Okanagan (people)

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The Native American tribal group known as Okanogan (in the USA ) or Okanagan (in Canada ) today comprises seven Canadian First Nations or bands in the province of British Columbia and the Sinkaietk (Lower or Southern Okanagon) in Washington state , which are considered one of the 12 historic tribes of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation are listed by the BIA as a federally recognized tribe .

Together with the Spokane (Sqeliz) , Flathead (Bitterroot Salish) , Lower and Upper Kalispel , the Coeur d'Alene and some smaller tribes, they are linguistically part of the Southern Inland Salish and thus culturally part of the cultural area of the Fraser River Plateau , Thompson River and Columbia Rivers ; they are particularly closely related to dialect variants of Nsyilxcen , Syilx'tsn or Colville-Okanagan- speaking Sinixt , Colville , Methow , Sanpoil and Nespelem .

Culturally, politically and militarily, they belonged to the four main groups of the inland Salish; These included the Okanagan, the St'at'imc (Lillooet) , Secwepemc (Shuswap) and the Nlaka'pamux (Thompson) .

Surname

Today's tribal name Okanogan / Okanagan is derived from S-Ookanhkchinx ("transport toward the head or top end"), which refers to the Okanagan and related indigenous tribes who descend from Okanagan Lake along the Okanogan River (also: Okanagan River ) migrated to its confluence with the Columbia River and thus used the Okanagan Lake and Okanagan River and other rivers as traditional transport routes for trade and for seasonal migrations.

The Okanagan call themselves in their language Nsyilxcen (n-seel-ick-CHEEN) or Syilx'tsn as Syilx (“people” or “people”). The word Syilx has several roots: Yil literally denotes the production of a rope ( i.e. a tribe unit) from several individual fibers (people), the x at the end of Syilx has a demanding character, which repeatedly reflects the unity of the people from the individual tribe members demands.

Today, the name Syilx is used politically in the fight for land claims and the legal representation of all so-called Syilx - especially by the Okanagan Nation Alliance - in addition to the Northern Okanagan and Southern Okanagan - due to cultural and linguistic aspects - also dialect variants of Nsyilxcen or Syilx ' tsn-speaking related First Nations or tribes: the Sinixt (Arrow Lakes Band) , the Colville (Scheulpi) , the Methow as well as the Sanpoil (Nesilextcl'n) and Nespelem to be included under this designation; they then speak of the Syilx Nation , the Syilx Peoples or Okanagan First Peoples .

However, one must bear in mind that these First Nations or tribes recognize their linguistic, cultural and often family relationships with the Northern and Southern Okanagan, but still regard themselves as independent, separate indigenous tribes, with separate socio-political organization and history as well as their own tribal territories, which they do not attribute to the territory of the Okanagan.

language

Your language, the Nsyilxcen (n-seel-ick-CHEEN) or Syilx'tsn, better known among linguists as Colville-Okanagan (Nesilextcl'n / Nsəlxcin (Nsyilxcn)) counts together with the Coeur D'Alene (Snchitsu'umshtsn) , Columbia-Moses (Nxaảmxcín) and Montana Salish (Salish or Séliš) to the Southern Inland Salish languages .

Dialects of the Colville-Okanagan

The following indigenous groups spoke (speak) a dialect of Nsyilxcen or Colville-Okanagan from a linguistic point of view , whereby the individual tribes / groups regard their dialect as a related but separate language; Below are the generally recognized seven individual dialects / languages ​​(each marked in bold), each with the names of the current First Nations, tribes or former indigenous groups:

I. OKANAGAN dialect group
Northern Okanagan (five dialect variants)
  • Suknaqinx or actually. Northern Okanagan dialect (north of Douglas Lake ("Spaxomin") and Nicola Lake ("Quilchena") to the Falkland Valley ( Slahaltkan - "meeting point of the winds") in the Okanagan — Shuswap District , along the north bank of Okanagan Lake to Lumby as well as in the Okanagan Valley southwards along the Okanagan Lake and Okanagan River river system to Oroville in the US state of Washington, subdivided again into two regional idioms: Douglas Lake and Nicola Lake; Okanagan Indian Band (Head of the Lake Indian Band) , Osoyoos Indian Band , West Bank First Nation (Stqaʔtkʷníwt) and Upper Nicola Band )
  • Smelqmix or Similkameen Okanagan dialect (along the Similkameen River and Tulameen River and around Princeton ; the Lower and Upper Similkameen Indian Band (Lower and Upper Smelqmix) and Penticton Indian Band )
  • Methow Okanagan dialect (along the Methow River; the Methow )
Southern Okanagan
II. COLVILLE dialect group
  • Senp? Wilx or Nesilextcl'n or Sanpoil-Nespelem dialect
    • Subdialect of the Sanpoil (Nesilextcl'n) (on both sides of the Columbia River from Grande Coulee to Rogers Bar and along the Sanpoil River upstream to Republic)
    • Subdialect of the Nespelem (on both sides of the Columbia from Grand Coulee to east of Brewster)
  • Senxwya? Tpitx or Colville (also: Kettle) dialect (north of Rogers Bar on both sides of the Columbia River and along the Colville River to its confluence with the Columbia near the Kettle Falls ( Shonitkwu - "loud water") north along the Kettle River } and the area around Christina Lake near Grand Forks at the confluence of the Granby River , Greenwood, Midway northwards to Rock Creek and along the West Kettle River and the eastern arm of the Kettle River to the Monashee Mountains ; the Colville (Skoyelpi) )
  • Sn-selxcin or (Arrow) Lakes dialect (the Sinixt (Arrow Lakes Band) )
    • S? Altikwet or Arrow Lakes subdialect (from Revelstoke southwards including the Upper and Lower Arrow Lakes, along the Granby River to Castlegar southwards to Kettle Falls )
    • Senickstx or Slocan subdialect (in the Slocan River Valley including the Selkirk Mountains to the southwestern shore of Kootenay Lake including the area of ​​today's Nelson ( called k'iya'lmup ) south to the Colville River Valley south to the area between the cities of Addy and Chewelah in Stevens County , Washington State)

Tribal area

According to the Okanagan Nation Alliance, the traditional area of ​​the Okanagan (Syilx) - Nxʷɘlxʷɘltantɘt ("That which gives us life or something to live with") comprised approx. 69,000 km² in the south of the province of British Columbia (Canada) and approx. 5,568 km² in the north of the state of Washington (USA) and extended in the northwest from Okanagan Lake south on both sides of the Okanagan River in the Okanagan Valley over the basin of the Similkameen River in the west to the confluence with the Columbia River. From the confluence of the Okanagan River, their area extended northward on both sides of the Columbia River , including Arrow Lake , to near Mica Creek north of what is now Revelstoke , BC. In the east they lived along the Kootenay River to Kootenay Lake , in the south to Wilbur in today's Washington.

However, it must be noted, as the anthropologist, Paula Pryce, in her book: Keeping the Lakes Way about the Sinixt (Arrow Lakes Band) emphasizes that their rights to their traditional tribal territory along the Columbia River, the Arrow Lakes, in the Slocan River Valley and parts of Kootenay Lake, despite a lot of historical and archaeological evidence from other tribes who also used the Columbia River as a trade route and thus crossed the Sinixt Territory. In particular, the West Bank First Nation of the Okanagan (and at the same time a member of the Okanagan Nation Alliance) and the Ktunaxa should be mentioned.

At the beginning of the 19th century some Okanagan (Syilx) moved under the leadership of the Okanagan chief Pelka'mulox (in Spokane: "Rolls-Over-The-Earth") at the invitation of his brother, the powerful chief Kwa'lila , who was responsible for the economic and militarily significant band of the Secwepemc - the Tk'emlúps (Kamloops) as well as some family-allied - Nlaka'pamux (Thompson) led westward into the so-called Nicola Country around today. Merritt along the Nicola River , a tributary of the Thompson River on the Nicola Lake ("Quilchena"), Douglas Lake ("Spaxomin") and Stump Lake (former areas of the Secwepemc), other groups moved to the banks of the Similkameen River , which now formed its border in the west and southwest.

Mutual marriages resulted in a culturally-politically and militarily powerful tribal alliance of three previously politically separate (and sometimes hostile) indigenous groups:

  • once Athabaskan-speaking Nicola Valley / Thompson River Athapascans were the original inhabitants of the Nicola and Similkameen River Valley and are therefore known as "Nicola-Similkameen" - today they are known mostly under their Scw'exmxcin / Nicola designation Stu'wix (also: Stuwi'hamuq, Stuwihamuk , Stuichamukh - "strangers") of the once hostile Nlaka'pamux who invaded their area together with the Okanagan (Syilx) and soon dominated them culturally, linguistically and politically, today their language is extinct and they no longer exist as a separate tribe - but there are families among the Scw'exmx-Nlaka'pamux of the Lower Nicola Indian Band and among the Spaxomin-Okanagan of the Upper Nicola First Nation who trace their ancestry back to the Stu'wix ;
  • the Scw'exmx ("people along the streams, i.e. the Nicola River", derived from Scw'ex - "Bach, i.e. Nicola River"), a powerful subgroup as well as a dialect group of the Nlaka'pamux , who enter the Nicola Valley was therefore also known as Nicola - today's Shackan First Nation, Lower Nicola Indian Band, and Coldwater Indian Band;
  • the Spaxomin or Spa7omin (formerly: Spahomin, the h is now mostly reproduced as 7) band of the Okanagan, lived mostly in the eastern Nicola Valley and around the eponymous Douglas Lake ("Spaxomin") in the far northwest of the Okanagan Territory - today's Upper Nicola First Nation;
  • as well as the militarily powerful Tk'emlúps (Kamloops) band of the Secwepemc on Kamloops Lake and in the area around today's city of Kamloops at the confluence of the North Thompson River and the South Thompson River to the Thompson River - today's Tk'umlups Indian Band

Pelka'mulox had always threatened by neighboring enemy Secwepemc and Nlaka'pamux and invaded Athabaskan Stu'wix offered his tribal alliance military protection, they that these welcomed them and joined him in their former territories. His powerful brother Kwa'lila had also built up a large trading network. This alliance of allied tribes was generally referred to by the whites as the Nicola people or Nicolas , it was named after the historically most important chief of this alliance - who to his father Pelka'mulox both as Okanagan chief and as chief of the allied Okanagan-Nlaka'pamux- Stu'wix following the Nicola Valley Nicola (1780/1785 - ~ 1865, also Nkwala or N'kwala, . Spokane -word Hwistesmetxe'qen - "border Grizzly"), who also after his death, the succession of his uncle Kwa'lila when the chief of the Tk'emlúps (Kamloops) band took over the Secwepemc and was thus able to successfully defend himself against hostile tribes and politically prevail against the war party, so that greater bloodshed among the tribes and the whites could be avoided.

history

The semi-nomadic groups were hunters and gatherers who ate game, salmon, but also beetles. There were also berries, roots and other parts of plants. In the valley of the Nicola, traces of human presence can be traced back around 3000 years.

First contacts with whites

The first contact was probably made with the people of the Hudson's Bay Company . The first recorded meeting took place in 1805 at Fort Kamloops. The Company's trade route led from this fort to Fort Colville, across the Okanagan area. Simon Fraser got in touch with them too, and discovered that they owned horses. These horses became a means of increasing hunting success, which in turn was a prerequisite for participating in the trade of the company forts. So pasture grounds were soon as important as hunting grounds.

Until the change in settlement policy by Great Britain , but especially under Canadian leadership, there were few occasions for confrontation, but the pressure to open the land for settlement grew. The Fraser Canyon War , in which the Nlaka'pamux (formerly Thompson or Thompson River Salish ) clashed with gold prospectors, was an exception . This gave them reservations, but never signed a contract. At the same time, the population of many tribes collapsed due to the smallpox epidemic of 1862 . After all, owning horses and cattle proved advantageous in that the tribes were granted larger reservations.

When Great Britain and the USA established the border line along the 49th parallel in 1846, several bands of the so-called Lower or Southern Okanagan with some Northern Okanagan, whose tribal areas were now officially in the USA, had to reorganize under Chief Tonasket (see Sinkaietk ) .

The gold discoveries and in their wake the massive immigration of prospectors led to conflicts and changes. Until then, the American Mortimer Cook and his partner Charles Kimball had earned their living as hauliers for the Hudson's Bay Company among the Thompson and Nicola River Indians. They built a cable ferry across the Thompson River, Cook's Ferry , which was made redundant by a bridge in 1864. A landslide at this bridge in 1905, which blocked the river completely for four hours, destroyed an Indian village.

Agriculture and the Mascot Gold Mine (1936–1949)

760 m above Hedley gold was found in the area of ​​the Similkameen in the 1930s, which was exploited for 14 years from 1936. Most jobs, however, were offered in agriculture, which prospered well into the Great Depression. In 1974 the five tribes in the Nicola Valley merged to form the Nicola Valley Indian Administration . The Nicola Valley Tribal Association emerged from it in 1995 .

Current situation

The various First Nations or bands of the Okanagon (Syilx) are represented by two Tribal Councils vis-à-vis the Canadian government; Today (as of February 2014) there are around 5,800 Okanagan (Syilx) in Canada and a few hundred descendants of Sinkaietk and some smaller groups of the Northern Okanagan in the USA, which are not counted separately there, but are generally referred to as Collvilles :

The Okanagan Nation Alliance (also Okanagon Tribal Council) includes seven First Nations or bands from the Northern Okanagan in British Columbia and the Lower / Southern Okanagan, who live in Washington State:

  • Lower Similkameen Indian Band (also: Lower Smelqmix, the nine reservations and the administrative headquarters in the municipality of Keremeos are located in the Okanagan-Similkameen Country or District , some of their reservations are located around Cawston, southeast of Keremeos, the reservations are mostly on the Similkameen River and its tributaries Ashnola River (derived from Acnulox ) or Keremeos Creek , the most populous reservations Chopaka # 7 and # 8 border the Canadian-American border , however, with 67 km², the largest reservation Range # 13 is on the left bank of Susap Creek, the next First Nations are the Upper Similkameen Indian Band and the Penticton Indian Band ; Reserves: Alexis # 9, Ashnola # 10, Blind Creek # 6, # 6A, Chopaka # 7, # 8, Keremeos # 12, # 12A, Lower Similkameen # 2, Narcisse's Farm # 4, Range # 13, approx. 150 km², population: 490, 230 of them in the reserve)
  • Upper Similkameen Indian Band (also: Upper Smelqmix, the seven reservations and the administrative headquarters in the municipality of Hedley near the small town of Keremeos are - like those of the Lower Similkameen Indian Band - in the Similkameen Country or District and are mostly located on the Similkameen River and its in these confluent tributaries Hedley Creek, Wolfe Creek, Johns Creek, Arcat Creek and Steven Creek, some reserves are near the small town of Princeton (formerly: Vermilion Forks), at the confluence of the Similkameen River and Tulameen River , the most populous and with about 22.70 km² also the largest reservation Chuchuwayha # 2 lies at the confluence of Hedley Creek in the Similkameen River, the next First Nations are the Lower Similkameen Indian Band and the Penticton Indian Band ; reservations: Chuchuwayha # 2, # 2A, Iltcoola # 7, Lulu # 5, Nine Mile Creek # 4, Nine Mile Creek # 4, Vermilion Forks # 1, Wolf Creek # 3, approx. 27 km², population: 88, of which 56 are in the reservation)
  • Okanagan Indian Band (also: Head of the Lake Indian Band, the six reservations and the administrative seat of Vernon ( Nintle Moos Chin - "jump over the place where the river narrows", refers to a place on Swan Lake in downtown Vernon) , are located in the Regional District of North Okanagan and in the Osooyos District in the northern Okanagan Valley, the approximately 103 km² main reserve Okanagan # 1 is between Okanagan Lake and Salmon River, the other five reserves with a total of about 3 km² lie along the Vernon Creek, on Swan Lake, Otter Lake, Okanagan Lake, and Ellison Lake; Reserves: Duck Lake # 7, Harris # 3, Okanagan # 1, Otter Lake # 2, Priest's Valley # 6, Swan Lake # 4, approximately 106 square kilometers , Population: 1,961, of which 841 in the reserve)
  • Osoyoos Indian Band (the two reservations and the administrative headquarters in the municipality of Oliver , approx. 20 km north of the small town of Osoyoos , are located in the Okanagan-Similkameen Country or District in the vicinity of Osoyoos in the southern Okanagan Valley, approx. 4 km north of the Canadian -american border, here the reservations are in the semi-arid Okanagan Desert or Nk'mip Desert (pronounced: in-ka-meep) around Osoyoos Lake (derived from suius - "narrowing of the waters"), the band operates the Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Center ; Reserves: Osoyoos # 1, # 3, approx. 130 km², population: 526, of which 326 in the reserve)
  • Penticton Indian Band (the three reservations as well as the administrative seat Penticton are in the eastern Okanagan-Similkameen Country or District, the 185 km² main reservation Penticton # 1 is on the south bank of the Okanagan Lake, the second Penticton # 2 is between the Okanagan Lake and the Skaha Lake (formerly: Dog Lake ), the third Penticton # 3A is west of the adjoining main reserve, approx. 1.5 miles southwest of the Summerland community ; Reserves: Penticton # 1, Penticton # 2, Penticton # 3A, approx. 187 km², population: 1,032, of which 545 in the reserve)
  • West Bank First Nation (also: Stqaʔtkʷníwt, the five reservations and the administrative headquarters in the city of Kelowna are located in the Okanagan Valley in the Regional District of Central Okanagan , the two main reservations Tsinstikeptum # 9 and # 10 are part of the District of West Kelowna (also: Westside District Municipality , nickname: West Bank ) are both on the west bank of Okanagan Lake , the first on McDougall Creek about 10 and 15 km southeast of Kelowna, the other across from Kelowna, the First Nation is the strongest thanks to the increasing tourism on Lake Okanagan prosperous band of the Okanagan (Syilx), in April 2005 they achieved self-government against the Canadian government; Reserves: Tsinstikeptum # 9, Tsinstikeptum # 10 (formerly: West Bank Indian Reserve), Medicine Creek # 12, Medicine Hill # 11, Mission Creek # 8, approx. 21 km², population: 802, 415 of them in the reserve)

The Nicola Tribal Association (NTA) (Nicola Tribal Council or Nicola Valley Tribal Council) includes seven Nlaka'pamux First Nations, which live in the Nicola Valley, Thompson Canyon and Fraser Canyon within a radius of approx. 115 km around Merritt as well as the with them historically allied Spaxomin (also: Spahomin) band of the Northern Okanagan:

  • Upper Nicola Band (ethnically and linguistically they form the Spaxomin (also Spahomin) band of the Northern Okanagan, now inhabit eight reservations around Douglas Lake ("Spaxomin") and Nicola Lake ("Quilchena"), the administrative seat is approx. 45 km east of Merritt and 90 km south of Kamloops in the Nicola Valley in the Thompson-Nicola Regional District , have two larger settlements: Douglas Lake ("Spaxomin") and Quilchena ("Nicola Lake"), were close allies of the Swxexmx or Nicola subgroup as well Dialect group of the Nlaka'pamux; Reserves: Chapperon Creek # 6, Chapperon Lake # 5, Douglas Lake # 3, Hamilton Creek # 2, Hihium Lake # 6, Nicola Lake # 1, Salmon Lake # 7, Spahomin Creek # 4, 8, approx. 16 km², population: 866) - also a member of the Okanagan Nation Alliance (also Okanagon Tribal Council)

Swxexmx (pronounced: SH-TWAH-Cum) or Nicola subgroup and dialect group of the Nlaka'pamux, who have a political-military and, through mutual marriages, also a cultural and family alliance with the Upper Nicola Band and those of them as Stu'wix (also : Stuwi'hamuq, Stuwihamuk - "foreigners") denoted the so-called Nicola Valley Athapasken or Thompson River Athapasken (also: Nicola-Similkameen ), which no longer exist as a separate tribe:

  • Lower Nicola Indian Band (the administrative headquarters and main settlement Shulus is located about 8 km west of Merritt on Highway 8, directly adjacent to the eponymous town of Lower Nicola, at the confluence of Guichon Creek and Nicola River, were close allies of the Sxe'xn'x or Shackan First Nation , Reserves: Nicola Mameet # 1, Joeyaska # 2, Pipseul # 3, Zoht # 4, 5, 14, Logans # 6, Hamilton # 7, Speous # 8, Hihium # 6, approx. 175 km², population: 1,007)
  • Coldwater Indian Band (derived from Ntsla'tko - "cold water" -, the historic main settlement, the main reserve Coldwater # 1 is about 13 southwest of the administrative headquarters in the small town of Merritt; Reserves: Coldwater # 1, Gwen Lake # 3, Paul's Basin # 2, approx. 25 km², population: 780 according to own information)
  • Nooaitch First Nation (the main settlement and reservation is near the administrative center of Merritt, the largest urban center in the Nicola Country region, the reservations are between the city of Kamloops and Nicola Country; reservations: Nooaitch # 10, Nooaitch Grass # 9, approx. 17 km², population: 218)
  • Shackan First Nation (derived from Sxe'xn'x , their own name in Scw'exmxcin , were close allies of the Lower Nicola Indian Band , the administration and main settlement of Shackan (also: Lower Nicola) is west of Merritt, east of Spences Bridge; Reserves: Papsilqua # 13, Shackan # 11, Soldatquo # 12, approx. 39 km², population: 132)

Nlaka'pamux subgroup and dialect group of the Nlaka'pamux

  • Cook's Ferry First Nation (headquartered on the Kumcheen # 1 reservation near Spences Bridge, a small town on the Trans-Canada Highway (Hwy 1) in Thompson Canyon, approximately 50 km north of Lytton and 60 km south of Cache Creek , at the confluence of the Nicola River and the Thompson River; Reserves: Antko # 21, Basque # 18, Chuchhriaschin # 5, 5A, Enquocto # 14, Entlqwekkinh # 19, Kloklowuck # 7, Kumcheen # 1, Lish-Leesh-Tum # 17 , Lower Shawniken # 4A, Nicoelton # 6, Pemynoos # 9, Peq-Paq # 22, Pokheitsk # 10, Schikaelton # 16, Shawniken # 3, 4B, Shpapzchinh # 20, Skoonkoon # 2, Spatsum # 11, 11A, Spences Bridge # 4, 4C, Tsinkahtl # 8, Twoyqhalsht # 16, Upper Tsinkahtl # 8A, approx. 41 km², population: 335)
  • Nicomen First Nation (still live in part of their traditional tribal area near the confluence of the Thompson and Nicomen Rivers, in this area the first gold discoveries were made, which then led to the Fraser Canyon gold rush , the so-called Fraser Canyon - War waged in the fall of 1858, the administrative center is near Spuzzum, approx. 50 km north of the Hope community, the main settlement is east of Lytton in the lower Thompson Canyon; Reserves: Contain # 11, Gulada # 3A, Klahkowit # 5, Kykinalko # 2, Naykikoulth # 13, Nicomen # 1, Putkwa # 14, Sackum # 3, Shoskhost # 7, Shuouchten # 15, Skaynaneichst # 12, Skeikut # 9, Skhpowtz # 4, Sleetsis # 6, Squianny # 10, Unpukpulquatum # 8, approx. 12 km², population: 132) - also a member of the Fraser Canyon Tribal Administration
  • Siska First Nation (the administration is located on the Trans-Canada Highway (Hwy 1) between Lytton and Boston Bar, the main settlement is along the Fraser River in Siska - formerly also Cisco - approx. 12 km south of Lytton; Reserves: Humhampt # 6 , 6A, Kupchynalth # 1, 2, Moosh # 4, Nahamanak # 7, Siska Flat # 3, 5A, 5B, 8, Zacht # 5, approx. 3 km², population: 310)

Remarks

  1. ↑ Aboriginal People: Plateau
  2. ↑ Okanagan First Peoples - Nsyilxcen (the Okanagan language) ( Memento of the original from April 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.okanaganfirstpeoples.ca
  3. ^ Interior Salish First Nations
  4. ↑ The Syilx People ( Memento of the original from July 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.syilx.org
  5. ↑ Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kennedy: FIRST NATIONS'ABORIGINAL INTERESTS AND TRADITIONAL USE IN THE WANETA HYDROELECTRIC EXPANSION PROJECT AREA: A SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF KNOWN AND AVAILABLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION , compiled at the request of the WANETA EXPANSION POWER CORPORATION area as reference information for first nations , August 20, 2004 (Rev. 11/2005)
  6. ↑ Tribal areas of the Okanagan (Syilx) as well as related tribes and today's reservations
  7. ↑ Okanagan Territory ( Memento of the original from January 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.okanaganfirstpeoples.ca
  8. ^ Paula Pryce: Keeping the Lakes Way, Publisher: University of Toronto Press (May 1999), ISBN 978-0802082237
  9. ↑ Sinixt Nation - Several maps of the Sinixt / Lakes tribal area - these areas are however also claimed as Okanagan territory by the Okanagan Nation Alliance
  10. ↑ The Stuwihamuk ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fofweb.com
  11. ↑ See Spence's Bridge ( Memento of the original from October 6, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.quesnelmuseum.ca
  12. ↑ Source for information on the population of the Okanagan and Nlaka'pamux First Nations ( memento of the original from February 25, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada - Registered Population as of February, 2014 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pse5-esd5.ainc-inac.gc.ca
  13. ↑ Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Center
  14. ↑ First Nations Seeker - Stu'wix ( Memento of the original from October 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.firstnationsseeker.ca
  15. ^ The Nicola-Similkameen

literature

  • Carstens, Peter. The Queen's People: A Study of Hegemony, Coercion, and Accommodation Among the Okanagan of Canada . Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. ISBN 0-8020-5893-0
  • Robinson, Harry, and Wendy C. Wickwire. Nature Power: In the Spirit of an Okanagan Storyteller . Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1992. ISBN 1-55054-060-2

See also

Commons : Okanagan people  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Web links