Commuter community

A commuter community , technically precise out- commuting community or commuting community , is understood to mean a community in which a significant proportion of the population is not employed in the community of residence due to fewer or unsuitable jobs. They go to work in other communities ( commuting ). The typical commuting destinations with many jobs in relation to the residents are called commuter communities .

Basics

Commuter communities are either mostly rural communities with a small proportion of other economic sectors (commercial, industrial, service) or those with a preponderance of pure residences as the suburbs (peri-urban municipalities) in the affluent suburbs are to be found the towns (residential communities). The difference is that in many rural communities, most of the ancestral residents commute for economic needs and in the latter the residents often consciously moved there, for example because of the cheaper building land or the better residential area outside the urban conurbation. Therefore, some are a phenomenon of economic weakness in an area, while others are partly due to a less affluent segment of the population or an above-average wealthy community. The latter communities benefit economically from the fact that residents move to the big city .

The disadvantage for commuter communities is a gross imbalance in the infrastructure . Either there is an increasing lack of local offerings, such as local suppliers , because, for example, a large proportion of the residents have already shopped on the way home (pure sleeping communities), or retail centers are concentrated in the residential areas (residential and shopping communities ), which means that the community is mainly characterized by traffic . However, traditional parish life is being lost in both forms. The commuter communities benefit from the flourishing economic situation. A disadvantage for the cities is that they have to maintain extensive other infrastructure (function of the central location ), but lose inhabitants ( city ​​flight ), with unpleasant side effects such as the depopulation of the city center .

Over the past few decades, the trend towards the suburbs and commuter communities has increased due to the increased mobility of workers. Suburbs in the narrower sense are more closely fused with the city than suburban commuter communities, which can also be found in the wider area of ​​the cities: In fact, the condition of a commuter community close to the city is one of the fundamental steps towards a development towards typical suburbs that will later be found in the cities rise ( suburbs ). The successive radial expansion of the city and its fat belt is a well-known phenomenon of urbanism since the Middle Ages, the migration from the city centers - with possible commuting back into them - but a phenomenon of the last decades.

In rural areas , the commuter communities are the indicators of the incipient rural exodus : it is becoming increasingly attractive for commuters to move to work. Hence, the urban suburbs attract residents from both inside and outside. The emigration of skilled workers forms a vicious circle with the decreasing creation of new jobs on site. This means that the emigrant community begins to depopulate or becomes a purely second home community if the residents keep their homes (a factor in the cold bed syndrome). The commuting and subsequent migration to closer local centers and then from these - more conveniently located - to the next higher centers and cities can gradually thin out entire regions economically and in terms of population.

Statistical

The commuter community forms the statistical basis of the term commuter, which is defined by the community of residence ( commuters, community outbound or inbound commuters ).

The ratio of commuters to those in employment in a municipality is referred to as the commuter rate ( inward or outward commuter rate ), and that of the employed person at the place of work to the employed person at home as the commuter balance . The latter is a measure of the ratio of those who work on site to those who commute, adjusted for the ratio of those who commute to and from those who commute. If it is greater than 100, there are more jobs than resident employees (in-commuting community), in the out-commuting community it is below 100. The commuter quotas correspond to the relative commuter balances in relation to jobs. A high out-commuter quota (> about 60%) and a low in-commuter quota indicate an out-commuting community, but if both are high, one can rather conclude that the labor market in the area is generally mobile. In addition, commuter balances between individual municipalities can be determined, which allows statements to be made about the more precise commuter flows.

The measure of the extent of commuting is the average commuting distance distributed among the commuters in the municipality. It provides information on whether you are only commuting in the immediate vicinity or in distant places.

In Austria, for example, the distance category is still used (for the individual commuter as on average for the municipalities), gradually ascending from non-commuters (in the narrowest sense: place of residence and work are in the same building) via intra-municipality commuters and commuters within and between municipalities of an administrative division ( here district, country) to commuters abroad (cross- border commuters ).

In Switzerland, for example, the commuter community is one of the basic economic-demographic community types. There it is seen with a commuter share of around 70% (depending on the resident population, type 15 or 16 of the municipality typology depending on the immigration), outside the agglomerations. Within this one speaks of sub- or periurban municipality, types 10-14.

In general, the term refers to commuters (professional commuters, work commuters) in the actual sense, but it can also be transferred to educational commuters and then refers to learners, students and trainees or school / university and apprenticeship positions. Since these are now often included in the labor market in economic statistics , combined statistics are also found.

National

Germany

Examples of commuter communities are Neu-Isenburg , which is near Frankfurt am Main and Offenbach am Main , or Rheinstetten , which is near Karlsruhe and Ettlingen .

Austria

Municipalities with negative commuter balance (2012)

		%
Burgenland	155	91
Carinthia	116	88
Lower Austria	495	86
Upper Austria	387	87
Salzburg	96	81
Styria	461	85
Tyrol	238	85
Vorarlberg	79	82
Vienna	0	0
Austria	2028	86

In Austria, more than half of the working population (2011: 53.8%) are commuters, the proportion is tending to rise slightly.

Overall, the vast majority of all Austrian communities are out-commuter communities. Commuting is concentrated in ten large centers ( Vienna , the provincial capitals Klagenfurt am Wörthersee , Sankt Pölten , Linz , Salzburg , Graz and Innsbruck as well as Wels , Wiener Neustadt and Schwechat ), in which a third of all out-commuters work (2011: 695,913, 32.9% of commuters, 17.7% of employees). Together with 16 other cities and municipalities with more than 8,000 inbound commuters, they account for 41.5% of outbound commuters (22.3% of all employees). Vienna naturally occupies a special position in this, as it is by far the largest in-commuter community in absolute terms. Only Vienna (2011: 123.5) and the State of Salzburg (2011: 103.7) have a positive commuter balance (> 100) as federal states. The situation in Burgenland is special, however : the country itself is the most popular country for commuting (2011 balance: 72.1 % ), but Eisenstadt is proportionally the largest community for commuters in Austria, three quarters of all employees live outside (2011 rate: 74.3%, 2012 balance : 238.7), and there are even more employees than residents overall (approx. 14,000 employees per 13,000 residents).

Switzerland

In Switzerland, the out-commuter quota has risen sharply for many years, from 41% in 1980 to 50% in 1990 and 58% in 2000.

The metropolitan regions of commuting are primarily the core agglomerations of Zurich , Basel , Geneva - Lausanne and Milan . The typical “working cantons” are Basel-Stadt (relative commuter balance 2012: + 51%), Zug (2012: + 35%), Zurich and Geneva (2012: + 12% each). Bern , Neuchâtel , Graubünden and Ticino are also positive . The strong out-commuter cantons can be found in the Central Plateau, as a typical residential canton of Basel-Landschaft (2012: −21%). The Jura, foothills of the Alps and the Alps, on the other hand, tend to suffer from emigration, so the commuter balances are moderate. Only 12% of the commuter flows take place from rural areas to urban areas, 14% within rural areas, but well over half (55%) within the same urban area (2012 figures).

See also

• Suburbanization
• Satellite town

Web links

• Statistics Austria: Statistics → Population → Commuters - with additional materials; Commuters in 2010 by community of origin and destination . Interactive map - with numerous evaluation options
• Statistics Switzerland: Commuter mobility - with additional materials

Individual evidence

1. ↑ cf. about this, for example, emigration communities in the Waldviertel . Paper on a study by the Lower Austrian Housing Research, 2008, especially Chapter 2.4 Commuter situation in the Waldviertel , p. 9 ff (pdf, fgw.at, accessed January 26, 2015).
2. ↑ ^{a b c d} Definition of the municipality with the exception of the term intra-municipal commuter (intra-municipal commuter) , which only plays a role in the special municipal analysis of traffic flows, for example, but can be used in cities between city districts as well as in rural areas between individual locations .
   Out-commuters + domestic commuters + non-commuters = employed people at place of residence; Commuters + internal commuters + non-commuters = employees at the place of work.
3. ↑ ^{a b} Martin Schuler, Dominique Joye: Typology of the municipalities of Switzerland: 1980 - 2000 ( Memento of the original from March 17, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The  archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; on behalf of the Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel, 7.1.2. Commuter communities , p. 11 ff. (Pdf, bfs.admin.ch);
   Definition of commuters “Commuters who work in another municipality” there footnote 2), p. 3
4. ↑ Definition according to the index of the commuter balance in: Statistics Austria: Terms and definitions for register counting 2011. S. 5 Col. 2 (pdf, statistik.at, accessed January 26, 2015).
5. ↑ Definition according to distance category in: Statistics Austria: Terms and definitions for register counting 2011. P. 3/4 (pdf see above).
6. ↑ ^{a b} cf. Statistics Austria: Index of the commuter balance on October 31, 2012 by municipalities , thematic map (pdf, statistik.at).
7. ↑ ^{a b c} Statistics Austria: Statistics → Population → Commuters (updated content, accessed January 26, 2015 based on the 2011 register census).
8. ↑ ^{a b c} Statistics Austria: More than 500,000 people in employment leave their state of residence to work , press release 10.124-270 / 11, Vienna December 6, 2011.
9. ↑ For Styria in particular, see 2011 - Employed and commuters  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   , Series Styrian Statistics, issue 5/2014 (pdf, statistik.steiermark.at).
10. ↑ For information on Tyrol, see professionals and commuters , tirol.gv.at
11. ^ Statistics Austria: Register-based statistics . Coordinated employment statistics and workplace census 2012 , Schnellbericht 10.17, 2014, p. 2, especially a table excerpt from the publication “Coordinated employment statistics and workplace census 2012” (pdf, statistik.at); with further links on the topic.
12. ↑ On Burgenland in detail: Daniela Müller (Betr.): Accessibility & Commuter situation. Survey report, contribution to the Eisenstadt municipal development and land use planning project , Vienna University of Technology, WS 2008/2009 ( pdf , tuwien.ac.at, accessed January 26, 2015).
13. ↑ ^{a b} Martin Schuler, Dominique Joye: Typology of the municipalities of Switzerland , p. 7 (pdf, see above).
14. ↑ Schuler, Joye: Typology of the municipalities of Switzerland , 2.3. The hierarchical regional levels , p. 4 f (pdf, see above).
15. ↑ ^{a b c} Federal Department of Home Affairs FDHA , Federal Statistical Office FSO: Commuter mobility in Switzerland 2012. ( Memento of the original dated November 15, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The  archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Topic 11 Mobility and Transport , BFS Aktuell series , Neuchâtel, May 2014, Chapter 6 cantons where you live and work , p. 6 column 1 (pdf, bfs.admin.ch).
16. ↑ ^{a b} Swiss Statistics: 11 Mobility and Transport → Commuter Mobility ( Memento of the original from March 10, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (updated content, accessed January 26, 2015 as of 2012). 
17. ↑ cf. this The urban-rural ditch deepens  ( not page more accessible , searching web archives )  Info: The link is automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   . Ansgar Gmür in: Die Volkswirtschaft 1/2 2015 (online article).
18. ↑ See Interactive Working - Introduction & Reading Examples  ( page can no longer be called up , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .  Tutorial, Manuela Lenk, Statistics Austria, January 31, 2014 (pdf, edumoodle.at).