Brick-red sulfur head

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Brick-red sulfur head
2009-11-14 Hypholoma sublateritium (Schaeff.) Quél 65279 crop.jpg

Brick-red sulfur head ( Hypholoma lateritium )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Trussling relatives (Strophariaceae)
Genre : Sulfur heads ( Hypholoma )
Type : Brick-red sulfur head
Scientific name
Hypholoma lateritium
( Schaeff  .: Fr. ) P. Kumm.

The brick-red sulfurous head ( Hypholoma lateritium syn. H. sublateritium , Naematoloma sublateritium ) is a type of fungus from the family of the Trümmling relatives . It is rarer and less known than its two relatives, the edible gray-leaved brimstone and the poisonous green-leaved brimstone . It differs from these, among other things, by the mostly larger fruiting bodies .

features

Macroscopic features

The brick-red sulfur head has a 3.5-10 cm wide, quite fleshy hat . This is first hemispherical, then flattened to convex in shape and has a blunt hump. It has a fuchsia to brick-red color. Towards the edge it is increasingly tinged with sulfur yellow to light yellow. The center is often spotted with reddish brown. Its surface is smooth and matte. The brim of the hat is curled up when young and is connected to the stem with a well-developed, yellowish-white, woolly-fibrous veil ( Cortina ). The remains of it will later be around the edge of the hat. Characteristic are more or less concentrically arranged, sulfur-yellow, flaky velum remains near the edge of the hat. However, they may be washed off by the rain. The lamellae are tinted yellowish to yellowish brown and later turn gray to olive brown. They are bulging on the stem. The edges are finely flocked whitish. The spore powder is colored olive-purple-brown. The sturdy stem is 5–12 cm long and 4–13 mm thick. It is rigid and elastic, cylindrical in shape, but often curved. At the top it is white to light yellow, towards the base it is increasingly colored ocher to red-brown. The surface is longitudinally grained. Sometimes a cortinal ring zone is visible. The interior becomes increasingly hollow with age. The meat is cream-colored to light yellow, with a brownish color in the handle. It smells pleasantly mushroom-like and usually tastes a bit bitter.

Microscopic features

The elliptical spores measure 5.5–7.5 × 3.5–4.5 µm. They are bright yellow in color and have a thick wall. They have a smooth surface and a germ pore. There are four spores on each basidia . These are cylindrical to club-shaped and 16–21 × 6–7 µm in size. They have a buckle at the base . The Cheilo cystiden are bottle-shaped to bulbous in shape and have a rounded tip. They are 20–36 × 7–12 µm in size. Pleurocystids are formed as chrysocystids. They are spindle-shaped and bulbous in shape and have a drawn tip. They measure 26–40 × 8–12 µm. The top layer of the hat consists of parallel hyphae with a diameter of 2.5–9 µm. The hyphae are hyaline , encrusted and have buckles on the transverse walls . Fungal threads underneath are 10–15 µm thick, loosely encrusted and pigmented in brown.

Species delimitation

The green-leaved sulfur head (left) differs from the brick-red sulfur head (right) in that it has more bright colors at the tip of the handle, more greenish lamellae and yellow flesh.

The brick-red sulfur head can be confused with the poisonous green-leaved sulfur head . This, however, has greenish lamellas and a less strong red colored hat with weaker remains of velum. The stem and the flesh are colored sulfur yellow. The edible smoke-leaved sulfur head is similar . He has pale hat colors, gray lamellas, and mild meat. The fungus mostly occurs on coniferous wood. It can also be confused with the saffron-red schüppling ( Pholiota astragalina ). It has ocher-yellow to reddish-brown lamellae and its stalk flesh turns black when injured. It also occurs on softwood.

Ecology and phenology

Brick-red sulfurous head is found mainly in beech , fir-beech and fir forests, mainly in woodruff , followed by hornbeam and barley-beech forests . He is also in Oak hornbeam , lowland forests to be found and spruce forests. The fungus is also found on the edges of forests and roads, as well as parks and gardens.

It lives as a weak parasite and saprobiont on or next to stumps and lying trunks of deciduous and more rarely coniferous wood. The substrate is in the initial to optimal phase of decomposition. The colonized substrates are mainly red beech and oak , in the case of conifers primarily spruce . The fruiting bodies can be found all year round, especially from September to November. They usually grow in tufts.

distribution

The brick-red sulfur head is found in North (USA, Canada), Central (Mexico) and South America (Venezuela, introduced in Trinidad ) as well as in Europe (including the Canary Islands ), North Africa and Asia ( Asia Minor , Caucasus , North India, Korea, Japan) spread. In Europe, the area extends from Great Britain, the Netherlands and France in the west to Belarus and Russia in the east, south to Spain, Mallorca , Sardinia, Italy, Serbia and Romania and north to Shetland , Fennoscandinavia and Estonia. In Germany the species is widespread and common everywhere.

meaning

The brick-red sulfurous head is considered inedible due to its mostly bitter taste. Sometimes it is reported as a suspected poison for gastrointestinal poisoning. In the USA (Brick Cap) and Japan (Kuritake), however, it is a popular edible mushroom and is sometimes also cultivated there.

The fruit bodies contain fasciculols ( triterpenes ), which are toxic in animal experiments . It also contains hemolysins , which break down the red blood cells . In addition, agglutinins were detected. The fungus irritates the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines and can cause gastrointestinal syndrome with vomiting and diarrhea . It also contains clavaric acid (a triterpene ), which is carcinogenic .

The brick red sulfur head can be used for coloring. It contains u. a. the dyes hispidine (yellow-brown) and noryangonine (orange). The colors that can be generated are yellow to yellow-green. However, they are quite weak.

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ewald Gerhardt: FSVO manual mushrooms . 4th edition. BLV, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8354-0053-3 , p. 245 .
  2. ↑ Hans E. Laux: The great cosmos mushroom guide. All edible mushrooms with their poisonous doppelgangers . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-440-12408-6 , pp. 318 .
  3. ↑ Ewald Gerhardt: BLV determination book mushrooms . Weltbild, Augsburg 2003, ISBN 3-8289-1673-2 , p. 124 .
  4. ↑ Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 252 (English: The mushrooms and tools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
  5. ^ A b c Jürgen Guthmann, Christoph Hahn, Rainer Reichel: Pocket dictionary of mushrooms in Germany. A competent companion for the most important species . 1st edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01449-4 , p. 314 .
  6. ^ Jürgen Guthmann, Christoph Hahn, Rainer Reichel: Pocket dictionary of mushrooms in Germany. A competent companion for the most important species . 1st edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01449-4 , p. 314 f .
  7. ^ A b Jürgen Guthmann, Christoph Hahn, Rainer Reichel: Pocket dictionary of mushrooms in Germany. A competent companion for the most important species . 1st edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01449-4 , p. 315 .

Web links

Commons : Brick Red Sulfur Head ( Hypholoma lateritium )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files