behest of the Gestapo in the Lüneburg chemical factory Vogelsang and was under the supervision of the Gestapo Lüneburg. In August 1944, he came under the arrest operation 'Storm' in the Neuengamme concentration camp , where he remained imprisoned until his release in March 1945 ".

In 2017 Christian Gotthardt, while researching the Federal Archives in Berlin, found “an undated list, apparently made by the Gestapo Hamburg , of around 120 of their so-called 'V men' ('liaison men', including women), that is, contact persons who could provide information about Third party or lure spy services were available. They each contain the name of the person, the focus of the reporting activity (general, communism, foreign trade, military, etc.), the degree of reliability of the informant and the responsible Gestapo office or the name of the Gestapo employee who contacted them. ”On this The list also contained the name of Ernst Riggert; he is said to have worked as an undercover agent for the Lüneburg Gestapo.

After weighing up various aspects, Gotthardt came to the conclusion that Riggerts “appearing on these lists [..] initially [says] nothing about actual betrayal, but only about the Gestapo's perception”. Since there are no reliable indications beyond this list that Riggert may have been a spy, he advocates keeping this question open as an assignment for further research.

New start in 1945

Feidel-Mertz and Schnorbach let their short biography end in 1945 and claim that Ernst Riggert became an editor in Hamburg. In fact, however, Riggert started his post-war career in April 1945 as a librarian for the British occupation administration and from July 1945 worked for the Lüneburger Post , a news paper of the British military administration, from which the state newspaper for the Lüneburger Heide (also Lüneburger Landeszeitung ) emerged in January 1946 . Ernst Riggert, along with a few other people, received the publisher's license and became editor-in-chief. In May 1947 he also became a member of the supervisory board of the German Press Service (dpd). He was also active as a journalist for Die Zeit , for the first time in December 1946 with the article Copenhagen Journey , in which, after a ten-day trip, he deals with the distrust of the Germans in his former country of exile. Riggert's conclusion: “This distrust must first be accepted. It is also understandable that the Danes in Germany, a country that still reveals so little self-reflection and destination, in which hunger drives away thoughts, find little encouragement to change their attitude. "But:" One who is conscious of his best powers Germany, a Germany of resistance against the wrong paths followed for generations, whose ultimate and ultimate consequence was National Socialism, would again be recognized as a neighbor. And our border in the north would be a front of peaceful competition and a bridge rolled into one. Such general thoughts can be discussed today in Copenhagen with thoughtful people from many camps. Besides, it would be wrong to assume that there is only judgment and judgment from there. There is a clear natural tendency to take the side of those who are hardest hit, although there have been repeated official warnings not to lead a compassionate campaign for the Germans - and that is why we are only now beginning to form a picture of German reality. "

Christian Gotthardt also mentions publishers founded by Riggert (publishing house “Public Questions” and publishing house “The Next Step”), “in whose brochures - in the pathetic style of the immediate post-war period - the relevant questions of the democratic new beginning” were discussed by him. It is uncertain whether more than one or two of the brochures listed below were published in both cases; Evidence for the long-term existence of the two publishers based in Lüneburg could not be found.

Riggert's career as editor-in-chief came to an end in the late 1940s. In a Spiegel article dated February 28, 1951, he is mentioned as the former editor-in-chief of the Lüneburger Landeszeitung , who has had another job in Hamburg since 1950. The reasons for his replacement remain in the dark; Gotthardt brings them in connection with the end of the license requirement in 1949. Riggert's other employment in Hamburg was for the Northwest German Broadcasting Corporation (NWDR) .

“He should do the NWDR magazine 'Der Hörer'. According to the BBC model of the 'listener', broadcasts of the NWDR should be subsequently recorded in print.
Riggert did not stay alone for long in preparing the magazine. Professor Dovifat put Paul Sackarndt at his side as a stable companion to see that CDU interests were protected.
In August 1950, the pair brought a blue-covered sample booklet to light. It was not enough for the board of directors. Therefore, the project was hurriedly canceled. The editorial office in the press building in Hamburg was vacated. All in all, the NWDR was 30,000 DM lighter and still without a magazine. "

Riggert seems to have spent the following years exclusively as a freelance journalist. Christian Gotthardt describes the social constraints involved.

“Riggert found himself in need again. If you look at his professional biography, then for the period before 1933 you count a maximum of 4 years of social insurance paid. He was unable to achieve official status during this time. Then came hand-to-mouth life for 13 years, and finally imprisonment. Compensation based on persecuted status was scanty. So he had to constantly open up commitments, even several side by side, in order to be able to live. "

After leaving Lüneburg, Riggert moved to Hamburg. In 1956 he married Edith Hirsch (* 1912) and traded in the address books as a “journalist” or “editor”. In 1957/58 he worked temporarily as managing director of an advertising and advertising agency.

The military and SS understanding

In 1950 the book Der deutsche Generalstab was published by the Frankfurter Hefte publishing house . History and shape, 1640–1945 by Walter Görlitz . Ernst Riggert published a review on this in October 1950 in Die Zeit , which ends with the following sentences:

“The history of the Prussian-German General Staff is over. The Nuremberg indictment, which accused the General Staff of having played a leading role in unleashing the Second World War, could not be upheld. It is up to us to consider what we can learn from the history of the General Staff for future solutions. "

Probably for the first time Ernst Riggert had found the topic that determined his journalistic work for the next few years: the reconsideration of the military, who was in crisis due to “one-sided specialization with its renunciation of worldview and world interest”, to the “universality of political and military views in Scharnhorst's time ”- and building on that: the reconciliation of the workers with the military.

What formerly left the SPD standing Rigger has prompted the to develop a continuously reinforcing military sense of mission is not to fathom, "increasingly clear but his effort was recognized, the unpopular among the German population, and particularly among the Social Democrats topic rearmament and Nato -Membership to prepare bite-sized. [..] The purpose of democratic arming, he argues, should be to protect democracy by warding off reactionary or communist aggression. ”The trade union monthly notebooks, of all things, offered him a platform for his theses .

Riggert's commitment to remilitarization was unpopular in wide circles of the SPD, but it coincided with the ultimately successful efforts of Herbert Wehner , in whose Hamburg environment he frequented. But Riggert's right drift went even further. “Riggert had been in contact with the Hamburg mutual aid community of former Waffen SS soldiers (HIAG, founded in 1949) by December 1951 at the latest and also supported their demand for a general amnesty. He informed the British military and the SPD executive committee in detail about the mood of the former soldiers. ”And in 1953 in the trade union monthly he rehabilitated soldiers' unions , to which he expressly included the HIAG, as normal psychological and socio-political phenomena, of which no danger to democracy is running out. Riggert's belittling begins with a reference to what is customary elsewhere: “In most of the major countries of the world, with all of Germany's western European neighbors, there are military veterans' associations, some of which - as in the USA and England - have gained enormous influence in public life in their countries . ”He justifies their right to exist from the“ bond created by a common experience of war or imprisonment ”. Soldiers' associations are "traditional communities" to which the HIAG can be assigned without restriction. There are no anti-democratic goals in the HIAG, which is why “no collective judgment of condemnation should be upheld”. Logically, for Riggert Paul Hausser is only “the recognized senior of the former Waffen SS”, who stands for a loyal relationship to democracy and the Federal Republic.

What Riggert actually regrets is that the large number of soldiers' associations that arose after the Second World War did not find a unity. “In decisive groups they were aware that unity should not be traditionally presupposed where a clarification had to be reached first if the soldiers' unions were not necessarily to be pushed aside in party and daily politics. Also in the sometimes embarrassing call for a 'restoration of the German soldier's honor', only small circles took part. For the others it was clear that honor could not be given or taken from anyone, except by the individual himself who abandons it or wins it. Many gatherings of old soldiers served worthy reflection on the duties of a citizen in a democratic Europe. ”All soldiers' associations are“ not actual political organizations ”,“ Communist attempts to infiltrate and influence [..] have been effectively exposed and repulsed ”, and“ one has predominantly the impression that mistrust based on past experiences makes the members of the confederations immune to political abuse ”. But: "Understanding, benevolent, rejecting, skeptical, pacifist-anti-soldier remarks on the part of leading trade unionists and politicians are attentively registered."

Riggert's conclusion is clear:

“After all this, there can be no doubt that the soldiers' unions are a political issue despite their party-political neutrality. However, they are not yet a unified force. Therefore, they are not to be dismissed or recognized with any summary judgment. Exemplary social forces are just as effective in them as small personal ambitions and backward-looking longings. You could say that they were a true cross-section of our people, when their beaten soldiers had a difficult way home in several respects. In their ranks there is a longing for a satisfactory classification in the state alongside deadly doubt, tolerance that has grown in hard years alongside grim intolerance.
The soldiers' unions are not a threat to the state, nor are they reactionary - apart from the exceptions indicated. But they are difficult, as difficult as the position of an old soldier after decades of negative developments in the relationship between the armed forces and the state, after the abuse that National Socialism inflicted on it, after the collective judgments that fell on the defenseless after the defeat, can only be. The new state has often not yet become a home for the old soldier, although he affirms it as a starting point for every new job. Most of them are not interested in the glamor of the uniform. Those who strive for reuse in unclear circumstances, who dream of new orders, who know nothing but the HDV , are not particularly valued. The state has something to gain from the soldiers' groups, but it cannot buy them. The democratic state could also lose a lot in them if it does not succeed in classifying and convincing them. Not for a party, but for democratic cooperation.
That the former soldier should become a real citizen of the democratic state, that the future soldier would be nothing else, that is the fundamental concern to which our consideration leads. "

In contrast to this understanding of the soldiers' unions, including the HIAG, he judges pacifist efforts extremely negatively. In his Zeit contribution Der Wurm in der Deutschen Eiche on June 14, 1951, he describes a meeting at which “among others, 20 knight's cross bearers, twelve oak leaf bearers, eight generals and two admirals appeared” who “acted as a 'counterweight to the Adenauer's devoted 'soldiers' associations' would have understood war policy as an event controlled by the East. His proof: Only a correspondent from the GDR news agency ADN was invited to the meeting in Uelzen . That alone was reason enough for Riggert not to have to deal with the assembly's call to "fight with us through commitment and action in the front ranks of all Germans who want to prevent our people and fatherland from being sacrificed to foreign interests through remilitarization." . And where a year earlier he showed so much understanding for Paul Hausser , "the recognized senior of the former Waffen-SS", he is now of the opinion that one of the co-organizers of the meeting, Ernst Jäckel, was already a well-known informer in the Navy was, "who is now calling on the former German officer corps to reunite - for a purpose that strangely coincides with the main objective of Soviet policy in Germany." According to Christian Gotthardt, Riggert argued “against the protagonists internals, which he probably could only have drawn from Wehrmacht sources. Another new feature was an anti-communist tenor he had never seen before. "

Civil defense champion

In view of his understanding of the soldiers' unions and even the HIAG, it is almost logical that Riggert, who was considered a "defense expert of the SPD" and "an expert on NATO" in journalism in the 1950s, was Christian Gotthardt's most important and the most widely circulated Publication, the brochure People and Defense , published by Markus Verlag in Cologne . This publishing house, a subsidiary of the publishing house M. DuMont Schauberg , was run in the early 1950s by Eberhard Taubert , who had gained a lot of propaganda experience under Joseph Goebbels and who worked for the American secret service after the end of the Second World War . In cooperation with the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Defense, Markus Verlag specialized in publishing military-political propaganda as well as soldiers and police leaflets.

In the people and defense , Riggert pleaded for a "civil defense readiness".

“The core of the project in terms of content and organization was the Europe-wide expansion of the Scandinavian 'people and defense' concept, a state-financed civil-military cooperation body in which military and civil associations and institutions could become corporate members. In such organizational structures to be established nationally, the military and civil society should be intertwined, not only in terms of communication, but also operationally. The aim was a comprehensive defense readiness and defense capability of society as a whole. The focus was on parties, trade unions and other mass organizations, journalists, teachers and youth associations as well as the institutions and voluntary helpers of civil protection. "

Gotthardt refers to a large number of activities that Ernst Riggert initiated in the 1960s to make his ideas public. He worked with the CIA as well as with institutions close to the CDU, and he "had [...] at times considerable funds from the German Defense Ministry" - also for international ventures. “At the beginning of the 1970s, NATO member Denmark and neutral Sweden awarded him high honors in recognition of his services.” During this time, according to Christian Gotthardt, Riggert “developed a certain defiance towards the SPD left” and “cultivated his outsider status”.

“At least back then, in the times of the freezing war , he could still feel like an unpopular but indispensable 'go between' between the CDU Chancellery, the SPD Executive Committee, NATO and the Wehrmacht soldiers. And there was a right-wing, state authority-oriented network in the SPD, in which he still had freedom of movement. At the time, he dreamed of a revival of the right-wing social democratic ' Socialist Monthly Bulletins ' from before 1933, brought up to date as a current communication platform for social democratic friends of America and NATO supporters. But when he moved to the positions of the CDU / CSU in the mid-1950s and was paid by Chancellor Adenauer's press office, it became clear that his life had experienced a deep break sometime in the 1940s. To this day we do not know what type of break it was. "

Retired and forgotten

Riggert's star sank after the Social- Liberal Coalition under Willy Brandt came to power in 1969.

“When Riggert joined the social-liberal coalition in 1969, the budget for financing his projects had already been severely restricted. The attempt to oppose the student movement critical of America with a separate youth division stumbled. After the 1972 election, in which Willy Brandt's policy was impressively confirmed, the BND withdrew entirely from the projects. With the dismantling of the central state, 'state-politically' charged civil protection in favor of the municipal fire brigades and the apolitical technical aid organization , also a project of the Brandt government, an important mold for the desired 'civilian contribution of the people' was also lost. The network 'people and defense' then collapsed in a short time. 1978 was the last year in which he received public funds. "

When Riggert died in 1977, he was largely forgotten. "An obituary from clients, companions or party comrades has not yet been found."

Honors

Riggert was awarded the Federal Cross of Merit.

Works

• Literature by and about Ernst Riggert in the catalog of the German National Library :
  • Mobilization without orders. Scandinavian Home Guard , Wehr und Wissen Verlags-Gesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1965.
  • Hamburg, a city that is not religiously religious. From the past and present of Hamburg with special consideration of its war and garrison history , Verlag Hamburg und die Welt, Hamburg, 1959 (new editions 1964, 1969).
  • People and defense. Experiences and tasks , Markus-Verlag , Cologne, 1958 (not in the DNB directory).
  • The Germans and Abroad , Publishing House Public Questions, Lüneburg, 1948.
  • Der Weg ins Freie , Verlag "Der next step", Lüneburf, 1946 (announced as series issue 1 of the series on political self- education July 1946).
  • The youth of a tobacco worker , Verlag K. Zwing (Volkslehrer-Schriftenreihe, No. 6), Jena, 1930. The actual author is Fritz Pauk; Ernst Eggert is named as the editor under his pseudonym Roamer . Another (possibly identical) autobiographical contribution by Fritz Pauk exists in the book by Alfred Kelly (Ed.): The German Worker. Working-Class Autobiographies from the Age of Industrialization , University of California Press, Berkeley, 1987, ISBN 9780520059726 , pp. 399-428. A table of contents for this text reads: “Fritz Pauk (1888-?) Requires little introduction, because his entire autobiography is presented here. Pauk's motives for writing and his relationship with his editor are unclear, nor is it clear why he ended his story in 1914. In any case, Pauk's extensive travel and work experience provides a wealth of information, not only about an important industry but also about the sometimes horrific life on the streets - the filthy labor markets, men's quarters and enemy police, always on the lookout for "vagrants." ". This short autobiography is not a masterpiece, but it offers a vivid panorama of an entire epoch. ”The length of the text - 29 pages for Kelly, 32 pages for Eggert - suggests that the texts are identical, and Eggert's title also suggests Jugendjahre. .. in this direction, since the introduction to the Kelly text also refers to the fact that Pauk let his story end in 1914, at the age of 26.
  • Working class and concordat , Verlag K. Zwing (Volkslehrer-Schriftenreihe, Issue 3), Jena, 1929.
  • Wandering papers from a young teacher , Verlag K. Zwing (Volkslehrer-Schriftenreihe, Issue 1), Jena, 1928.
  • From the practice of hiking lessons. School and alcohol question , Pomeranian state headquarters against alcoholism, Stettin, 1926. The text is based on a lecture given by Riggert.
• Neuhof , Volksblatt for Harburg and the surrounding area, May 8, 1929. The article about the Hamburg district of Neuhof appeared in the SPD newspaper under Riggert's pseudonym Roamer .
• Friedrich Ebert Foundation: Publications by Ernst Riggert :
  • Communist front organizations in the Federal Republic. Their principles and their dangers , in: trade union monthly books (GMH), 10/1952.
  • How the others do it: “University studies without high school diploma”, GMH, 11/1952.
  • On the situation in the German soldiers' associations , GMH, 1/1953.
  • The Red Cross between East and West , GMH, 4/1953.
  • Federal Border Guard , GMH, 5/1953.
  • “You were there too!” Comments on a neo-Nazi book , GMH, 7/1953
  • The development of the prisoner of war question , GMH, 1/1955.
  • On the history of the German resistance , GMH, 4/1955.
  • Former German occupation police write resistance history , GMH, 10/1961 ( for reading or downloading ).
• Articles on time online
  • Copenhagen Journey , Die Zeit, 44/1946, December 19, 1946.
  • Splendor and misery of the General Staff , Die Zeit, 42/1950, October 19, 1950 (book review).
  • The worm in the German oak , Die Zeit, 24/1951, June 14, 1951. Under the heading FORTY YEARS AGO , the article was reprinted without comment: Die Zeit, 25/1991, June 14, 1991.

literature

• Lower Saxony Yearbook for State History , Vol. 55, 1983, pp. 297f.
• Martin Cordes : What about the power of Christianity? An editor-in-chief resolved a controversy in 1949 . In: Göttinger Jahrbuch , ed. With the support of the city and district of Göttingen. from the history association Göttingen und Umgebung eV, Genealogical-Heraldic Society, Local History Working Group Göttingen, Göttingen Association of Friends of Nature Research, Göttingen: Goltze, ISSN 0072-4882, 2013

swell

• Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach : teachers in emigration. The Association of German Teacher Emigrants (1933–39) in the traditional context of the democratic teachers' movement , Beltz Verlag, Weinheim and Basel, 1981, ISBN 3-407-54114-7 .
• Several articles by the historian Christian Gotthardt appeared on the Harburg history and stories in text and image website , in which Riggert's biography is discussed in detail:
  • The wandering bird. Ernst Riggert 1902 - 1977 , January 2015.
  • New records on resistance and persecution , February 2015, added October / November 2016.
  • Broken life. Treason enforced by the Gestapo , October 2017.

Web links

• In the estate database of the Federal Archives (Freiburg location), C. Ernst Riggert's estate is identified as follows: "Documents about the beginnings of the" People and Defense "working group, conferences and journeys 1956-1974, correspondence 1956-1977". “People and Defense” was both a publication by Riggert published in 1958 and the name of a discussion group he set up in 1956. Both served to propagate the involvement of the Scandinavian armies in popular military initiatives as a model for the Federal Republic. The 1957 concave mirror said about the model : "The Swedish organization" People and Defense "wants to make the local population immune to hostile propaganda in the event of war by means of a distance learning course - six lesson letters in printings of 100,000 each."
• With the listeners ' money , Der Spiegel, February 28, 1951.
• Theo Sommer: Do the workers distrust the soldier? , Die Zeit, 11/1959, March 13, 1959.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Information in the catalog of the German National Library
2. ↑ ^{a b c d} o. V .: Riggert, Christoph Ernst in the database of Niedersächsische Personen ( new entry required ) of the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Library - Lower Saxony State Library in the version dated April 20, 2014, last accessed on March 30, 2020
3. ↑ Apart from the pseudonym Roamer , Riggert's personal data in the German National Library contains three other name variants: Ernst Christoph Riggert , CE Riggert , C. Ernst Riggert . In the following article, only the variant Ernst Riggert is used, unless there are deviating variants in quotations.
4. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Lehrer in der Emigration , p. 233, only provide some biographical data for the period between 1928 and 1945, which agree with the much more extensive data of Christian Gotthardt. Unless otherwise stated, all further information comes from his essay Der Wandervogel. Ernst Riggert 1902-1977 .
5. ^ Hermann Schnorbach (ed.): Teacher and school under the swastika. Documents of the Resistance 1930 to 1945 , Athenäum Verlag, Königstein / Ts., 1988, ISBN 3-7610-8275-4
6. ↑ 100 years of "Working Group of Social Democratic Teachers", today "Working Group for Education" (AfB)
7. ↑ ^{a b c d} Christian Gotthardt: Broken Life. Treason enforced by the Gestapo
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} Christian Gotthardt: Der Wandervogel
9. ↑ ^{a b c} Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Teachers in Emigration , p. 233
10. ^ Hermann Schnorbach: Teacher in the International Trade Union Confederation. Origin and development of the International Teachers' Trade Secretariat from 1918 to 1945 , Juventa Verlag, Weinheim, 1989, ISBN 3-7799-0692-9
11. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz / Hermann Schnorbach: Teachers in Emigration , p. 97
12. ↑ Jürgen Kolk: Walter Hammer (1888 - 1966) . In Jürgen Kolk's dissertation from 2010 on WALTER HAMMER (1888 - 1966). Publisher of the youth movement - pioneer of resistance research, there is no reference to Ernst Riggert, unlike Otto Piehl.
13. ^ Socialist communications: Otto Piel
14. ^ All quotations: Ernst Riggert: Copenhagen trip
15. ^ With the listeners ' money , Der Spiegel, February 28, 1951
16. ↑ With the listeners ' money , Der Spiegel, February 28, 1951. On Paul Sackarndt: Died: Paul Sackarndt , Der Spiegel, April 8, 1964
17. ^ ^{A b} Ernst Riggert: Gloss and Elend des Generalstabes , Die Zeit, 42/1950, October 19, 1950
18. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Ernst Riggert: On the situation in the German soldiers' associations
19. ↑ Ernst Riggert: The worm in the German oak , Die Zeit, 24/1951, June 14, 1951. There are almost no usable references to the person of Ernst Jäckel.
20. ↑ In the holdings of the Deutsches Historisches Museum , two publications by the publishing house for public questions with images of the title pages are listed: a) Issue 1/1948: Dr. Müller, Dusseldorf: What will become of our coal . (A participation of Riggert is not ascertainable.) And b) Issue 2/1948: Ernst Riggert: Der Deutsche und das Ausland .
21. ^ Fritz Pauk, Cigar Maker . "Fritz Pauk (1888-?) Requires little introduction, for his entire autobiography is presented here. Pauk's motives for writing and his relationship to his editor are obscure; nor is it clear why he ended his story in 1914. In any case Pauk's extensive travels and work experience provide a wealth of information, not only about an important industry, but also about the sometimes terrible life on the road — the dingy labor exchanges, the men's shelters, and the hostile police, always on guard against "vagrants." This short autobiography is no masterpiece, but it gives a vivid panorama of a whole era. "
22. ↑ Concave mirror , DER SPIEGEL 16/1957