History of the city of Bern

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Bernese sign from the 14th century

The history of the city of Bern tells about the city of Bern , which was first mentioned in 1208.

Surname

Tschachtlan chronicle : Duke Berchtold V. von Zähringen kills the bear in front of the city of Bern

The name of the city of Bern is documented for the first time in a document dated December 1, 1208. There are several explanations for the origin of the city name, which has not yet been clarified, some of which are based on old legends and interpretations.

  • The best-known legend is that of the Justinger Chronicle , according to which the city's founder, Duke Berchtold V. von Zähringen , decided to name the city after the first animal killed in the surrounding forests, which is said to have been a bear. A connection between bear and Bern has no linguistic basis, but is a folk etymology that is illustrated with the bear in the Bern coat of arms.
  • The lexicon of Swiss community names describes etymological attempts at explanation that are based on a derivation from Old High German or Romansh as untenable . The name Bern was etymologically based on both the Old High German verbs berja or bern , 'to beat' and bëran , 'to carry', the root was 'Wehre', i.e. H. well-fortified castle, as well as traced back to the Romanesque brena 'bushes, scrub, forest'.
  • In the late 19th century the theory emerged that the name Bern refers to the city of Verona , which was called Bern in German , and also Welsch Bern in the Middle Ages . The city's founder, Berchtold V, named Bern in memory of the Margraviate of Verona, which was formerly owned by the Zähringers, and at the same time gave it the name of his favorite hero of Germanic legend, Dietrich von Bern . The connection between Bern and Verona was already established by scribes in the Middle Ages; a document from 1332 that mentions a city called Verona in Üechtlanden provides evidence . Later evidence is found in a manuscript from the third quarter of the 15th century: “Do was Rom confessed drew a hundred five vnd five fzk jar Then there was a lord in Rome called Prenius [Premus?] Who was from purd ain swab der stifft dy stat pern dy do ligt at the end of the Etsch «. It was not uncommon in the Middle Ages for newly founded cities to be named after their once important sister cities. The derivation of the name of the city of Bern from Verona was generally accepted until the 1980s.
  • The discovery of the Bernese zinc table on the narrow peninsula in 1984 seems to indicate a place name Brenodor - from the Celtic personal name Brennos and Celtic duron 'door, gate, enclosed market place', i.e. 'market town of Brenos' - and would be one with other Swiss cities , such as Solothurn and Winterthur , comparable name. A direct derivation of the name Bern from Brenodor is not acoustically possible.
  • According to the lexicon of Swiss community names, the “most convincing suggestion” at the current state of research is the derivation of the name of the city of Bern from the Celtic word * berna , Central Irish meaning 'chasm' slot ', which indicates a specific place or field name as a place or field name could have designated a section of the Aare and, after it had been used by a Gallo-Roman- speaking population, was borrowed into German.

coat of arms

The bear as the heraldic animal of Bern is documented as early as the 13th century, both on coins and on a seal from 1224, which shows a bear walking diagonally upwards with a raised left front paw. According to the Justinger Chronicle, the first coat of arms of Bern is said to have shown a black bear walking upwards ( heraldically ) to the right on a silver background. In the old chronicles it is represented accordingly for the earliest history of Bern. The change to today's coat of arms is likely to have taken place at the end of the 13th century. The oldest description of today's Bernese coat of arms is provided by the Guglerlied , which was written shortly after 1375 in the Justinger Chronicle , and the first colored representation is a sign from the late 14th century.

When the city and canton of Bern were separated in 1831, the Bern coat of arms became both the coat of arms of the canton and the city of Bern, and since 1944 it has also been the coat of arms of the district of Bern. The blazon reads: "In red a golden right-angled bar, covered with a striding black bear with red claws". It is taken for granted that the bear must be male and that its open throat with the knocked-out tongue has to emphasize its ability to defend itself. As a distinguishing feature, the city's coat of arms bears a wall crown that is not mentioned in the blazon .

Early history and early Middle Ages

Initial from the Spiezer Chronicle by Diebold Schilling the Elder. Ä. by 1485

The area of ​​the city of Bern had been populated since the La Tène period at the latest . The oldest documented settlement was probably one since the second half of the 2nd century BC. Large Celtic settlement fortified on the narrow peninsula . She must have been one of the twelve Oppida of Helvetii mentioned by Julius Caesar .

In Roman times there was a Gallo-Roman vicus on the narrow peninsula , which, according to the coin finds, was abandoned between 165 and 211 AD. There are also three Roman manors, the largest from the 2nd and 3rd centuries in today's Bümpliz .

For the early Middle Ages there are numerous burial grounds that suggest nearby settlements, in Bümpliz above the Roman manor a Mauritius church from the 7th - 9th centuries and from the time of the High Burgundian Kingdom in the 9th and 10th centuries a royal court with a wooden one Weir system from which today's Old Castle emerged. There is no clear evidence of settlement in the area of ​​today's old town for the early Middle Ages.

City foundation and the high Middle Ages

from the Tschachtlan chronicle : Foundation of the city
Growth of the Bernese city-state territory until 1798

At the end of the 12th century, today's city of Bern in the knee of the Aare peninsula was founded by Duke Berchthold V von Zähringen , Rector of Burgundy, after his predecessor Berchthold IV had already built Nydegg Castle at the tip of the peninsula to protect the Aare crossing there. However, recent archaeological investigations in the area of ​​the founding city and Nydegg Castle allow the conclusion that the castle and the city were founded at the same time in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. The Cronica de Berno states 1191 as the year of foundation. At the current state of research, there are no traces of settlement on the Aare peninsula that can be dated to before the late 12th century.

After the Zähringers died out, Bern became a free imperial city according to the Golden Handfeste in 1218 . Due to the hand-held festivals, Bern had the right to its own coins, measurements and weights and its own jurisdiction. King Rudolf I of Habsburg confirmed Bern's imperial freedom in 1274, but imposed an imperial tax on the city, to which a fine was added after the defeat at Schosshalde in 1289. As protection against the Counts of Kyburg , who had inherited the Zähringer, Bern chose the patronage of Savoy . With the victory against the city ​​of Freiburg near " Dornbühl ", which was bought by Habsburg in 1298, Bern's territorial policy began.

In the early 14th century, Bern expanded its domain, primarily through purchases and pledges of smaller towns and bridgeheads. After Bern had defeated the Habsburg Freiburg in the Gümmenenkrieg in 1334, it was first expanded into the Oberland. In 1339, thanks to the support of the Swiss Confederation , the Bernese won an important victory against the surrounding noble houses in the Laupenkrieg , thus laying the foundation for the rise of the city-state. The alliance with Central Switzerland's Waldstätten , which had existed since 1323 and was renewed in 1341 , was sealed in 1353 with unlimited membership of the Confederation . The sovereign territory of Bern grew considerably after joining the Swiss Confederation, in whose expansion the city took part, not only through conquests, but also through castle rights, alliances, purchases, pledges and the creation of economic dependencies, making the city of Bern the most important power factor in the western central plateau . Participation in the Burgundian Wars from 1474 to 1477 brought Bern its first land gains in Vaud . The city of Bern saw itself as a state since the 15th century.

The composition of the upper class also changed in the 14th and 15th centuries. Numerous noble families settled in the city, older merchants were ennobled, artisans succeeded in advancing to Junkerism and the importance of non-noble merchants and notables increased.

On May 14, 1405, a major fire broke out in Brunngasse , which destroyed over 600 houses and claimed more than a hundred victims.

Expansion of the dominion in the late Middle Ages

In the 15th century, the dominion of Bern grew particularly at the expense of the surrounding powers ( Habsburg , Neu-Kyburg , Savoyen ) and their noble families and became a territorial state until the Reformation. “Much more emphatically than Zurich, for example, than Nuremberg or Ulm or other Swabian and Franconian imperial cities, Bern used regional alliances and other forms of land security in the aristocratic Burgundy landscape, bought rights, acquired pledges and fiefs and, last but not least, was also very successful in armed self-help fall back to expand his sovereignty. "

Only part of the rulership was conquered militarily, such as the former Habsburg Aargau in 1415. The weaknesses of neighboring rulers made other acquisitions possible: Aarberg 1377/1379, Thun and Burgdorf 1384. These small towns opened up access to the Oberland and the Emmental. Relationships with people ( Ausburger ) and institutions that were tied to the city through Udel also became important. "Decisive here are the acceptance of Ausburgern, the conclusion of castle rights and umbrella contracts as well as the pledge and credit policy."

"Above all, the photos of expatriates recorded in the Udel books document the development of urban rule in the countryside in a way that no other late medieval town north of the Alps has been able to deliver". In Bern, this led to the fact that in the late Middle Ages two thirds of the citizens were not resident in the city, but as Ausburger in the country. They were obligated to do so, but had full citizenship and could be elected to the council and offices. However, conditions became more difficult in the course of the 15th century and the ruling upper class began to isolate itself.

The intensification of rule by the council and its administration ( compulsion and ban ) concerned the summoning of local court days, the mobilization of troops, the armor show (arms control), public transport (guided tours) and the collection of taxes (tellen). The lower jurisdiction lay partly with noble landlords, the so-called twing lords, also with country towns and spiritual communities. The social tensions between the nobility and the guilds erupted in the Twingherrenstreit of 1469/1471. It was not until the Reformation in 1528 that a legally uniform area was created through the confiscation of ecclesiastical property; instead of domination over people, domination over territory.

Early modern age

The mayor Jakob von Wattenwyl (1466–1525) and the wealthy merchant Bartholomäus May (1446–1531) were the first critics of the church and spokesmen for a Reformation. The folk priest and cathedral canon Berchtold Haller (1490 / 94-1536) began to give Protestant sermons from 1523, and the artist Niklaus Manuel (around 1484–1530) staged carnival games that openly criticized the Catholic Church. There was a Reformed majority in the council in 1526, which scheduled a disputation for January 1528 . 450 to 800 people took part, the councilors and clergy of the Bern estate, a delegation with Huldrych Zwingli from Zurich and representatives of the federal estates and Upper German cities. In February 1528 the supported by the city, but not the environment prevailed Reformation through in Bern under the reformer Berchtold Haller.

In 1532 the Reformation was confirmed and consolidated in the “Bern Synodus”. With the conquest of Vaud in 1536, Bern became the largest city-state north of the Alps, which facilitated the implementation of the Reformation in western Switzerland.

While the Bernese upper class had distinguished itself in the late Middle Ages by the openness that allowed the economically successful to take up political office within a short period of time, the patriciate became more and more isolated in the early modern period, and the municipal assembly was called ever less often fewer families were given access to political office. These formed a real magistrate class, which focused exclusively on state affairs, which was nowhere else the case in the old Swiss Confederation.

17th and 18th centuries

Coat of arms of the city and republic of Bern (title page of the state account of 1790, Bern State Archives).
Bern around 1638, Merian-Stich,
left in the picture the jumps
The Great Council of 1735

In 1648, in the Peace of Westphalia , Bern was given full state sovereignty and finally separated from the German Empire . In the middle of the 17th century, the redefinition of civil rights in the city was completed. Newcomers could only settle as permanent residents . This laid the foundation for the aristocratic system of government in which only a few families shared lucrative offices. The number of families eligible for regiment decreased from 540 in the middle of the 17th century to 243 at the end of the 18th century. The community assembly was not called at all, the basic units of the Bernese citizens were the guilds, which were also responsible for the poor.

Despite the increase in power and territory, the medieval oligarchic form of government of the Ancien Régimes remained in place until the end of the 18th century: the Grand Council, as the nominal highest decision-making body, always had at least 200 and at most 300 members; if the number of grand councilors had fallen below 200, the new appointments took place through electoral agreements - after 1683 only about every ten years - in the week before Easter. Members of the Grand Council formed the Small Council, the actual government. At the top was the "ruling" Schultheiss , who after a year - on Easter Monday, the high point of political life in Bern - was replaced by the "standing" Schultheiss.

Political ferment was also in the Republic of Bern in the 18th century. In 1723 Major Davel revolted against the Bernese rule in Vaud , which was just as unsuccessful as the attempt by a group of Bernburgers under Samuel Henzi from 1749 to rule the few ruling patrician families, which was particularly well-known abroad and referred to as the Henzi conspiracy put an end to it. On January 27, 1798, French troops marched into the Bernese Vaud and subsequently advanced further and further into Switzerland. After the government had already capitulated, Bern had to admit defeat after the battle of Grauholz at the beginning of March , despite fierce resistance . France not only had the entire state assets of the Republic of Bern confiscated (originally 6 million francs in cash and 18 million in bonds), but also brought the Bernese bears, which had been kept in the city sporadically since 1480 and permanently since 1764, to Paris. In addition, Bern lost the previously dependent areas of Vaud and Aargau , which became independent cantons with the act of mediation in 1803, as well as temporarily the Bernese Oberland .

Early 19th century - restoration and regeneration

In 1815, in the course of the restoration , with which the old system of rule was reintroduced - the patricians of the city of Bern provided 200 of the canton's 299 grand councils - next to Zurich and Lucerne, it was given the status of a suburb and alternately served as the seat of government of the confederation of states every two years . In 1804, the assets between the city and the canton of Bern, which until then had not been divorced like the administration, were divided up in the so-called endowment document . On January 14, 1831, in the course of regeneration , the patrician government abdicated and paved the way for elections in the canton, which were clearly won by the liberals . With the constitution of 1831, the priority of the city of Bern, which became the capital of the canton, was repealed in the canton. In 1832, in addition to the civic community, the new residents' community, in which all resident citizens with a minimum fortune were entitled to vote, was created. On September 5, 1832, the cantonal government declared the constitution of the city of Bern to be repealed and the city council to be deposed. Even in the new community, the patriciate and burger retained the majority. In the following decades, the city of Bern remained conservatively governed and thus stood in contrast to the free-thinking canton.

Late 19th century

It was not until 1886 that the conservative majority in the city parliament and government was replaced by a free-thinking one - in 1888 the leader of the free-minded people, Eduard Müller , who was to become Federal Councilor in 1895 , was elected city president. In 1887, the municipal assembly was abolished and instead ballot and balloting was introduced. The government now consisted of the mayor and three full-time and five part-time, paid councilors, the parliament of 80 city councilors.

Since the establishment of the so-called first International in 1864, the workers in Bern had organized themselves in various associations; the Social Democratic Party of Bern was founded in 1877. The newspaper Berner Tagwacht , which existed until 1997, was founded in 1893, in the year of the Käfigturm riot , a workers' uprising that was suppressed with the help of federal troops. In May 1895, the city of Bern was one of the first municipalities in Switzerland to introduce proportional representation for municipal elections , albeit only at the second attempt . In the same year Gustav Müller was elected to the local council as the first Social Democrat ; In 1899 there were already two representatives of the Social Democrats in the Bern city government.

Bern as a federal city

The first Federal City Hall from 1857, today Federal Palace West

The founding of a capital of Switzerland, which was united as a federal state in 1848 , raised numerous questions. The resistance to a central capital was taken into account by choosing a federal city instead of a capital as the seat of the federal government, the federal assembly and the federal administration. The choice of the Federal Assembly fell - despite the infrastructure considered to be inadequate - on Bern. The National Council, Council of States and Federal Council met in three different buildings in the city before the first so-called Federal Council House was inaugurated in 1857 and expanded in 1892 and 1902 until it was given its current form.

As a federal city, Bern also became attractive for international organizations, which, with one exception, no longer have their headquarters in Bern today. In 1868 Bern became the seat of the International Telegraph Union ( International Telegraph Union (ITU) since 1934 ), which had been founded in Paris three years earlier and was perhaps the very first international association. On October 9, 1874, the General Postal Union of 22 states was founded in Bern , in 1878 it was renamed the Universal Postal Union and in 1947 a special agency of the United Nations , the headquarters remained in Bern. The negotiations to standardize the minimum technical requirements for international rail traffic were conducted in Bern from 1882 to 1886; the State Treaty called Technical Unity in Railways (TE) , which came into force in 1887, contains, among other things, a provision known as the Bern area . In 1886 the Bern Convention for the Protection of Works of Literature and Art was signed in Bern; In 1893, the International Bureau for Intellectual Property , based in Bern, was the predecessor of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) . The Ligue Internationale de la Paix and the Inter-Parliamentary Union , which were honored with Nobel Peace Prizes, were also based in Bern.

20th and 21st centuries

In 1914 the national exhibition took place in Bern, which despite the beginning of the First World War and mobilization was visited by around 3.2 million people and ended with an income surplus of almost 35,000 francs. The opening of the Lötschberg line, with which Bern was connected to the north-south connection across the Alps, was also celebrated.

In 1918 the art gallery was opened with an overview of Bern's artistic creation. In the art museum , which had existed since 1879, works by Paul Klee were exhibited as early as 1910 . In the same year, the year of the state strike , the Social Democrats achieved an absolute majority in the city and municipal council for the first time and they were able to appoint Gustav Müller as the city president from 1918 to 1920. During this period, Bümpliz was incorporated into the Bern municipality in 1919, the only incorporation in the history of Bern.

After 1920 there was a phase in which there was mostly a narrow bourgeois majority in the city and municipal council; the Liberals and the newly founded Bernese Peasant and Citizens' Party alternately provided the mayor. It was not until 1958 that Eduard Freimüller became a social democrat again as city president. In 1966 he was followed by the very popular Reynold Tschäppät , who died in office in 1979, and after Werner Bircher, another liberal, took over the city council.

Women in the municipality of Bern have had the right to vote and vote since 1968, and in 1988 the age of voting and voting rights was reduced from 20 to 18 years.

Bern experienced a cultural heyday in the 1960s. In the small and cellar theaters, pieces by contemporary authors were performed, and the dialect was revived with Kurt Marti , who was pastor at the Nydeck Church, and the Bernese chansons of the Bernese Troubadours , Berner Trouvères and Mani Matter . Under Harald Szeemann , the Kunsthalle became an exhibition forum for the avant-garde . In 1968, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Kunsthalle , the artist Christo was given the first opportunity to pack a building. The following year, the exhibition When Attitudes become Form moved the minds of the Bernese so strongly that it led to Szeemann's departure from Bern.

As a result of the 1968 youth movement , which in Bern had no violence comparable to the Zurich riot , the gas boilers of the disused gasworks were converted into a youth center. The 1980s youth riots , which began in Zurich and affected most Swiss cities, led to the conversion of the centrally located riding school in Bern , which had been a social center of Bern after it opened in 1897, as an alternative cultural center and the establishment of the Dampfzentrale as another cultural center. The Zaffaraya alternative housing project that emerged from the squatting scene also continues to exist.

In the municipal elections of 1992, the “RotGrünMitte” (RGM) electoral alliance won a majority in the city and municipal council, and for the first time there were more women than men in the city government. The social democratic party was able to recapture the city council with Klaus Baumgartner , from 2005 to 2016 Alexander Tschäppät was Bern city president, also a social democrat and son of Reynold Tschäppät; he was followed by the first Green in Alec von Graffenried . Meanwhile, the left-green majority in the city's institutions grew continuously, so that an article in the NZZ 2019 described Bern as “the left-most big city in Switzerland”.

Otherwise, the beginning of the 21st century was marked by the renovation of the Bern train station and the Euro 08 . There were also serious riots in the city center in October 2007 on the occasion of a demonstration against the right-wing SVP .

In 2015, Bern was given the honorary title of “ Reformation City of Europe ” by the Community of Evangelical Churches in Europe .

Urban development

View of the city of Bern from the Nydeggbrücke

The high medieval founding city was divided into three longitudinal axes with today's Kram- und Gerechtigkeitsgasse as the main axis. It not only served as the main traffic route, but also as a marketplace and court. Therefore, this alley had its current width from the beginning. In the middle of the alley ran the open city ​​stream , which supplied the service water , the drinking water was drawn from wells fed with pressurized water in the middle of the alley from the 14th century. Various market shops and stalls stood in the alleys. The city court was located at the height of Kreuzgasse. The side streets running parallel to the main street on both sides were significantly narrower. Two rows of courtyards measuring 100 by 60 feet were separated between the alleys, which were divided into individual narrow parcels and built over. The city had no squares, the public buildings were built on the side, as is usual for Zähringer foundations. It is unclear whether this first city stretched from the moat of Nydegg Castle to today's Kreuzgasse , or already to the Zytglogge .

In the first half of the 13th century, the Brunngasse and Herrengasse and the first wooden bridge over the Aare near Nydegg were built. The riverside settlement at the foot of the castle was fortified, the town church at the same place where the first church stood and today the cathedral is, replaced by a three-aisled building. Under the protection of the Savoy , an expansion of the urban area to the Käfigturm took place from 1255 to 1260 . The last medieval city enlargement took place from 1344 to 1346. The heavily fortified outer Neustadt between the Käfigturm and Christoffelturm was traversed by six longitudinal axes. From 1395 onwards, the streets of the city of Bern were paved. After the town fire of 1405, the houses that were previously mostly made of wood were built as half-timbered or stone houses, often made of Ostermundig sandstone with the arbors that are typical to this day. The construction of the town hall began in 1406, with that of the minster in 1421. The increase in power of the city of Bern did not lead to an expansion of the urban area, but only to a structural densification. During the Thirty Years' War , from 1622 to 1634, the Kleine and Grosse Schanze were built as additional fortifications, but the space gained was hardly used, instead the settlement of the existing urban area continued to densify. The Käfigturm was rebuilt from 1641 to 1644, and the university in 1682. The Kornhaus was built from 1711 to 1715 and was supposed to secure supplies for the population in bad times. Since the Reformation, the city was responsible for caring for the sick and the poor; In 1724 the Inselspital , which was rebuilt after a fire , was opened at the location where the Bundeshaus Ost stands today, and construction of the Great Hospital, today's Burgerspital , the most important baroque building in Bern, began in 1732. In 1757 the town's boys 'orphanage, today's town police barracks, and in 1765 the girls' orphanage was built.

The new buildings and renovations in the 17th and 18th centuries bear witness to the prosperity of the state and the patrician families. The city was to become a monument and image of the republic. The uniform appearance of the city was created with strict building regulations, which Goethe described in 1779 as follows: “It is the most beautiful that we have seen built one like the other in civil equality, all made of grayish, soft sandstone, the indifference and cleanliness inside is very beneficial probably, especially since you feel that nothing is empty decoration or the average of despotism, the buildings that the Bern stand itself is large and precious but they have no appearance of splendor that throws one into the eye [...] »

During the 19th century the city began to grow beyond the Aare peninsula, at first only to the west, especially when the city walls and entrenchments fell in the 1830s and the Länggass district was created. Up until now, Bern had only one bridge, the Untertorbrücke , but now it was necessary to build bridges. The first, the Nydeggbrücke , which connects the main level of the old town with the opposite bank of the Aare, was completed in 1844. It was mainly used for traffic and has not yet triggered any major construction activity. When the construction of a railway bridge (the so-called Red Bridge ), which was completed in 1858, led the railway to today's central station , the Lorraine district was created , where mainly workers' apartments were built. At the end of the 19th century, a phase of urban expansion began, which continues to this day. The condition for this was the construction of bridges, the Kirchenfeldbrücke in the east was built from 1881 to 1883, the Kornhausbrücke from 1895 to 1898. The wealthy residents left the old town, where new working-class quarters emerged. After the completion of the Kirchenfeldbrücke, the Kirchenfeld became the preferred quarter of the wealthy and the foreign representations settled there.

After the election of Bern as a federal city, the construction of the parliament and government buildings became necessary. First of all, the so-called Federal City Hall, today's Bundeshaus West, for the construction and maintenance of which the city of Bern was responsible, was built in the neo-renaissance style from 1852 to 1857 according to a design by the Bern architect Friedrich Studer. It soon no longer met the space requirements of the federal authorities and was supplemented by the mirror-image Bundeshaus Ost from 1884 to 1892 and from 1894 to 1902 by the new, significantly more splendid parliament building (architect: Hans Auer) to form a three-part building complex. At the same time, the Volkshaus was completed, the important interior fittings of which fell victim to the conversion to a hotel in the 1980s.

The building activity of the 20th century shaped the cityscape with the buildings of the 1960s near the train station, the new building is represented in Bern with only a few buildings. At the beginning of the 21st century, the renovated Bern train station, redesigned according to the plans of Atelier 5 , was reopened in 2003, in 2005 the Paul Klee Center, designed by Renzo Piano , was inaugurated on the outskirts of the city, in 2008 for the European Football Championship in 2008 , the station square was given a new look and in In the same year, the Bern Brünnen shopping and leisure center , which was built according to plans by Daniel Libeskind , called “ Westside ” on the western outskirts of the city, was opened to consumers .

See also

swell

  • Collection of Swiss Legal Sources , Section II: The Legal Sources of the Canton of Bern. First part: city ​​rights. Volumes 1-12. (on-line)

literature

  • Armand Baeriswyl: City, suburb and urban expansion in the Middle Ages. Archaeological and historical studies on the growth of the three Zähringer towns of Burgdorf, Bern and Freiburg im Breisgau. (= Swiss contributions to the cultural history and archeology of the Middle Ages. Volume 30). Basel 2003, ISBN 3-908182-14-X .
  • Robert Barth et al. (Hrsg.): Bern - the history of the city in the 19th and 20th centuries . Stämpfli, Bern 2003, ISBN 3-7272-1271-3 .
  • Ellen J. Beer et al. (Ed.): Bern's great time, the 15th century rediscovered. Berner Lehrmittel- und Medienverlag, Bern 1999, ISBN 3-906721-28-0 .
  • The art monuments of Switzerland: The art monuments of the canton of Bern. City of Bern:
    • Paul Hofer : The city of Bern. 2 volumes, Birkhäuser, Basel 1952–1959.
    • Paul Hofer: The state buildings of the city of Bern. Unchanged reprint with addenda by Georges Herzog, Birkhäuser, Basel 1982.
    • Paul Hofer and Luc Mojon: The churches of the city of Bern. Birkhäuser, Basel 1969.
    • Luc Mojon: The Bern Minster. Birkhäuser, Basel 1960.
  • Richard Feller: History of Bern. 4 volumes, 2nd, corr. Edition. Lang, Bern 1974. ( online version )
  • Bernhard Furrer : The city of Bern . (= Swiss Art Guide. No. 553/555: Ser. 56). Bern 1994, ISBN 3-85782-553-7 .
  • Werner Juker: Bern. Portrait of a city. (= The great homeland books ). 3rd edition Haupt, Bern 1971.
  • Fridolin Limbach: The beautiful city of Bern. The eventful history of the old “Märit” or “Meritgasse”, today's Gerechtigkeits- und Kramgasse and the old Zähringer town of Bern. Hand prints, drawings, building and house histories, chronicles, old prints, Bern mandates, government decrees and maps. Benteli, Bern 1988, ISBN 3-7165-0273-1 .
  • Christian Lüthi, Bernhard Meier (Ed.): Bern - a city is breaking up. Scenes and stories of Bern's urban development between 1798 and 1998 . Haupt, Bern 1998, ISBN 3-258-05721-4 .
  • Sabine Schlüter: Printing and Reformation in Bern. In: Urs B. Leu, Christian Scheidegger (Hrsg.): Book printing and Reformation in Switzerland. (= Zwingliana. Volume 45). Theological Publishing House, Zurich 2018, ISBN 978-3-290-18218-2 , pp. 203-232.
  • Rainer C. Schwinges et al. (Ed.): Bern's courageous time: The 13th and 14th centuries rediscovered . BLMV and Stämpfli, Bern 2003, ISBN 3-292-00030-0 and ISBN 3-7272-1272-1 .
  • Hans Strahm: History of the city and landscape of Bern. Francke, Bern 1971.
  • Peter Studer: Bern: city portrait: history, federal city, scene, culture, landscape . AS, Zurich 1997, ISBN 3-905111-12-8 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Conrad Justinger : Cronicka the city of Bern. (PDF 92 MB) In: DigiBern. University of Bern , November 4, 2006, p. 53 , accessed on September 10, 2009 (Middle High German).
  2. ↑ History Bible . Color microfiche edition of the Hamburg manuscript, State and University Library, Cod. 8 in scrinio. Munich 1997. Sheet 372ra.
  3. ^ Armand Baeriswyl: The name Bern; possible origin and interpretation. In: Rainer C. Schwinges et al. (Ed.): Bern's courageous time: The 13th and 14th centuries rediscovered . BLMV and Stämpfli, Bern 2003, ISBN 3-292-00030-0 and ISBN 3-7272-1272-1 , esp.p. 27 with illustration of the zinc plate.
  4. ↑ Andres Kristol (Ed.): Lexicon of Swiss community names . Huber, Frauenfeld 2005, ISBN 3-7193-1308-5 , pp. 143 .
  5. ↑ Pascal Ladner : Seal and Heraldry. In: Rainer C. Schwinges et al. (Ed.): Bern's courageous time: The 13th and 14th centuries rediscovered. BLMV and Stämpfli, Bern 2003, ISBN 3-292-00030-0 and ISBN 3-7272-1272-1 , pp. 244f.
  6. ^ Resolution of the government council regarding the adjustment of the district coats of arms of October 31, 1944. (No longer available online.) Government council of the canton of Bern, archived from the original on October 6, 2013 ; Retrieved September 9, 2009 .
  7. ^ Book of arms of the canton of Bern / Armorial du canton de Berne. The Bernese state coat of arms and the coats of arms of the administrative districts and municipalities . On behalf of the Bernese government council, published by the municipal authorities on the anniversary of “150 years of the Bernese constitution 1831”; edited by the Bern State Archives with the assistance of graphic artist Hans Jenni. Staatlicher Lehrmittelverlag, Bern 1981, p. 24ff.
  8. ^ Anne-Marie Dubler , Hans Grütter: Bern (municipality) - 1.1 Pre-Roman times. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . November 10, 2016 , accessed July 8, 2019 .
  9. ^ Anne-Marie Dubler, Hans Grütter: Bern (community) - 1.2 Roman time. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . November 10, 2016 , accessed July 8, 2019 .
  10. ↑ Anne-Marie Dubler, Hans Grütter: Bern (community) - 1.3 Early Middle Ages. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . November 10, 2016 , accessed July 8, 2019 .
  11. ↑ See, for example, Beat Rudolf Tscharner: Historie der Stadt Bern, except for the year 1630. First part, Bern 1765, p. 2.
  12. ↑ Paul Hofer / Hans Jakob Meyer, Nydegg Castle. Research on the early history of Bern (writings of the Historical and Antiquarian Commission of the City of Bern 5), Bern 1991; Armand Baeriswyl / Christiane Kissling, Find Report Bern BE, Kram- und Gerechtigkeitsgasse, in: Yearbook Archeology Switzerland 89, 2006, 270–271; Armand Baeriswyl, City, Suburb and City Expansion in the Middle Ages. Archaeological and historical studies on the growth of the three Zähringer towns of Burgdorf, Bern and Freiburg im Breisgau (Swiss contributions to the cultural history and archeology of the Middle Ages 30), Basel 2003, pp. 170–176.
  13. ^ Cronica de Berno. (PDF) In: The Berner Chronicle of Conrad Justinger; plus four supplements: 1) Cronica de Berno 2) Conflictus Laupensis 3) The anonymous city chronicle or the Königshofen Justinger 4) Anonymus Friburgensis. Published by Gottlieb Studer on behalf of and with the support of the General History Research Society of Switzerland, accessed on May 7, 2009 (Bern 1871, digital edition 2006).
  14. ^ Armand Baeriswyl, City, Suburbs and City Expansion in the Middle Ages. Archaeological and historical studies on the growth of the three Zähringer towns of Burgdorf, Bern and Freiburg im Breisgau (Swiss contributions to the cultural history and archeology of the Middle Ages 30), Basel 2003, pp. 165–169.
  15. ↑ See for example Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler : Regesta and documents of the constitutional and legal history of the German cities in the Middle Ages . Erlangen 1863, p. 199.
  16. ↑ a b c Urs Martin Zahnd: Bern (community) - 2.1 The settlement and population development. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . November 10, 2016 , accessed July 8, 2019 .
  17. ↑ The city fire of 1405. ( Memento from January 15, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) In: UNIPRESS. Issue 100.
  18. ^ Rainer C. Schwinges: Bern and the Holy Roman Empire. In: Bern's great time, the 15th century rediscovered. ed. by Ellen Beer u. a .; Berner Lehrmittel- und Medienverlag, Bern 1999, ISBN 3-906721-28-0 , pp. 261–269, especially p. 262.
  19. ↑ Christian Hesse: Expansion and expansion, the territory of Bern and its administration in the 15th century. In: Bern's great time, the 15th century rediscovered. ed. by Ellen J. Beer u. a .; Berner Lehrmittel- und Medienverlag, Bern 1999, ISBN 3-906721-28-0 , pp. 330–348, esp. P. 331.
  20. ↑ Roland Gerber: Expatriates and Udel. In: Bern's courageous times, the 13th and 14th centuries rediscovered. ed. by Rainer C. Schwinges; Berner Lehrmittel- und Medienverlag, Bern 2003, ISBN 3-292-00030-0 , pp. 509-519, esp. Pp. 509-510.
  21. ↑ Charlotte Gutscher-Schmid: Exclusive world of images, the Berner Udelbuch from 1466. with the collaboration of Barbara Studer Immenhauser u. a., ed. from the Historical Association of the Canton of Bern; Verlag Hier und Jetzt, Baden Switzerland 2018, ISBN 978-3-03919-452-0 , esp.p. 35.
  22. ↑ Christian Hesse: Expansion and expansion, the territory of Bern and its administration in the 15th century. In: Bern's great time, the 15th century rediscovered. ed. by Ellen J. Beer u. a .; Berner Lehrmittel- und Medienverlag, Bern 1999, ISBN 3-906721-28-0 , pp. 330–348, especially pp. 332–336.
  23. ↑ Received before 1528: year books in the area of ​​the city and republic of Bern
  24. ↑ See for example Beat Rudolf Tscharner: Historie der Stadt Bern, except for the year 1630. Second part, Bern 1766, p. 2.
  25. ↑ Reformation City Bern: Pastors, politicians, merchants and artists as driving forces , reformation-cities.org/cities/Bern/ accessed March 18, 2018.
  26. ↑ Urs Martin Zahnd: Bern (community) - 2.3 The urban society. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . November 10, 2016 , accessed July 8, 2019 .
  27. ^ Dario Gamboni, Georg Germann, François de Capitani, Kunstmuseum Bern, Bernisches Historisches Museum, Council of Europe .: Signs of Freedom. The image of the republic in the art of the 16th to 20th centuries . Ed .: Dario Gamboni and Georg Germann, with the assistance of François de Capitani. Verlag Stämpfli & Cie AG, Bern 1991, ISBN 3-7272-9185-0 .
  28. ^ Andreas Fankhauser: The canton of Bern under the tricolor 1798–1803. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved September 8, 2009 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bezg.ch
  29. ^ Emil Erne: Paper 175 years of the city of Bern as a community. (PDF) (No longer available online.) City Archives of the City of Bern, formerly in the original ; Retrieved September 9, 2009 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bern.ch
  30. ↑ Beat Junker: Part One : Regeneration ( Memento from July 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ). In: History of the Canton of Bern since 1798. Volume II: The emergence of the democratic people's state 1831–1880. Edited by the Historical Association of the Canton of Bern. 1990, online version: October 1997, accessed on July 27, 2016 ( PDF; 1.97 MB . In: DigiBern. Bernese culture and history on the Internet ).
  31. ^ Emil Erne, in: Anna Bähler u. a .: Bern - the history of the city in the 19th and 20th centuries . Ed .: Robert Barth u. a. Stämpfli, Bern 2003, p. 111-120 .
  32. ^ Beat Junker: The beginnings of the labor movement in the canton of Bern. In: History of the Canton of Bern since 1798, Volume III: Tradition and Awakening 1881-1995. Historical Association of the Canton of Bern, accessed on May 14, 2009 .
  33. ^ Georg district : Federal city. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . March 20, 2015 , accessed July 8, 2019 .
  34. ^ Since 1948 partial organization of the UN with seat in Geneva.
  35. ↑ Since 1960 based in Geneva.
  36. ↑ Michael Baumgartner, Josef Helfenstein: Paul Klee: Das Frühwerk 1899-1910. (No longer available online.) Zentrum Paul Klee, archived from the original on June 16, 2008 ; Retrieved September 9, 2009 .
  37. ↑ Beat Junker: Bern (municipality) - 3.1 Political system and politics. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . November 10, 2016 , accessed July 8, 2019 .
  38. ↑ Kunsthalle Bern packed by Christo. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on June 24, 2009 ; Retrieved September 9, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kunst-edition.de
  39. ↑ The Eighties Movement; Chronology of events; Bern. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on July 7, 2019 ; Retrieved September 9, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / av-produktionen.ch
  40. ^ Emil Erne, in: Anna Bähler u. a .:. Ed .: Robert Barth u. a. Stämpfli, Bern 2003, p. 156.
  41. ↑ Michael Surber, Marie-José Kolly, Joana Kelén: Bern is the leftmost big city in Switzerland. Your development is exemplary for a country that is falling apart. In: NZZ from June 3, 2019
  42. ↑ On the importance of Bern in the history of the Reformation, see the sections 16th to 18th centuries and Christianity as well as the city portrait of the project Reformation Cities of Europe: Pastors, politicians, merchants and artists as driving forces. In: reformation-cities.org/cities. accessed on November 16, 2016, and the city portrait of the European Station Path project : Reformation city of Bern. ( Memento of the original from July 29, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: r2017.org/europaeischer-stationweg. Retrieved July 25, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / r2017.org
  43. ^ The archaeological excavations in the Kram- und Gerechtigkeitsgasse in Bern. (No longer available online.) Archaeological Service of the Canton of Bern, archived from the original on May 20, 2006 ; Retrieved May 7, 2009 .
  44. ^ Letter (349) Goethe to Frau von Stein from October 9, 1779 in the Gutenberg-DE project
  45. ^ Beat Junker: Political and structural changes in the city of Bern. In: History of the Canton of Bern since 1798, Volume III: Tradition and Awakening 1881-1995. Historical Association of the Canton of Bern, accessed on May 14, 2009 .
  46. ↑ Bernhard Furrer:  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Schweizerische Kunstführer GSK, Bern 1994.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bak.admin.ch