Vladimir Yulievich Wiese

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The young Vladimir Wiese (1904)

Wladimir Juljewitsch Wiese ( Russian Владимир Юльевич Визе , scientific transliteration Vladimir Jul'evič Vice ; * February 21 July / March 5,  1886 greg. In Tsarskoje Selo ; † February 19, 1954 in Leningrad ) was a Russian or Soviet oceanographer , Geographer , meteorologist and polar researcher of German descent. He is considered to be the founder of the scientific ice forecast for arctic shipping.

Life

Vladimir Wiese on St. Foka (3rd from the right)
Meadow on a Russian postage stamp (2000)
Vladimir Wieses grave

Wladimir Wiese was the son of a minor official. After attending high school he went to study chemistry at the University of Göttingen . He soon realized that the subject was badly chosen and that he was instead interested in natural history and geographic discovery. Fridtjof Nansen's North Pole expedition with the Fram was decisive for the rest of his life . In 1910 he returned to Russia with the resolve to become a polar explorer.

In the following years he joined two expeditions to the Kola Peninsula , which investigated geological and ethnographic questions. This was followed by his first scientific work on the music of the Sami . From 1912 to 1914 he took part in Georgi Sedov's Arctic expedition on the ship St. Foka . During an unplanned winter in the Fokabucht he crossed with the geologist Mikhail Alexejewitsch Pavlov (1884–1938) the north island of Novaya Zemlyas at 76 ° north latitude, as far north as no one before him. He found that the interior of the island was covered by an ice cap . The poorly equipped and poorly prepared expedition was unable to achieve its goal of advancing from Franz Josef Land to the North Pole in dog sleds . Sedov died near Rudolf Island . But the scientific results of the expedition were remarkable. For the first time, glacier movements were systematically investigated in Franz Josef Land. Wiese created a tight grid of meteorological, geomagnetic and oceanographic observations, which he recorded every two hours. After Sedov's death, Wiese effectively took over the management, intensified the scientific work and led the expedition back home, although the ship's doctor Kuschakow had been appointed as his successor by Sedov.

After the First World War and the October Revolution , Wiese worked as a meteorologist and oceanographer at the Central Physical Observatory in Petrograd . In 1921 he took part as chief oceanographer on an expedition with the icebreaker Taimyr into the Kara Sea . He mapped the Baidarata Bay west of the Yamal Peninsula and the east coast of the north island of Novaya Zemlyas from Mys Schelanija to Saliw Blagopoluchija. In 1924 he was on board the icebreaker Malygin , which guided freighters to and from the mouths of the Ob and Yenisei rivers .

In 1928 Wiese led the Soviet search expedition on the Malygin for the Italian airship Italia , which crashed on the way back from the North Pole. The ship advanced east of Svalbard to the breadth of König-Karl-Land and would undoubtedly have saved the survivors of the disaster had it not been for the Krassin , another Soviet icebreaker.

In 1929 Wiese was Otto Juljewitsch Schmidt's deputy on an expedition with the icebreaker Georgi Sedow to Franz Josef Land. The main goal was the establishment of a polar station in the Silent Bay of Hooker Island . In 1930 he was on board the icebreaker again when the winter crew in the Silent Bay was replaced. Then Schmidt managed to drive from Franz-Josef-Land directly to Severnaya Zemlya to depose a research team led by Georgi Alexejewitsch Ushakow . On the way through the northern Kara Sea, the expedition discovered a still unknown island. It was named Wiese-Insel , as Vladimir Wiese had already postulated the existence of other islands in this area from observed ocean currents in 1924.

In 1931, Wladimir Wiese led the Malygin's expedition to Franz-Josef-Land, where the rendezvous organized by the Aeroarctic with the German airship LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin took place in the Silent Bay . The Italian airship Umberto Nobile was a guest on the Malygin . The polar explorers Lincoln Ellsworth and Rudolf Lasarewitsch Samoilowitsch were also on board the airship led by Hugo Eckener . Then the Malygin set course for the Kara Sea and returned through Matochkin Schar , the strait between the main islands of Novaya Zemlyas, back to the Barents Sea .

In 1932 and 1934, Wiese was the scientific director of the expeditions to explore the northern sea route . In 1932 he took part in the expedition, which with the icebreaker Alexander Sibirjakow was the first to cross the Northeast Passage in a single navigation period and was the first ship to pass the Severnaya Zemlya island group north.

Vladimir Wiese now became the deputy director of the Arctic Research Institute headed by Rudolf Lasarewitsch Samoilowitsch and, in 1933, a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR . In the same year he discovered the islands in the eastern Kara Sea with the Sibirjakow . In 1934, as deputy scientific expedition leader on the icebreaker Litke, he crossed the northeast passage from east to west for the first time. In 1936 he was deputy scientific director on the Sadko , which was on its way to the De Long Islands , to install a weather station there. The icebreaker stayed in the Kara Sea because it had to come to the aid of ships in need. In 1937 the Sadko was the first Soviet ship to reach the Henrietta Island , where the weather station was built, and then the islands of Jeannette , Schochow and Bennett, with Wiese as its scientific director . Wiese was originally nominated for Iwan Papanin's drift expedition North Pole-1 , but - now at the age of 50 - did not meet the health requirements.

After 1937, Wladimir Wieses did not take part in any polar expeditions. He devoted himself entirely to the work he had already begun in the 1920s on a scientifically based ice forecast for shipping on the northern sea route. During the Second World War , the Arctic Institute was moved to Krasnoyarsk. Wiese returned to Leningrad in 1944 and held the chair of oceanography at the State University .

Wiese died in Leningrad in 1954 and was buried in the Volkovo Cemetery.

Honors

Wiese was decorated for his scientific work with high state awards such as the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor . In 1946 he received the second-class Stalin Prize for his "research into the Arctic ice regime, which was completed with the scientific work The Basics of Long- Term Ice Forecasts for the Arctic Seas " . In 1950 he was awarded the Great Gold Medal of the Geographical Society of the USSR .

In addition to the arctic meadow island, the group of meadow islands in Antarctica is named after him. As early as 1913 Sedov gave Wieses the name to a cape and a glacier on the west coast of Novaya Zemlya's north island. Two bays on this island were named after him in the 1920s. He is also the namesake of a cape on the Bolshevik island in the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago and a cape on Brady Island and a glacier on Greeley Island Franz Josef Land. In the Antarctic, another cape ( Mys Vize ) near the Russian Mirny Station and a mountain ( Gora Vize ) in the Porthos Range of the Prince Charles Mountains bear his name.

Works (selection)

  • Лопарская музыка ( Eng . The music of the seeds ). In: Изв. Архангельского общества изучения Русского севера. Volume 6, 1911, pp. 481-486.
  • О потеплении климата полярного бассейна (Eng. About the global warming of the polar basin ). In: Проблемы Арктики. Volume 4, 1941. pp. 32-38.
  • Основы долгосрочных ледовых прогнозов для арктических морей (German: The Basics of Long- Term Ice Forecasts for the Arctic Seas ). Труды ААНИИ. Volume 190, 1944, 273 pp.
  • Моря Советской Арктики (Eng. The seas of the Soviet Arctic ). Издательство Главсевморпути, 1948, 414 pp.

literature

Web links

Commons : Wladimir Juljewitsch Wiese  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ В. Ю. Визе: Лопарская музыка. 1911.
  2. ^ William James Mills: Exploring Polar Frontiers - A Historical Encyclopedia . tape 2 . ABC-CLIO, 2003, ISBN 1-57607-422-6 , pp. 592 (English, limited preview in Google Book search).
  3. ↑ Kurt Lütgen : New land in the far north . Loewe, Bayreuth 1977. ISBN 3-7855-1745-9 . P. 220 f.
  4. ↑ a b c d William Barr: Vice, Vladimir . In: Mark Nuttall (Ed.): Encyclopedia of the Arctic . tape 3 . Routledge, New York and London 2003, ISBN 1-57958-436-5 , pp. 2139 (English, limited preview in Google Book search).
  5. ^ William James Mills: Exploring Polar Frontiers - A Historical Encyclopedia . tape 1 . ABC-CLIO, 2003, ISBN 1-57607-422-6 , pp. 339 (English, limited preview in Google Book search).
  6. ^ William James Mills: Exploring Polar Frontiers - A Historical Encyclopedia . tape 2 . ABC-CLIO, 2003, ISBN 1-57607-422-6 , pp. 602 f . (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
personal data
SURNAME Wiese, Vladimir Juljewitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Визе, Владимир Юльевич (Russian); Vice, Vladimir Jul'evič
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian-Soviet oceanographer, geographer, meteorologist and polar explorer
DATE OF BIRTH March 5, 1886
PLACE OF BIRTH Tsarskoye Selo
DATE OF DEATH 19th February 1954
Place of death Leningrad