Vindonissa water pipes

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The Roman / medieval aqueduct of Vindonissa ; Publicly accessible area in the Windisch retirement home

The two water pipes of Vindonissa are mostly underground water pipes (Latin aquaeductus or rivus ), which were probably built in the 1st century AD. Originally they supplied the Roman legionary camp of Vindonissa and the surrounding civilian settlements with industrial and drinking water . They extend over the area of ​​today's municipalities of Lupfig , Hausen and Windisch in the Swiss canton of Aargau .

The water-bearing Roman / medieval aqueduct is probably the oldest technical structure in Switzerland that is still in operation (as of 2019). It is the only still intact Roman aqueduct north of the Alps . It was rediscovered during the construction of the Königsfelden monastery around 1310, expanded and has undergone various changes since then. Today (2019) the approximately 2.4 km long gravity pipeline still feeds a fountain built around 1870 in front of the old main building of the Königsfelden Clinic (today PDAG ).

The second, dead (no longer intact) Roman aqueduct was identified as an independent line during archaeological investigations between 1928 and 1931. With a length of at least 3.3 km, it originally represented the larger structure. On the last section in the area of ​​today's village center of Windisch, this line was continued above ground as an aqueduct bridge, of which about 30 pillar foundations could be archaeologically proven. This aqueduct bridge dates shortly before the middle of the 1st century AD and was probably abandoned and demolished as early as the early 2nd century.

History and exploration

The Vindonissa legionary camp

Map of Hausen and Windisch with the location of the former legionary camp Vindonissa (red) and the associated civil settlements and large buildings (orange) as well as the two water pipes (blue).

The Roman legionary camp (lat. Castra legionis ) Vindonissa is located in the area of ​​today's municipality of Windisch , on the spur of the Windisch plateau formed by the rivers Aare and Reuss . Presumably after the surrender of the Helvetii after the battle of Bibracte (58 BC) a Helvetian oppidum emerged here , of which u. a. a 400 m long, 20 m wide and up to 7 m deep pointed ditch (so-called «Celtic ditch ») testifies.

The beginning of the first large Roman camp can be expected from the reign of Emperor Tiberius (from 14 AD), who began to consolidate the northern border of the Roman Empire. In this context, the 13th Legion ( Legio XIII Gemina ) expanded the base of Vindonissa until around 40 AD to the final size of the legionary camp.

The 21st Legion ( Legio XXI Rapax ), which replaced the 13th Legion in 45/46, restructured the legionary camp and the 11th Legion ( Legio XI Claudia ) carried out further alterations and repairs in AD 70 to 101: The wood - and half-timbered buildings of the 13th Legion were gradually converted and expanded in stone. In the course of the postponement of the defense of the empire under the reign of Emperor Trajan in AD 101, the camp was abolished and the 11th Legion moved to the lower Danube area.

According to Jürgen Trumm , the Vindonissa legionary camp “in northwestern Switzerland was something like the 'engine' of Romanization for almost 100 years , that is, the peaceful penetration of the indigenous, Celtic culture with the achievements of Roman civilization.” This process came to an end after the 11th Legion withdrew. The abandoned camp area may have remained temporarily under the control of the Roman military administration, but from the 2nd century onwards the former camp town (lat. Canabae legionis ) was restored to the status of a simple street village (lat. Vicus ). The area was settled hesitantly and remained a street village in the 2nd and 3rd centuries on the important Roman trunk road between the Upper Rhine and the Alpine passes.

During the 6th century Vindonissa is documented as the seat of a bishop .

  • Officers kitchen; Legionnaires' Path Vindonissa Station VI: Culina Centurionis

  • Bathing facility; Legionnaires' Path Vindonissa Station V: Balneum

  • Sewer pipes; Legionnaires' Path Vindonissa Station II: Cloaca Maxima

  • Replica crew quarters; Legionnaires' Trail Vindonissa Station I: Contubernia

The water supply of the legionary camp

The two Roman aqueducts were probably built in the 1st century AD in connection with the Vindonissa legionary camp, although their exact chronological order is still unclear. Conrad Fels assumed that the now dead water pipe is the older one. That is why the older literature also speaks of the "older" and the "younger" Roman aqueduct. However, Rudolf Laur-Belart already noted that it is quite possible that both water pipes were in operation at the same time, as the civilian population also had to be supplied with service and drinking water.

The water supply of a legionary camp with 5000 to 6000 men, at least 120 riding and draft animals, further auxiliary troops and the inhabitants of the surrounding civil settlements was of existential importance. Harald von Petrikovits estimates the daily water requirement roughly at around 150 to 200 cubic meters, which corresponds to a water inflow of around eight cubic meters or 8000 liters per hour. However, since there was a higher rush at rush hour, the estimated water inflow to Franz Maier-Osterwalder is likely to double, i.e. H. around 16,000 l per hour.

The professionally installed water supply system is considered to be an essential achievement of Roman civilization in Switzerland, with the inhabitants of the big cities benefiting mainly from it. Various ancient authors attest to the importance of the water supply in the Roman Empire in general. Vitruvius , who in the 1st century BC Chr. "Ten books on architecture" wrote, especially the entire eighth book dedicated to the topic of water, with chapters on detection, leveling, pipe construction and different water qualities. Sextus Iulius Frontinus (approx. 35-103 AD), who was responsible for the construction and maintenance of the water pipes in Rome, wrote De aquaeductu urbis Romae in two books, which contains a history and description of the Roman water supply and disposal that he sees as a civilizing achievement of the Romans:

"With such a multitude of indispensable constructions for transporting such amounts of water, whoever wants to compare, the useless pyramids or the famous but unusable structures of the Greeks."

- Sextus Iulius Frontinus : De aquaeductu urbis Romae, Book I, 16.

The quality requirements of the Romans for good drinking water required complex and costly long-distance water pipes: "The water of the river on whose banks a camp or town was built for traffic or fortification reasons was in most cases not good enough for a drinking water supply." According to Grewe, frost protection was a particular problem north of the Alps, which required the pipes to be laid in the ground. In addition, this measure could also have had military causes, as it made destruction more difficult in the event of enemy incursions. According to Grewe, the Roman aqueducts show a typical form of Roman pragmatism in civil engineering: “The systems are of captivating simplicity, where the conditions permit; but they are of impressive ingenuity where the circumstances demanded it. "

Use of water pipes in the Middle Ages

Document from Duke Rudolf IV of Austria through which he donated the water pipe to the Königsfelden monastery

After the murder of the Roman-German King Albrecht von Habsburg in 1308, his widow, Elisabeth von Görz und Tirol , donated the Königsfelden monastery at the scene of the crime . Finds found during the construction of the monastery, which began around 1310, probably lifted the "veil" for the first time, "which until then had covered Vindonissa, which had sunk into ruins." The Königsfelder Chronik , created around 1442, mentions that the construction of the monastery was initially made more difficult by the fact that the water had to be brought from the Reuss (at least 500 m away). According to this source, God revealed to brother Nicolaus von Bischoffzell the place where water was found and which the monastery permanently supplied with water until the chronicle was written. This can only mean the rediscovery of the so-called water-bearing Roman aqueduct. Maier-Osterwalder considers it possible, however, that the line was still in function and in operation in 1310 and supplied a village community in what is today the Windischer district of Oberburg. He points out that Nicolaus von Bischoffzell was familiar with the area, as he had already settled on the site two to three years earlier and a village community had been living near Oberburg for a long time, which may have been supplied by the Roman management, as it was in Oberburg apart from the Roman pipe, there was no access to drinking water.

In 1363, Duke Rudolf IV of Austria donated the line to the Königsfelden monastery "from the source to the fountain". The deed of donation mentions that Agnes of Hungary had the line repaired and expanded into the monastery.

Oldest known planning representation of the water-bearing aqueduct (marked in red) from 1778

The nuns of the Königsfelden monastery allowed the inhabitants of Oberburg, probably from the 14th century, to draw water from the pipe and to feed the (later) "bear fountain" and later a continuation to the "parish fountain" via Unterwindisch. In 1610, the Bern government allowed another well in between at the «Schürhof».

The complicated course of the water-carrying pipe, which has probably existed since the 14th century and has changed several times since then, was recorded in a first partial plan by Anthonj Renner in 1778.

Use and importance as a sight in modern times

In the 17th century, the water-bearing Roman aqueduct was already a sight that the travel guides of the time took on - on a par with the Königsfelden monastery, its famous church windows and the Habsburg tomb.

Under Emanuel Tscharner, who was Bernese Hofmeister von Köngisfelden from 1752-1758, the entire management was checked, cleaned and repaired. The inspection shafts were marked with large landmarks that were numbered from 1 to 25. Most of these existed until the 1930s, but have now largely been removed or destroyed.

Plan of the water pipe by Carl Auer from 1835

In particular through Franz Ludwig Haller von Königsfelden's books Helvetia under the Romans , the aqueduct gained increasing popularity at the beginning of the 19th century. In 1835, Carl Auer drew up an overall plan of the water-carrying pipeline from Hausen to Oberburg and measured the individual shafts.

Fountain in front of the Königsfelden Clinic, which is still fed today by the water-carrying pipe

Towards the end of the 19th century, the municipality of Windisch was still essentially fed with drinking water from the Roman aqueduct, which is why it was carefully preserved. It only became increasingly meaningless with the purchase of more abundant sources in Mülligen in 1897 and the construction of a more efficient pipeline network. Today it only feeds the fountain in front of the Königsfelden Psychiatric Clinic - via a pressure pipe from a modern well room. Any additional yield flows on in an accessible section. Analyzes of the water have shown that it is microbacterially contaminated by modern supply lines from roof and service water as well as by fertilization of meadows in the area of ​​the water catchment and should therefore no longer be drunk today.

Protection, conservation and archaeological research

Jakob Heierli mentioned in 1898 that another aqueduct leading to Vindonissa was found in Hausen “recently and earlier”, although it was unclear to him whether the two originally merged or whether they were separate pipes. Early archaeological investigations of the aqueduct and the clear identification of the second, now dead Roman aqueduct go back to Conrad Fels. On this basis, Laur-Belart described in detail the course and construction in 1935. By means of various investigations by the Aargau cantonal archeology , an exact overall plan of the water-bearing aqueduct could now (2011) be drawn up, which shows only a few inaccuracies in the decimeter range.

Working photo from Cantonal Archeology Aargau from 2019; Installation of a new shaft over the old "shaft 16" of the water-carrying pipe in order to continue to guarantee its accessibility

As early as 1911 and 1931, pillar foundations of an aqueduct bridge to the south-west of the legionary camp were archaeologically recorded, others through excavations by the Aargau cantonal archeology in 1963, 1996 and 2011–2012. A total of around 30 pillar foundations are now known. This aqueduct bridge probably belonged to the dead Roman aqueduct.

Due to the increasing construction boom in the canton of Aargau, which also affects the municipalities of Hausen and Windisch, the ongoing operation of the water-carrying pipeline is dependent on public protection. According to Maier-Osterwalder, it is particularly important to ensure that

  • the feeding groundwater in Hausen is maintained at today's minimum level,
  • the groundwater inflow to the filter section is ensured,
  • the structure of the pipeline remains undisturbed,
  • access to the manholes and to the water pipe is generally established, and
  • Periodic checks, maintenance work and cleaning ensure functionality.

At the suggestion of the Aargau Cantonal Archeology, the municipal authorities repeatedly ensured that construction projects were postponed a little while they were being carried out or that their basements were raised in order to preserve the water-bearing pipe. When the Windisch retirement home was built in 1966, a section of the basement was kept free so that the line could be retained and made publicly visible. When an underground warehouse was built in 1979, however, the line was interrupted on a 7 m long section and diverted through a culvert . Since the integral preservation of the old water pipe is in the foreground in all construction measures, however, archaeologically desirable explorations are not always feasible.

A special loan in 2009 made it possible to tackle “the urgently needed inventory and the remedial and protective measures derived from it”. This also allows it to be investigated proactively . Since 2013, the water-bearing aqueduct has been subject to legal protection, as its “conservation for historical or scientific reasons is in the public interest”. However, this procedure turns out to be particularly complex, as it affects 90 property owners with whom an agreement must be found.

In contrast, the dead Roman aqueduct has experienced a gradual loss of substance for decades, as well-preserved sections of the pipeline have to give way to new construction projects. But here, too, substance-preserving measures were repeatedly implemented in various construction projects.

sightseeing

A section of the water pipe can be viewed in the basement of the Windisch retirement and nursing home on Lindhofstrasse. It forms station VIII - aqueducts of the Vindonissa legionnaire's path.

  • Legionnaires' Path Station VIII: Publicly accessible area of ​​the water pipe in the Windisch retirement home

  • Legionnaires' Path Station VIII: Topographic model

  • Legionnaires' Path, Station VIII: Fountain figure of the bear fountain from 1684, which was fed by the water pipe until 1938

The water-bearing Roman / medieval aqueduct

Course, supply line and gradient

View from the south of the partially covered line
The partially covered aqueduct in Windisch-Oberburg; Photo from 1935

The water-bearing aqueduct begins in the Neuquartier in Hausen, a little south of the village center, where it takes in groundwater. Here the foothills of the groundwater, which is fed from the Guggerhübel, lie at a depth of around 3 m below the surface of the earth. The Roman builders determined the only possible, above-ground, non-visible groundwater in the vicinity of Vindonissa, the location and height of which allows a supply line with a constant gradient to the legionary camp. Maier-Osterwalder suspects that the investigation was carried out by means of targeted prospecting, which could have been based on pointer plants , or possibly also by systematically created probing pits or even by dowsers .

Since it is a gravity pipe (and not a pressure pipe ), the freely flowing water must always be guided over a gradient without counter-slopes. The gradient starts from a sole height of 376.40 m. ü. M. at the beginning of the water pipe (marker no. 25) to 367.82 mu M. at the well room in Oberburg. With a height difference of 8.58 m and a distance of 2030 m as the crow flies, this results in an average gradient of 4.2 per thousand for the straight line, i.e. H. 42 cm per 100 m. When building the line, however, the slightly hilly topographical conditions had to be taken into account, which in some cases made a direct, straight connection impossible or difficult. For example, a slope foot had to be bypassed with a straight arch. This led to an extension of around 210 m, which reduced the gradient to around 3.8 per thousand. The excavation depth of the pipeline route is between 1.6 m and 4.6 m. Maier-Osterwalder emphasizes the considerable surveying work that was required to keep such a gradient continuously and without the slightest counter gradient.

In the eastern shaft walls of the entry shaft no.8 there is the mouth of a feed line with a clearance of around 0.40 m × 0.35 m about 1.25 m above the canal bottom. Like the main line, this was also bricked up and covered with terrazzo mortar. From the east it runs almost at right angles to the main line. The length and exact route of this feed line, which presumably holds slope water, are unknown. Today (June 2010) there is almost no water left.

At the Wagnerhof in the Oberburg district of Windisch, around half of the "Roman" water flows into a modern water chamber located immediately to the west, from which the so-called bear fountain was fed - and the Königsfelden fountain to this day. The remaining water now flows with a significantly more gradient down the slope further south - u. a. through the publicly accessible section in the Windisch retirement home - and is fed into a modern infiltration system in the Lindhof.

Construction

Filter section

Profile drawing of the filter section; the lowest layers as dry stone walls to absorb the slope water

The pipeline is fed from the groundwater south of the old village center of Hausen by taking it up on a 590 m long filter section (marker stones No. 25 to No. 15). The channel bottom and the lower side walls of this filter section are correspondingly water-permeable. The bottom of the canal consists of the gravel bottom of the pipeline trench leveled with a slight gradient, which filters and cleans the groundwater. The canal is mostly five stone layers high, made up of approx. 20 × 30 × 15 cm large limestone blocks . The bottom two layers are layered on top of one another without mortar using drywall technology , which means that the groundwater can get into the sewer through the joints and cracks. As a rule, the clear width is 40 or 55 cm and the clear height 70 cm. The third to fifth stone layers and the final cover plate are firmly connected with limestone mortar. A layer of clay was spread over the ceiling panels in places to protect against seepage water .

Transportation section

The transport section should lead the recovered water to the legion camp with as little loss as possible and is therefore extremely massive. The two approx. 90 cm high and 40 cm wide canal cheeks are made of limestone blocks and rubble stones that have been walled up with lime mortar. In between lies the canal bottom, which was implemented as a 25 cm thick gravel mortar bed over a layer of limestone rubble - with a clear width of approx. 40 cm and a clear height of approx. 55 cm. At the sole and on the sides up to the shoulders, the section is waterproofed with a terrazzo mortar with bricks and a final brick powder plaster. The cover plates made of broken limestone are in turn sealed with a layer of clay to prevent seepage water from entering. Overall, only about one sixth of the cavity is used for the actual water flow. In contrast to the dead water pipe, no quarter-round bars sealed the seam between the canal cheek and the canal bottom.

  • Profile drawing of the transport section; Channel with mortar plaster

  • The aquifer; View of the shaft in Windisch-Wagnerhof

Manholes

Manholes for inspection and cleaning were installed at irregular intervals. These are vertical chimneys with a rectangular or square cross-section, which are covered on the surface with one or more roughly trimmed limestone slabs. The walls are walled up with limestone blocks and lime mortar. The greater part of the shafts (possibly 16 pieces) is embedded in the pipe and extends to the bottom of the canal, whereby the pipe widens at these points so that an inspector can descend to the bottom and check the canal in both directions. The smaller part of the shafts (approx. 7 to 9 pieces) only extends to the canal cheeks and an inspector can only inspect the course of the water from above. Presumably, the fully built shafts have a deeper bottom than sedimentation basins to catch sand and mud that were regularly skimmed off.

A shaft designated by Laur-Belart with the letter "B" is visible on the surface through stone slabs placed one against the other in the form of a gable. A small opening in the front panel was provided with a lockable glass plate, so that a view of the visible and audible water flow can be taken during visits.

  • Marking stone for manhole no.1

  • Marking stone for shaft «B» with glass pane

Well room

The well room (water distributor) is located on Oberburg in Windisch , which distributed the water shortly before entering the legionary camp. There are various water chambers, although the current line to the Königsfelden monastery was probably just a kind of overflow, which at most fed basins or horse troughs or flushed the sewer system. The actual drinking water supply had to be routed from the well room as a pressure line in order to generate the necessary line pressure. However, there are still no reliable archaeological findings.

Efficiency

After the water-bearing aqueduct was examined and cleaned at various points between 2008 and 2012, the water drainage had improved significantly. Since then there have been digital measuring devices in two places to determine the water runoff. This reached a maximum capacity of up to 1 million liters per day. As a result, an infiltration system built in 1996 at the end of the line (Lindhofstrasse in Windisch) was no longer sufficient and overflowed regularly. For this reason, a new shaft with a throttle valve was installed in the area of ​​the Hausen sports field in 2016 in order to be able to divert peak outflows into the Süssbach flowing west by means of a pipeline. This measure should contribute to the maximum protection of the archaeological substance.

Dating

Most recently (2017) Trumm archaeologically dated the Roman components to the 1st century AD. Despite numerous information, however, a more precise dating of the building is still not possible today: “Roman inscriptions naming the water pipe structures are missing, as are finds from the Lines or secured overlays with other, datable findings. "

The archaeological investigation of the two well-known inspection shafts No. 2 and 4 in the Windischer Dohlenzelg-Quartier showed that at least these were not built in Roman times, but at the time of the Königsfelden monastery and the Bernese Hofmeisterei, like fragments of bricks in the walls from the late Middle Ages in the lowest layers of the wall. According to Trumm, "the dating, which has never been questioned so far, must be critically questioned in Roman times alone." Archaeological studies in the area of ​​the Windisch old people's home have shown that the masonry pipe, at least in this area, cannot be Roman, but was built at the time of the Königsfelden monastery or later. The height of the canal floor is around 9 m above the Roman cultural layer and the course of the pipeline points directly to the central monastery of Königsfelden.

The dead Roman aqueduct

Course, supply line and gradient

Dead water pipe on Wiesenweg in Hausen; this describes a slight curve following the terrain; Cover plates are missing; «False» vault visible; Excavation photo from 2006

In contrast to the aqueduct that still carries water today, the dead Roman aqueduct has not been intact for centuries. This is also the reason why the at least 3.3 km long structure has to accept a gradual loss of substance. The exact course of the dead Roman aqueduct has not yet been fully recorded in some parts and has to be interpolated in some cases on the basis of isolated information .

The southernmost point currently recorded is at the foot of the Guggerhübel, near the municipal boundary of Hausen and Lupfig. The actual starting point and the type of water extraction are unknown. Trumm believes that one or more spring taps in this area can be fed with fissure or karst water. As a possible alternative, he sees a discharge of surface water, which could have been done by damming the now canalized Süssbach, for which a modest dam would probably have been built. Since this area has meanwhile been heavily reshaped by various construction measures, these assumptions can hardly be verified archaeologically.

The canal bottom is at 383 mu M. in the assumed origin and has an average gradient of 4 per thousand. In the industrial area of ​​the former Hausen cement factory (later Reichhold Chemie), the valley basin of the Süssbach was crossed on a bridge: the line was laid on a 2 m wide and 50 cm high wall clad with ashlar on both sides. A little further north it was underground again.

When building a new workshop for the disabled on Wiesenweg in Hausen, Aargau Cantonal Archeology was able to superficially uncover and document a 56 m long, south-north-oriented section in 2006. The examined section runs in a slight curve, presumably along the Roman terrain, with a gradient of 3.1 per thousand.

When the school was rebuilt in Hausen in 1971, a structurally identical supply line was exposed, which ran from the east-northeast into the main line. It is possible that this was fed from springs in the area “Eebrunnen” (or “Ehebrunnen”) approx. 300 m up the slope. If so, she mastered a short distance of 300 m a difference in altitude of 25 m, which corresponds to a respectable average gradient of 8.3 percent.

A well as the first intermediate destination of the pipeline could not yet be clearly identified, but it can be assumed that this was similar to that of the water pipeline on Oberburg. Archaeological findings from 1937 could point to this.

The structural connection between the southernmost known point of the dead aqueduct and the proven Roman aqueduct bridge of Vindonissa could not (yet) be proven archaeologically either.

Construction

Transportation section

Feeding of the dead water pipe at the school building in Hausen; Cover plates, side walls and substructure largely preserved, the cross-section of the sewer completely clogged with alluvial clay, quarter-round bars recognizable

The dead Roman aqueduct has roughly the same structure as the water-bearing one, but also has characteristic features. It is built modularly according to Roman feet , with a width of approx. 5 Roman feet (= 1.5 m), a depth of approx. 4 Roman feet (= 1.2 m) and a clear channel width of approx. 1.5 Roman foot (= 0.45 m). The outer canal cheek areas directly touched the walls of the Roman excavation pit, which was sunk into the loam or moraine gravel.

The canal cheeks and the canal bottom were covered with terrazzo mortar. In contrast to the water-carrying pipeline, quarter-round bars sealed the seam between the canal cheek and the canal bottom and thus increased the flow speed of the water. For the mortared cover plates, mostly flat lime spars from the Brown Jurassic (Dogger) were used, but a few cover plates and channel walls consisted of gray-white main shell limestone (Triassic). In isolated cases, fragments of Roman roof tiles were also built into the outer canal cheeks.

Immediately on the mortared cover slabs was a layer of gravel, mortar and stone chippings, and on top of that, in turn, a thick layer of clay, which possibly served to protect the clean tap water from undesired seepage.

  • Channel cheek with terrazzo plaster, over it inwardly protruding, flat limestone ("false" vault), cover plate, "stone packing" mortared on both sides

  • Section through the filling of the canal, south profile; The channel bottom with quarter round rod and sintering can be seen

  • Oblique view of a section, the intact cover plates are only approx. 0.5 m below the surface at that time, the line cross-section is silted up.

Inspection shafts

Profile drawing of a manhole

In 1926, to the northeast of the center of Hausen (Rüchligstrasse 3), a control shaft with a sedimentation basin reaching approx. 60 cm below the canal floor was uncovered, which is referred to as "Collector A". Only 50 m north of it (at the Hausen kindergarten), another inspection shaft with a sedimentation basin was discovered during excavations in 1997. Possibly this dense sequence of sedimentation basins coincides with the eastern supply line from the direction of the "Eebrunnen".

Possible well room

On the upper castle of Windisch in 1937 a square hydraulic structure (called "Shaft 2") was found right next to the dead Roman water pipe, which could be a clarifier or a well. It measures around 4 m × 4 m outside and around 1.6 m × 1.6 m inside. The wide wall consists of two walls and a clay pack in between. The chamber floor is also made of tamped clay. A 20 cm wide canal is located on the southwest side directly above the messenger and then turns to the west. Its job may have been to drain away excess water and deposited sludge. The actual utility line was a pipe that starts 80 cm above the ground and consists of 60 cm long and 10 cm wide clay pipes that are pushed into one another and wrapped in red mortar. This led in a straight line to the north-west, towards the west gate of the legionary camp. The feed and inflow of the well room have not been clarified, however, and further findings may have already been destroyed by construction activities.

Efficiency

By maintaining a minimum flow rate, dirt, mud, sand and pebbles that were washed in could be transported - in the best case to the next cleaning shaft with settling basin, where the dirt could periodically be scooped up. This necessary cleaning effect had to be guaranteed even with a small amount of water, i. H. Even with a small amount of water, the flow rate had to be kept high so that the necessary cleaning effect was achieved. By installing the quarter-round bars, the cross-section in the lowest channel area was narrowed, thereby improving the flow speed and the ability to transport dirt particles.

Rolf Widmer calculated that at a water level of around 2.5 cm, the flow speed of the dead Roman water pipe was 0.42 m / s, which corresponds to a water requirement of 150 to 200 cubic meters per day. Even with an output of around 100 liters per second (or 6000 liters per minute) it would only have been half full. Accordingly, the pipe itself was significantly oversized for a generous water supply. Widmer sees the reason for the present size in the provision for maintenance: a channel of this dimension could be used for checks and repairs by a small person.

Dating the construction and destruction

Most recently (2017), Trumm archaeologically dated the dead Roman aqueduct to the 1st century AD. However, this building has not yet been able to be dated more precisely, as there are no clear stratigraphic assignments or datable finds from the building itself.

For centuries the canal has been filled with a layer of clay and silt and in places with broken terrazzo mortar and parts of the cover plates. It is still unclear whether this is the result of gradual clogging by suspended matter or the damage caused by a sudden ingress of water or mud.

The aqueduct bridge of Vindonissa

Excavations of the pillar foundations of the aqueduct bridge of Vindonissa by the Aargau canton archeology in Windisch village center with a reconstruction proposal

Course and gradient

Presumably members of the Roman military built an aqueduct bridge in Vindonissa in order to keep the height difference of the dead Roman aqueduct between the upper castle corridor and the water tower in the southwest corner of the legionary camp as low as possible. Due to the sloping terrain of the north-western flank of the upper castle, the water pipeline, which ran underground up to this point, was likely to have been continued above ground as a bridge from there. However, no findings are known for the subsequent, approximately 148 m long section in a north-westerly direction. Presumably, however, the line led directly to the southernmost known pillar foundation in today's village center of Windisch (Dohlenzelgstrasse). Overall, the dead aqueduct was likely to have been routed as an above-ground aqueduct bridge at around 360 m.

The pillar foundations that were excavated in 1996 at today's Dohlenzelgstrasse describe a curve to the north. This is followed by six foundations that were exposed in 1963. About 48 m north of the northernmost pillar foundation exposed in Windisch-Dorfzentrum 2011–2012 is a building floor plan that Flück interprets as a water tower ( castellum ). There is also no evidence that the aqueduct ran further north from there.

The height of the canal bottom in the area of ​​the upper castle was around 371.20 m. ü. The terrain height of the water tower is around 360.20 m and the inlet height in the water tower is estimated at around 9.5 m. This results in a height difference between the canal bottom at the outlet point and the inlet height in the water tower of around 1.5 m and a gradient of around 4 per thousand.

Construction and reconstruction

Pillar foundations

Pillar foundation of the aqueduct bridge; In the uppermost layers, the roughly hewn shell limestone blocks are followed by platy limestone, which presumably mark the foundation shoulder
Pillar foundations of the aqueduct bridge

The pillar foundations measure an average of 2.1 mx 2.1 m and consist of approx. 0.25 m long limestone stones that were placed in layers and placed directly against the vertical construction pit wall. The majority of the stones are layered vertically, which presumably resulted in a drainage effect. The lowest stone layer is placed directly on the ground, the following stone layers each lie on a 2–10 cm thick layer of poured mortar. Up to ten layers of stone can be recognized on the foundations, which are up to 1.6 m high.

In the case of two pillars, a change can be seen on the uppermost layer of the quarry stone foundation due to the better preservation: After a layer of roughly hewn shell limestone blocks, slab limestone follows. This suggests that the pillars were equipped with a foundation step or chamfer , i.e. H. a recess at the transition to the rising masonry.

Two different distance modules could be documented in the verified pillar foundations: The pillar foundations uncovered in Windisch-Dohlenzelgstrasse in 1996 stand at intervals of around 1.5 - 2.5 m and describe a curve to the north. Similarly, the foundations that were excavated near Hauserstrasse between 2011 and 2012 have left a pillar width of 2.1–2.5 m each. In between, the distances widen to 6–7 m. The denser creation of the pillars in the area of ​​the curve is likely to have static causes. It is unclear why a closer position was chosen for the straight course in the area of ​​the 2011–2012 excavation. Flück suspects that an 8–9 m wide road ran under the aqueduct bridge immediately in front of the Spitzgraben of the legionary camp. Accordingly, a significantly further arch construction across the street had to be counter-supported by a closer staggering of the subsequent pillars.

Reconstruction of the arch construction

The arch construction as the upper continuation of the pillars was probably designed as a round or semicircular arch . In the case of the particularly wide arches, such as when crossing the street, segment arches could also have been constructed to keep the bridge flat despite the greater distance between the piers and to exert a greater lateral thrust that could have been absorbed by the more closely staggered piers afterwards.

Presumed water tower

In the northern continuation of the aqueduct bridge there are three more or less square, around 4.2 m × 4.4 m wall foundations - immediately south of the pointed ditch system of the legionary camp from the time of the 21st and 11th legions. Another 4.9 m × 10.5 m building floor plan was documented within the walls. Flück interprets this building as a water tower. This interpretation is u. a. supported by a corresponding system that has been verified for the Mogontiacum legion camp ( Mainz ). Such a system ensured that the water within the legionary camp could be distributed with the necessary pressure through the underground pressure pipes.

Dating of the construction and the demolition

The pillar foundations of the aqueduct bridge can be delimited chronologically by finds in the archaeological layers, which are penetrated by the foundation plates. These provide a term post quem for their construction shortly before the middle of the 1st century AD, i.e. H. the construction presumably dates to the time immediately before the middle of the 1st century AD. Finds in the pillars' pits provide dating information about the demolition of the bridge: These seem to date back to the 1st century AD, what suggests “that the abandonment and the subsequent dismantling of the foundations happened in the late 1st or early 2nd century”.

According to Flück, the aqueduct bridge could only have been built by members of the Roman military before the middle of the 1st century, and he suspects members of the 21st legion. However, there is no epigraphic evidence for Vindonissa such as building inscriptions with the naming of the unit involved in the construction.

literature

Reports of the Cantonal Archeology Aargau

The current status of research on Vindonissa appears at irregular intervals, most recently:

  • Jürgen Trumm: Vindonissa - state of research I. Prehistory, Celtic times and the military complex. In: Annual report Pro Vindonissa Society. 2010, pp. 37-54. ( Online )
  • Jürgen Trumm: Vindonissa - state of research II. The civil complex. In: Annual report Pro Vindonissa Society. 2011, pp. 3–22. ( Online )

Current reports on excavations in Vindonissa, each with a separate section on the water pipes, are published in the annual report of the Pro Vindonissa company , most recently:

  • Jürgen Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2018. In: Annual Report Society Pro Vindonissa. 2018. (in press)
  • Jürgen Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2017. In: Annual Report Society Pro Vindonissa. 2017, pp. 59–78.
  • Jürgen Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2016. In: Annual Report Society Pro Vindonissa. 2016, pp. 105–123. ( Online )
  • Jürgen Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2015. In: Annual Report Society Pro Vindonissa. 2015, pp. 89-107. ( Online )
  • Jürgen Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2014. In: Annual Report Society Pro Vindonissa. 2014, pp. 69–85. ( Online )
  • Jürgen Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2013. In: Annual Report Society Pro Vindonissa. 2013, pp. 93-108. ( Online )
  • Jürgen Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2012. In: Annual Report Society Pro Vindonissa. 2012, pp. 81-93. ( Online )
  • Jürgen Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2011. In: Annual Report Society Pro Vindonissa. 2011, pp. 81-101. ( Online )

The latest research results on water pipes can also be found in the yearbook of Archeology Switzerland (until 2005 Swiss Society for Prehistory and Protohistory), most recently:

  • Jürgen Trumm: Hausen AG, sports field (Hus.016.1). In: Yearbook Archeology Switzerland. Volume 100, 2017, pp. 230-231.
  • Jürgen Trumm: Hausen AG, Stückstrasse (Hus.015.2). In: Yearbook Archeology Switzerland. Volume 100, 2017, pp. 231-232.
  • Jürgen Trumm: Hausen AG, Stückstrasse (Hus.015.2). In: Yearbook Archeology Switzerland. Volume 99, 2016, pp. 197-198.

Water supply from Vindonissa / Windisch

  • Matthias Flück: "... so there was only room for the assumption that the plinth carried a large statue" - preliminary report on the excavation of Windisch village center 2011–2012 (V.011.1). In: Annual report Pro Vindonissa Society. 2012, pp. 57–80. ( Online ) esp. P. 69–74 on the aqueduct bridge of Vindonissa.
  • Anna Laschinger, Peter-Andrew Schwarz (Ed.): Vindonissa Quellfrisch. From the source to the sewer. Water supply in Roman times. A special exhibition by students at the University of Basel. Brugg, Vindonissa Museum, 2011. ( Online )
  • Franz B. Maier-Osterwalder: The so-called ‹older› or ‹earlier› Roman aqueduct to the Roman legionary camp Vindonissa. In: Society Pro Vindonissa. Annual report 1990. Brugg, Vindonissa-Museum, 1991, pp. 43–47. ( Online ) On the knowledge of the dead Roman aqueduct up to 1990.
  • Franz B. Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa. In: Archeology of Switzerland , Vol. 17, 1994, No. 4, pp. 140–152. ( Online ) On the state of knowledge of the water-bearing Roman aqueduct up to 1994.
  • Rolf Widmer: The so-called 'older' Roman aqueduct in Hausen. In: Society Pro Vindonissa. Annual report 1990. Brugg, Vindonissa-Museum, 1991, pp. 47–52. ( Online ).

Vindonissa in general

  • Martin Hartmann: Vindonissa. Oppidum - Legionary Camp - Castrum. Windisch, 1986, especially pp. 89-92.
  • Martin Hartmann: The Roman legion camp of Vindonissa. (= Archaeological Guide of Switzerland, 18) Gesellschaft Pro Vindonissa and Swiss Society for Prehistory and Early History, 1983, updated by René Hänggi and Thomas Pauli-Gabi, 2003.
  • Martin Hartmann, Hans Weber: The Romans in Aargau. Aarau, Frankfurt am Main, Salzburg, 1985, especially p. 172, 212.
  • Jakob Heierli : The archaeological map of the canton of Aargau with general explanations and a find register. In: Argovia. Annual journal of the historical society. Volume 27, 1898, Chapter B: Find register : Windisch (Vindonissa) , pp. 86–95, especially p. 90, no. 9. ( Online )
  • Jakob Heierli: Vindonissa. I. Sources and literature. In: Argovia. Annual journal of the historical society. Volume 31, 1905, Chapter B: The oldest finds and reports. Pp. 5-20. ( Online )
  • Rudolf Laur-Belart : Vindonissa. Camp and vicus. (= Roman-Germanic research, volume 10) Berlin, Leipzig, 1935, especially pp. 91–96. ( Online )

Water supply in the Roman Empire

  • Frontinus Society e. V. (Ed.): The water supply in ancient Rome. Sextus Iulius Frontinus, his work in Latin and German and accompanying specialist articles. (= Frontinus book series «History of Water Supply», Volume 1) Munich, completely revised edition 2013.
  • Frontinus Society e. V. (Ed.): The water supply of ancient cities. Pergamon - Law / Administration - Fountains / Nymphaea - Construction elements. (= Frontinus book series «History of Water Supply», Volume 2) Mainz, 1987/1991.
  • Frontinus Society e. V. (Ed.): The water supply of ancient cities. People and water - Central Europe - Thermal baths - Construction / materials - Hygiene. (= Frontinus book series “History of Water Supply”, Volume 3) Mainz, 1988/1994, especially pp. 53–55.
  • A. Trevor Hodge: Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply. London, 1991, reprinted 1995.

Media reports

  • Michael Hunziker: Roman / medieval aqueduct: technical masterpiece receives permanent access. In: Aargauer Zeitung. Online edition from February 9, 2019. ( Online )
  • Swiss radio and television : Monument protection for the Roman aqueduct in Aargau. In: Regionaljournal Aargau and Solothurn. Online article from March 31, 2015. ( Online )
  • Edgar Zimmermann: Robot cleans Roman aqueduct between Hausen and Windisch. In: Aargauer Zeitung. Online edition of April 10, 2012. ( Online )

Web links

Commons : Vindonissa Aqueducts  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

References and comments

  1. ↑ Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, 140.
  2. ↑ Trumm: Vindonissa - State of the exploration II. The civil complex. 2011, p. 13
  3. ↑ Hartmann: Vindonissa. 1986, pp. 24-29;
    Hartmann: The Roman legionary camp of Vindonissa. 1983/2003, p. 5;
    Trumm: Vindonissa. State of research I. 2010, p. 39.
  4. ↑ Trumm: Vindonissa. State of research I. 2010, pp. 43–45;
    Hartmann: The Roman legionary camp of Vindonissa. 1983/2003, p. 5.
  5. ↑ Hartmann: The Roman legion camp of Vindonissa. 1983/2003, pp. 10-14;
    Trumm: Vindonissa. State of research I. 2010, p. 50.
  6. ↑ Jürgen Trumm: Vindonissa - state of research II. 2011, p. 21.
  7. ↑ Jürgen Trumm: Vindonissa - state of research I. 2010, p. 50.
  8. ↑ Helmut Maurer: Thoughts on the early and high medieval Windisch (6th – 13th centuries). In: Annual Report Pro Vindonissa Society 2016, pp. 33–44. ( Online )
  9. ↑ a b Sophia Joray: gravity lines transport the water. In: Laschinger, Schwarz: Vindonissa Quellfrisch. 2011, p. 11.
  10. ↑ Note: He concluded this from the more careful execution (quarter round rod) of the dead pipe and from the fact that it is completely silted up or filled with alluvial clay. He assumed that this had been neglected after the withdrawal of the 11th Legion and that the newly advancing troops would have built a new one after 260 AD.
  11. ↑ Laur-Belart: Vindonissa. 1935, p. 94.
  12. ↑ Harald von Petrikovits: The interior structures of Roman legionary camps during the principle time. (= Treatises of the Rheinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 56) Opladen, 1975, p. 105.
  13. ↑ a b c Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, p. 144.
  14. ↑ Laschinger, Schwarz: No expense was too great for the Romans for the water supply. In: Laschinger, Schwarz: Vindonissa Quellfrisch. 2011, p. 6.
  15. ^ Vitruvii De architectura libri decem. Latin and German. Translated and annotated by Curt Fensterbusch . WBG, Darmstadt 1964, 6th edition 2008.
  16. ↑ Note: However, Vitruvius does not provide any information about how the Romans discovered natural groundwater resources.
  17. ^ Edition: Robert Howard Rodgers (ed.): De aquaeductu urbis Romae. Cambridge et al. a., 2004.
    Translation: Frontinus Society (Hrsg.): Water supply in ancient Rome. Sextus Iulius Frontinus, curator aquarum. 4th, improved edition. Oldenbourg, Munich / Vienna, 1989.
  18. ↑ Latin: Tot aquarum tam multis necessariis molibus pyramidas videlicet otiosas compares aut cetera inertia sed fama celebrata opera Graecorum.
  19. ^ Klaus Grewe: Roman water pipes north of the Alps. In: Frontinus Society: The water supply for ancient cities. Volume 3, 2nd edition 1994, p. 45.
  20. ^ Klaus Grewe: Roman water pipes north of the Alps. In: Frontinus Society: The water supply for ancient cities. Volume 3, 2nd edition 1994, p. 46.
  21. ↑ Heierli: Vindonissa I. Sources and literature. 1905, p. 5.
    Note: In addition to the (so-called water-bearing) aqueduct, a mosaic floor and Roman coins were discovered.
  22. ^ Chronicon Koenigsfeldense: Aarau, Staatsarch., Kopialbuch 428, f. 52r-v original;
    Quote: Heierli: Vindonissa I. Sources and literature. 1905, p. 7, No. 1
    Georg Boner: Collected contributions to Aargau history. Chapter: Königsfelden and Agnes of Hungary. In: Argovia. Annual journal of the Historical Society of the Canton of Aargau. Volume 91, 1979, pp. 127-128 ( online );
    Also: Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, 147.
  23. ↑ Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, p. 151, note 19.
  24. ↑ deed of donation: deed dated September 26, 1363 in the Aarau State Archives No. 323;
    Hartmann: Vindonissa. 1986, p. 90 with Fig. 77, p. 89;
    Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, 147–148.
  25. ↑ Note: According to Maier-Osterwalder (1994: p. 151, note 21), the bear fountain originally stood next to today's fire department store and retirement home, but was moved to a higher location in Windisch-Oberburg in the 20th century.
  26. ↑ Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, 148.
  27. ↑ Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2011. P. 96 and 85, Fig. 6.
  28. ↑ Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, 148.
    So the aqueduct u. a. mentioned in H. Bullinger: Von den Tigurineren and the Statt Zürich things. Manuscript from around 1626 in the Zurich City Library (cf. Heierli: Vindonissa I. 1905, pp. 12-13, no. 8) and JJ Wagner: Mercurius Helveticus. Zurich, 1688 (cf. Heierli: Vindonissa I. 1905, p. 16, no. 18).
  29. ↑ Hans Braun: Emanuel Tscharner. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . May 2, 2011 , accessed June 25, 2019 .
  30. ↑ Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, 140, 148.
  31. ↑ Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, 148 with reference to Franz Ludwig Haller von Köngisfelden: Helvetia under the Romans. Part two. 1812, pp. 392-392, plan p. 386.
  32. ↑ a b Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, 149.
  33. ↑ Note: This applies in particular to the places Oberburg (near Windisch), Königsfelden and even Windisch-Unterwindisch, where only sod wells of mediocre water quality supplemented the water supply.
  34. ↑ Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, p. 150.
  35. ^ Heierli: The archaeological map of the Canton of Aargau. In: Argovia. 27, 1889, p. 90, No. 9.
  36. ↑ Laur-Belart: Vindonissa. 1935, p. 92.
  37. ↑ a b c d Trumm: Vindonissa. State of Research II: The Civil Complex. 2011, p. 14.
  38. ↑ Flück: "... so there was only room for the assumption that the base had carried a large statue" - preliminary report on the excavation of Windisch village center 2011–2012 (V.011.1). 2012, pp. 70-71.
    Livia Burckhardt: Aquaeduct bridges cross deep valleys. In: Laschinger, Schwarz: Vindonissa Quellfrisch. 2011, p. 20.
  39. ↑ Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa. 1994, p. 150.
  40. ↑ Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa. 1994, pp. 149-150.
    Note: The suppression took place "after twenty years of unsuccessful efforts against the understanding of the population and against the greatest resistance of the municipal authorities of Windisch, but with the consent of the government council" of the canton of Aargau.
  41. ↑ Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2015. P. 103.
  42. ↑ Note: According to Trumm (2011: pp. 13–14), this was a paradigm shift in research, as one no longer had to only react to incoming planning applications in order to gain insight into the monument.
  43. ↑ Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2015. In: Annual Report Society Pro Vindonissa. 2015, p. 104 with reference to Section 24b of the Culture Act of the Canton of Aargau.
    Canton Aargau: Dossier monument protection     inventory : DSI-WIN027 Vindonissa and Königsfelden, Roman and medieval aqueduct
  44. ^ Swiss radio and television: Monument protection for the Roman aqueduct in Aargau. March 31, 2015.
  45. ↑ Trumm: Vindonissa - State of research II. 2011, p. 13.
  46. ↑ Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2016. P. 121.
  47. ↑ Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, p. 144.
  48. ↑ Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, 140.
  49. ↑ Height information according to Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, 145; also Laur-Belart: Vindonissa. 1935, p. 92 with older heights.
  50. ↑ Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, p. 147.
  51. ↑ Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, pp. 145–147, with reference to Vitruvius, Ten Books on Architecture , 8th book, 5th chapter, “From the methods of leveling”.
  52. ↑ Jürgen Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2010. In: Annual report Society Pro Vindonissa. 2010, p. 93 ( online ); Jürgen Trumm: Windisch AG, Vindonissa legionary camp, water pipe (excavation V.010.5). In: Yearbook Archeology Switzerland. Volume 94, 2011, p. 260 ( online ).
  53. ↑ Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2012. P. 96.
  54. ↑ a b Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, 140–141.
  55. ↑ a b c Maier-Osterwalder: The so-called 'older' or 'earlier' Roman aqueduct to the Roman legion camp Vindonissa. 1991, p. 43.
  56. ↑ Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, 140-141, 144.
  57. ^ Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2013. P. 103.
    Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2012. P. 89.
  58. ↑ Maier-Osterwalder: The water-bearing Roman aqueduct from Hausen to Vindonissa , 1994, 140-141, 144.
  59. ↑ Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2016. P. 120.
  60. ^ Jürgen Trumm: Hausen AG, sports field (Hus.016.1). In: Yearbook Archeology Switzerland. Volume 100, 2017, p. 231.
  61. ^ Also: Argovia 12: Annual report of the Historical Society of the Canton of Aargau. Volume 124, 2012, p. 274.
  62. ↑ Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2016. In: Annual report Society Pro Vindonissa. 2016, p. 119; Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2015. In: Annual report Society Pro Vindonissa. 2015, p. 103.
  63. ↑ Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2012. P. 96.
  64. ↑ Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2016. pp. 121–122.
  65. ↑ Maier-Osterwalder: The so-called 'older' or 'earlier' Roman aqueduct to the Roman legion camp Vindonissa. 1990, p. 43.
  66. ↑ a b Jürgen Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2014. In: Annual Report Society Pro Vindonissa 2014. 2014, pp. 81–82.
  67. ↑ Otto Schulthess: VI. Roman time. In: Swiss Society for Prehistory. Twentieth Annual Report, 1928, p. 60 ( online ); Pro Vindonissa Society: Annual Report 1928/1929. , P. 2 ( online ); Laur-Belart: Vindonissa. 1935, p. 93; Maier-Osterwalder: The so-called 'older' or 'earlier' Roman aqueduct to the Roman legion camp Vindonissa. 1991, p. 43.
  68. ↑ Thomas Pauli-Gabi: 12. Hausen Wiesenweg (Hus.006.1). In: Society Pro Vindonissa. Annual report 2006, Rubric: Excavations in Vindonissa. , Pp. 98-99 ( online ).
  69. ^ Pro Vindonissa Society: Annual Report 1971. Category: Museum and smaller notices about new finds. 1972, pp. 88-89 ( online ); Maier-Osterwalder: The so-called 'older' or 'earlier' Roman aqueduct to the Roman legion camp Vindonissa. 1991, pp. 45-46. However, since this area was found to be largely destroyed by the construction work, it could only be poorly documented.
  70. ↑ Maier-Osterwalder: The so-called 'older' or 'earlier' Roman aqueduct to the Roman legion camp Vindonissa. 1991, pp. 45-46.
  71. ↑ Maier-Osterwalder: The so-called 'older' or 'earlier' Roman aqueduct to the Roman legion camp Vindonissa. 1991, p. 45.
  72. ↑ Christoph Simonett: Excavations of the society Pro Vindonissa in 1937. In: Anzeiger für Schweizerische Altertumskunde. New episode. Volume 40, Issue 2, 1938, pp. 93-96. ( online )
  73. ↑ Trumm: Vindonissa. State of Research II: The Civil Complex. 2011, p. 15.
  74. ↑ a b c d Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2011. P. 99.
  75. ^ Pro Vindonissa Society: Annual Report 1925/26. Rubric: excavations. 1926, p. 4 ( online ); Society Pro Vindonissa: Annual Report 1926/27. Rubric: Further excavations and chance finds. 1927, p. 7 ( online ); Laur-Belart: Vindonissa. 1935, p. 93; Maier-Osterwalder: The so-called 'older' or 'earlier' Roman aqueduct to the Roman legion camp Vindonissa. 1990, p. 43.
  76. ↑ Franz B. Maier: Vindonissa: Review of the field work. In: Gesellschaft Pro Vindonissa: Annual Report 1997. 1997, p. 84 ( online ).
  77. ^ Pro Vindonissa Society: Annual Report 1936/37. Rubric: excavations. 1937, p. 9 ( online );
    Christoph Simonett: Excavations of the Pro Vindonissa Society in 1937. In: Anzeiger für Schweizerische Altertumskunde. New episode. Volume 40, Issue 2, 1938, pp. 93-96 ( online );
    Maier-Osterwalder: The so-called 'older' or 'earlier' Roman aqueduct to the Roman legion camp Vindonissa. 1990, 46-47.
  78. ↑ Widmer: The so-called 'older' Roman aqueduct in Hausen. 1991, p. 50.
  79. ↑ Widmer: The so-called 'older' Roman aqueduct in Hausen. 1991, pp. 51-52.
  80. ^ Jürgen Trumm: Hausen AG, Stückstrasse (Hus.015.2). In: Yearbook Archeology Switzerland. Volume 100, 2017, p. 232.
  81. ↑ Trumm: Vindonissa. State of Research II: The Civil Complex. 2011, p. 14.
  82. ↑ Trumm: Excavations in Vindonissa in 2011. pp. 99–100.
  83. ↑ a b c d Flück: "... so there was only room for the assumption that the plinth carried a large statue" - preliminary report on the excavation of Windisch village center 2011–2012 (V.011.1). 2012, p. 70.
  84. ↑ a b c d Flück: "... so there was only room for the assumption that the plinth carried a large statue" - preliminary report on the excavation of Windisch village center 2011–2012 (V.011.1). 2012, p. 72.
  85. ↑ a b Flück: "... so there was only room for the assumption that the base had carried a large statue" - preliminary report on the excavation of Windisch village center 2011–2012 (V.011.1). 2012, p. 71.
  86. ↑ a b c d Flück: "... so there was only room for the assumption that the plinth carried a large statue" - preliminary report on the excavation of Windisch village center 2011–2012 (V.011.1). 2012, p. 69.
  87. ↑ Note: A beveled bevel would have the advantage that rainwater flows off along the masonry and does not penetrate into it, for example to prevent frost weathering (cf. Flück, 2012, p. 72, note 97).
  88. ↑ Flück: "... so there was only room for the assumption that the base had carried a large statue" - preliminary report on the excavation of Windisch village center 2011–2012 (V.011.1). 2012, pp. 72-73.
  89. ↑ Note: In contrast, there are, for example, epigraphic evidence of Roman water pipes in Mainz-Mogontiacum, Carnuntum, Vienna-Vindobona, Swischtow-Novae and others.