Clematis

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Clematis
Clematis variety "Nelly Moser"

Clematis variety "Nelly Moser"

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily : Ranunculoideae
Tribe : Anemoneae
Genre : Clematis
Scientific name
Clematis
L.

The clematis ( Clematis ), also clematis called, are a genus within the family of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). The approximately 300 species are predominantly distributed in the temperate areas of Eurasia and the New World . Many varieties are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens.

description

Subgenus Ahabene : Alpine Clematis ( Clematis alpina )
Subgenus Cheiropsis : Illustration of Clematis chrysocoma
Subgenus Clematis : Illustration of Clematis aristata

The Clematis species are very different in many morphological characteristics. By culturing especially the flowers were changed in color of the flowers and conversion of Staminodien for decorative kronblattähnlichen so that petals, the effect of many instead of the original four bloom cladding is formed.

Appearance and leaves

Clematis are mainly woody , sometimes perennial, herbaceous climbing plants , rarely also non-climbing, perennial, herbaceous plants or independently upright growing sub-shrubs to shrubs ; as an exception there are annual species. The medium and strong-growing lianas reach heights of 2 to 6 meters. They are evergreen or deciduous. Some species form long rhizomes .

The mostly opposite, rarely in bundles or alternate ( Clematis alternata ) arranged leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The petiole can be very short to relatively long. Often the petiole and / or rhachis are reshaped like tendrils. The leaf blade is simple (for example Clematis integrifolia ) or pinnate. The blade of the leaves or leaflets is pinnate and can be shaped very differently depending on the species. The edge of the leaves or leaflets can be smooth or toothed.

Generative characteristics

Usually there is a long inflorescence stem. The flowers are seldom solitary, usually in terminal or axillary, zymous or paniculate inflorescences . Under the flowers there are usually two leaf- to scale-shaped bracts , sometimes they are missing; they never envelop the flowers.

The radially symmetrical flowers are hermaphroditic or functionally male. The clematis are characterized by their natural forms usually four or five, rarely up to eight, free, 6 to 60 millimeter long, corolla-like sepals that are spread out to upright and shaped from linear to obovate to ovoid. Petals are missing. The colors of the sepals in natural forms range from yellow to green, from white to cream to blue or from red to pink to purple. There are many free stamens . They are either all fertile , or some of the outer stamens are transformed into elongated or petal-like staminodes . The stamens are thread-like to widened. There are usually many (5 to 150) free upper carpels , which are usually downy to shaggy hairy and contain only one pendulous ovule . The hairy style ends in a recognizable scar and usually lengthen until the fruit is ripe.

Subgenus Campanella section Meclatis : Several fruits standing together with the reshaped style of Clematis brachiata

The mostly more or less compressed, lonely nut fruits ( achenes ) have a usually 1.2 to 11 cm long, straight or curved, bald to feather-like, beak-like elongated style. There are usually many fruits together.

The basic chromosome number is x = 8.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Clematis was established by Carl von Linné . The scientific generic name Clematis is derived from the Latin word clematis or the Greek word klematis , klematidos , the diminutive of klema , klematos for stem or vine and for the ancient name for many climbing plant species.

There are around 300 species of clematis . They occur worldwide. Most species thrive in temperate latitudes, with a few species in subarctic areas, in subalpine altitudes or in the tropics. There are 147 species in China alone, 93 of which are endemic there . 32 species are native to North America.

The genus Clematis belongs to the tribe Anemoneae in the subfamily Ranunculoideae within the family Ranunculaceae . Synonyms for Clematis L. are: Archiclematis (Tamura) Tamura , Ahabene L. , Clematopsis Bojer ex Hutch. , Coriflora Weber nom. inval., Naravelia Adans. , Viorna Rchb. Some of the synonyms today have the rank of sub-genera.

Subgenus Ahabene : Columbia clematis ( Clematis columbiana )
Subgenus Campanella Section Meclatis : Flower of Clematis brachiata
Subgenus Cheiropsis Section Cheiropsis : flowers of the Macchia clematis ( Clematis cirrhosa ), the many stamens and carpels are clearly visible
Subgenus Cheiropsis section montanae : Mountain clematis ( Clematis montana var. Wilsonii )
Subgenus Clematis section Clematis : Clematis akoensis
Subgenus Clematis Section Clematis : Celery-leaved Clematis ( Clematis apiifolia )
Subgenus Clematis Section Clematis : Tongue-leaved Clematis ( Clematis ligusticifolia )
Subgenus Flammula Section Flammula : Armands Clematis ( Clematis armandii )
Subgenus Flammula section Flammula : Rispenblütige clematis ( Clematis terniflora )
Subgenus Pseudoanemone : Clematis villosa
Subgenus Tubulosae : habit, leaves and inflorescences of the large-leaved clematis ( Clematis heracleifolia )
Subgenus Tubulosae : Japanese clematis ( Clematis stans )
Subgenus Viorna section Hirsutissimae : clematis ( Clematis hirsutissima var. Scottii ) with hairy bracts
Subgenus Viorna Section Integrifoliae : Whole-leaf clematis ( Clematis integrifolia )

The genus Clematis is divided into sub-genera and sections (here with a selection of species):

Other types are:

Pagoda clematis ( Clematis chiisanensis ), cultivar 'Love Child', was collected from the wild

Use as an ornamental plant

The stems twist and grow up on neighboring plants or other supports. In the garden, the clematis is therefore often used to border trellises, obelisks, rose arches, fences, hedges, trees and bushes.

There is a multitude of varieties with differently sized, white, pink, red, blue or purple colored flowers that are star- or bowl-shaped and can reach a diameter of up to 20 centimeters.

Hybrids

The clematis hybrids are mainly used on house or garage walls, small trees, roses or other shrubs. Placement on a pergola is just as possible as on an obelisk that stands in a shrub bed or free in the garden. There are a large number of clematis hybrids (selection):

  • Large-flowered clematis ( clematis hybrids)
    • "Jackmanii" (known main variety, blue-violet, large-flowered, about 12 to 14 cm large flowers, flowering month July to September, 2.5 to 3.5 m height, not suitable as a container plant, any location is possible, whereby a sunny one is preferred, this variety must be pruned deep annually)
    • "Rouge Cardinal" (red main variety, velvet red, large-flowered, about 12 to 14 cm large flowers, beautiful autumn color, flowering month June to August, 1.8 to 2.5 m height, suitable as a container plant, no special location requirements, this variety must be annual easily cut back)
    • "Nelly Moser" (trunk variety, lilac-pink, large-flowered, about 16 to 18 cm large flowers, flowering months May, June and August, September, 2.5 to 3.5 m height, suitable as a container plant, any location is possible, also tolerates shade well )
    • "Mme Le Coultre" (main variety, pure white, light yellow stamens, large-flowered, about 16 to 20 cm large flowers, flowering month June to September, 2.5 to 4.0 m height, not suitable as a container plant, any location is possible, partially shaded preferred, this variety has to be pruned slightly annually, can also be pruned deep)

A particularly long flowering period in the summer months from June to August, sometimes even until September, and the unsurpassed abundance of flowers are not the only advantages offered by the Viticella group. Clematis viticella and Clematis campaniflora are also very hardy and are suitable for almost any location. Even in full sunny, warm places, these clematis beautify the gardens with flowers of various sizes (3 to 4 cm in diameter to 10 to 12 cm in diameter) and almost all colors. This makes them ideal as companion to roses. Diseases, especially the much-feared clematis wilt, are extremely rare in these varieties. Clematis viticella are part of many of today's hybrids as crossing partners .

  • Cultivars of the Italian clematis ( Clematis viticella -hybrids)
    • "Purpurea Plena Elegans" (densely filled, purple colored)
    • "Étoile Violette" (deep purple)
    • "Rubra" (wine-red, richly blooming)
  • Cultivars of the mountain clematis or anemone clematis ( Clematis montana )
    • "Superba" (white, climbing up to 8 meters)
    • "Rubens" (pink)
  • Hybrids

  • Clematis viticella
    "Prince Charles"

  • Clematis hybrids; Hybrid varieties often have more bracts than the species

  • Clematis hybrid "Madame Van Houtte", named in honor of the wife of the nursery owner Louis van Houtte

  • Clematis hybrid "Ville de Lyon"

  • "Rouge Cardinal" variety

illness

A dangerous disease for many large-flowered varieties is clematis wilt, which is caused by various fungi (very often Phoma clematidina ). The shoots suddenly wither and die off due to the fungi growing in the ducts. Strong soil warming promotes the outbreak of the disease. For this reason, the root area of ​​the clematis should always be shaded. Small-flowered hybrids are much less susceptible.

Use as namesake

The asteroid (1101) clematis is named after the clematis .

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Umberto Quattrocchi: CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names . I AC. CRC Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2 ( Clematis on p. 555 in the Google book search).
  2. ^ A b Clematis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  3. ↑ a b c Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
  4. ↑ Wen-Tsai Wang: A revision of Clematis sect. Clematis (Ranunculaceae) (continued) . In Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica , Volume 41, Issue 2, 2003, p. 160 ( PDF. )
  5. ^ Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Volume 1 in the Google Book Search

further reading

  • Klaus Körber: Clematis as a pot and container plant , Bavarian State Institute for Viticulture and Horticulture: Online. (PDF; 188 kB)

Web links

Commons : Waldreben ( Clematis )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files