Breeding suitability test
Breeding suitability tests (ZTP) and similar measures ( breeding selection test , breeding approval test, etc.) are tests prescribed by breed associations in their statutes, which are intended to ensure that the breeding goals set for the respective dog breed are achieved. It is a common term for various breeding choices in dog breeding . A breeding suitability test can be an essential element for the breeding value assessment of a dog if the individual phenotype is examined in detail. In addition to assessing the appearance and behavior of dogs eligible for breeding, health features are also important. For individual hereditary factors, the result of a DNA analysis to determine the genotype can facilitate the assessment of the breeding value.
Due to the federal structure of the association, the breed- specific design of the breeding approval test is incumbent on the individual pedigree dog breeding associations in the member associations of the VDH . By conducting breeding suitability tests, the breeding associations fulfill their obligation to comply with the general breeding regulations of their umbrella association . Since the requirements are breed-specific, there is no uniform regulation, but the breed associations themselves determine the specifications in the breeding regulations that apply to their breed. A dog owner who might want to use his dog as a breeding animal should contact the breed club where his dog is listed in the stud book and follow the guidelines of this club or the club of which he is a member.
Components and purpose of the ZTP
The breed breeders' associations regularly carry out breeding approval tests or breeding suitability tests , in which it is checked which of the dogs presented meet all the requirements to be used for breed breeding ( licensing ). For breeding approval by the association, three or four basic requirements must be met , depending on the breed :
- Proof of health : The veterinary examinations prescribed by the association deal with acquired and hereditary health characteristics . Through this part of Zuchttauglichkeitsprüfung the will § 17 and § 11b of the Animal Welfare Act and the provisions of the umbrella organization taken into account.
- Form value rating : Form value judges at dog shows or breed shows assess to what extent the dog complies with the breed standard and whether it can be considered an ideal representative of its breed.
- The behavioral assessment is carried out using a behavior test or as part of a performance test.
- In the case of working dogs , successfully completed working dog tests are a prerequisite for breeding approval.
In some clubs the ZTP is of Zuchtwart and breeding judges performed alone. You do not have the options of a veterinarian to collect and diagnose . As a rule, the breed judges and breed warden therefore work together with the veterinarians .
Some clubs use the terms breeding suitability test, breeding selection test and breeding approval test synonymously . Only after passing the ZTP may males and females be mated. The ZTP ensures a preventive, prezygotic selection . "Where there is ... clearly a breed-specific predisposition , such as HD and PRA or the patellar luxation of many miniature dogs, only a rigorous selection can lead out of the impasse" (quote: Hans Räber ).
The breeding suitability test serves to achieve the general and breed-specific breeding goals:
Offspring typical of the breed
For pedigree dogs there are specifications of the individual breeding associations as to which form values breeding animals must have. In males, a higher grade is often required, while in bitches the health requirements for pregnancy and puppy rearing are in the foreground. For bitches, the form value must be at least "good" or "very good", depending on the breeders' association, while the stud dog should usually be at least "very good" but ideally "excellent". These form evaluations do not automatically mean that the dog is also medically fit for breeding, but they are required in any case for breeding approval. Since it is not generally possible to breed exclusively with homozygous genetically healthy dogs and at the same time to obtain a sufficiently broad breeding base, a step-by-step selection against genetic defects within the framework of breeding programs with special breeding measures is proposed in the phase model of the new breeding regulations of the VDH. Helga Eichelberg emphasizes that the priorities should be the general well-being of the dog.
Healthy offspring
The modern dog breeding aims that all dogs are both functional health and a race typical physical appearance and race typical nature plants possess and that they have a long healthy happy life. The veterinarians have a special responsibility in promoting the selection of healthy dogs for breeding. Some of the known hereditary diseases occur more frequently in certain breeds or only in these and closely related breeds. The specifications of the breeders' associations, which examinations have to be carried out for the respective breed, are therefore different. There are also breeders who voluntarily have non-mandatory examinations carried out. If there are health deficiencies that exclude breeding, a breeding ban can be issued. “It would be an exaggerated claim on veterinarians to know every breed standard. But there is a sentence in every breed standard: Any dog that shows physical or behavioral abnormalities is excluded from breeding ”(Astrid Indrebø: Animal welfare in dog breeding, Acta Veterinaria Scandinavia, 2008). There are clubs in which the breeding judges are trained in genetics in order to be able to carry out appropriate breeding system tests.
Investigations for hereditary defects
A large number of examination methods are used to determine whether dogs have healthy hereditary characteristics. Dogs that zuchtausschließende mistakes have such kind of weak, congenital deafness or blindness , harelip , Splitmouth significant tooth error and jaw anomalies , progressive retinal atrophy , epilepsy , cryptorchidism , Monorchidism , albinism or wrong colors will not be allowed at the VDH for breeding.
Breeding judges recognize all visible hereditary defects in the dog's appearance, including entropion , ectropion , hereditary eye discharge , missing teeth , misaligned teeth and jaw anomalies as well as other visible deformities such as B. Brachycephaly . The dog's gait shows its ability to coordinate movements harmoniously and allows conclusions to be drawn about the condition of the muscles , the bone system and the joints . The veterinarian can rule out a patellar dislocation by manual examinations of the kneecaps or determine the degree of mobility of the kneecap. In some breeds in which patella dislocation occurs, dogs approved for breeding with grade 1 or 2 may be mated by a PL-free (grade 0) partner. In other breeds, breeding with dogs with patella luxation is generally prohibited.
Some breeds require testing to determine whether the dog has elbow dysplasia or hip dysplasia . In the case of HD , imaging tests ( x-rays ) are required to determine the severity . Hereditary wedge vertebrae occur in some breeds . For dog breeds in which one-sided or two-sided deafness occurs (e.g. Dalmatians ), an audiometric examination by a trained veterinarian is mandatory.
Hereditary defects found during the puppy examination are entered in the litter registration form. In such cases there is a note in the pedigree that the dog cannot be used for breeding. Thus the puppy test is the first part of the breeding suitability test.
Hereditary defects that are inherited dominantly can be determined by the expert on the phenotype . He can only determine hereditary defects that are inherited recessively in individuals who have homozygous genetic makeup and are therefore carriers of traits.
Genetic examination
With the help of the pedigree and the known characteristics of the registered dogs, the breeder or the breed warden can carry out a pedigree analysis to see whether recessive undesirable hereditary factors could be present that do not appear in the dog's phenotype (carrier). This also includes the wrong colors . Possibly existing undesirable recessive predispositions in the genotype can be reliably determined or excluded by DNA analysis . The results of DNA tests provide information about the presence of recessive alleles for an inherited disease and whether the dog is a carrier or whether he will develop the disease himself because of homozygosity. So that material for DNA analysis can be sent to a molecular genetic testing laboratory, the dog is taken from a vein by the veterinarian. If the breeding judge or breeding warden carry out this part of the ZTP themselves, a swab with mucous membrane cells from the catch is sent in. Depending on the breed, certain molecular genetic tests may be prescribed as a prerequisite for the licensing.
Further requirements for a mating
The breeding clubs and associations regularly set further requirements for the parent animals in their statutes, which often concern questions of medical fitness .
Age limits
The bitch should be in a suitable condition for the rearing of puppies . It can only be taken in the second heat at the earliest . The minimum age set by the club for stud dogs must not be less than one year. There is an age limit of 8 years from which it is no longer allowed to breed with a bitch. Bitches in which two litters were delivered with a caesarean section are no longer considered fit for breeding.
There should be no physical impairments that would prevent a natural mating . Artificial insemination is therefore only permitted if both dogs have naturally conceived offspring. But also a testicular defect , which would not affect the male when covering, is one of the breeding-excluding defects.
The veterinarian can use a vaginal swab or foreskin swab in an examination laboratory to determine or exclude infections . B. Canine Herpes Virus 1 .
pregnancy
The pregnancy of the bitch is a phase of high physical strain both in terms of metabolic performance and due to the greatly increased body weight in the last weeks of gestation with the increased stress on joints, muscles and connective tissue. A general examination is usually carried out during veterinary examinations. The breeding judges at the ZTP also pay attention to the good general condition of the dogs. According to the VDH breeding regulations, the minimum weight of small dogs that are used for breeding must be 2 kilos.
Suckle
The bitch should have a sufficient number of fully developed teats . The expected litter size is different for the dog breeds. The suckling makes high demands on the metabolic activities bitch. The general condition of the bitch at the ZTP must indicate that she will probably be able to cope with this burden.
Parent size
The passing of the breeding suitability test is only valid for a bitch in relation to a mating with a male of the right breed and height. Due to the normal gender dimorphism in dogs , males are usually slightly larger than females. Within the scope of this natural difference in size, nothing stands in the way of mating. However, there are breeds with significant differences in size within the breed. In the case of a relatively small bitch and a male that is significantly too large, the vagina can be injured during mating. If a bitch is mated with a significantly larger male, the unborn puppies in the bitch's uterus can grow so large that a caesarean section is necessary. When very large puppies are born, the bitch's birth canal can be affected, causing injuries and, as a result, infections. In the case of dwarf breeds, a stud dog that is smaller than the bitch is often chosen as a precaution.
Features that cannot be recorded
Hereditary persistent milk teeth that were pulled by the veterinarian months before a dog was presented at a breed show can no longer be determined during a breeding suitability test, because the dogs must be at least one year old or even older depending on the breed. A predisposition for the later development of endocardiosis can possibly not yet be determined with certainty in the breeding suitability test of a one to two year old dog. In the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel in particular, there are hereditary diseases that often only manifest themselves in middle age. Therefore, in addition to the ZTP on the individual, a pedigree analysis and health databases are indispensable means for determining the breeding value of a dog.
Assessment of suitability for breeding in carriers
In the documentation Pedigree Dogs Exposed it was criticized that the pedigree dog breeders' associations are given leeway by the canine umbrella organization The Kennel Club for the design of their breeding regulations, which allow tolerances for the passing on of significant genetic defects.
The Fédération Cynologique Internationale as well as the breeding regulations of the VDH allow the use of carriers for breeding if they are mated with dogs that do not have the same genetic make-up. The use of a carrier is to be assessed differently depending on the situation and in some cases can be useful for breeding purposes.
VDH Breeding Regulations § 5 Paragraph 3: "The breeding license of a dog is to be revoked in particular if a particular accumulation of hereditary defects for this breed has been proven in the offspring ". This formulation indirectly means that an average accumulation can be tolerated. This is contrary to the sustainable control of hereditary diseases, because if a recessive hereditary disease is recognizable in the phenotype, it can be assumed that both parents are conductors and that there are also conductors in the same litter . If a stud dog retains his breeding license and occupies other bitches, the genetic make-up in the breed's gene pool spreads , just as if the phenotypically healthy conductors among his offspring pass the breeding suitability test.
So far, the FCI and VDH have not imposed a general breeding ban on animals whose offspring have genetic defects that cause disease. Thus it is left to clubs and breeders to voluntarily initiate examinations and to put aside financial interests in favor of the future of the breed.
literature
- Hans Räber : Breviary of modern dog breeding. 5th edition, Verlag Paul Haupt, Bern - Stuttgart - Vienna 1995.
- Helga Eichelberg: dog breeding. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, 2006, ISBN 978-3-440-09724-3 .
See also
Individual evidence
- ^ Fédération Cynologique Internationale : International Breeding Regulations of the FCI
- ^ Fédération Cynologique Internationale : Breeding
- ↑ Union Canine Internationale - International Dog Union: Breeding Regulations
- ↑ Svenja Petri: Development and evaluation of the computer-aided learning program: "Hereditary diseases of the dog - joints, bones, muscles" Institute for Animal Breeding and Heredity Research and the Clinic for Small Pets of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 2001, page 9
- ↑ VDH Breeding Regulations: Implementation Regulations Paragraph 5 Combating Hereditary Heart Diseases PDF Pages 25–26
- ↑ Gerald Groos The dog's teeth (PDF)
- ↑ Gerald Groos dog expert
- ↑ Breeding regulations of the VDH : Breeding regulations § 4 paragraph 1 Breeding measures : "All breeding measures must aim ... to promote vitality (health / age)."
- ↑ Breeding regulations of the VDH : Breeding regulations § 5 paragraph 1 Breeding license : "Only healthy (...) dogs may be allowed and used for breeding." (PDF)
- ↑ Expert group for animal breeding and pet breeding: Expert opinion on the interpretation of Section 11 b of the Animal Welfare Act
- ↑ Animal Welfare Act § 11 b § 11b "It is forbidden to breed vertebrates if it must be expected that in the offspring or their offspring, hereditary body parts or organs are missing or unsuitable for species-appropriate use ... and as a result pain, suffering or damage occur."
- ↑ VDDH breeding suitability certificate ( memento of the original from July 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF)
- ↑ Breeding Regulations of the VDH Implementation Regulations for the Breeding Regulations Paragraph I Clause 1 - 3 and Paragraph II Clause 1 - 2, PDF page 17 : “1. There are three minimum requirements for breeding approval: A: Health B: Behavioral assessment C: Phenotype / form value assessment. These minimum requirements make it clear that corresponding form value marks at exhibitions are not sufficient. 2. Breeding is only permitted with healthy, behavioral / socially acceptable and breed typical dogs. … II. Minimum requirement A: Health 1. The minimum requirement regarding health to be determined by the association must be clearly regulated. This requires breed-specific priorities. 2. Before issuing the certificate of approval for breeding a dog, the association must check whether all health requirements are met. "
- ^ Zuchtschau DK In: Youtube
- ↑ Breeding regulations of the VDH : Breeding regulations § 4 paragraph 1 Breeding measures : "All breeding measures must aim to maintain breed-specific characteristics." (PDF)
- ↑ Breeding Regulations of the VDH : Breeding Regulations § 5 Paragraph 1 Breeding Approval : "Only ... well behaved ... dogs may be allowed and used for breeding." (PDF)
- ↑ VDH behavioral samples in the context of breeding approval
- ↑ VDH Rhodesian Rigdeback - behavior test
- ↑ Katharina Dorothea Boenigk: Investigations on the breeding significance of behavioral tests in Hovawart dogs Institute for Animal Breeding and Heredity Research of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover 2004. Page 58 ff (PDF)
- ↑ FCI : Examination regulations for the international working dog examinations and the international tracking dog examination of the FCI . Valid from January 1, 2012. online p. 30 Breeding suitability test (PDF; 1.4 MB)
- ↑ Deutsch-Kurzhaar-Verband breeding selection test (PDF)
- ^ General Purebred Dog Club Germany: Breeding Regulations
- ^ Association for pointers and setters: Zuchtordnung 2005 Zuchttauglichkeitsprüfung, pages 24–26
- ↑ UCI-IHU Breeding Regulations 4. Breeding suitability test
- ↑ IDR: Zuchtordnung Zuchtordnung 2.3. Breeding suitability
- ↑ German Shorthaired Pointer
- ↑ German Shorthaired Pointer
- ↑ Breeding Regulations ( Memento from November 15, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Breeding regulations ( Memento of the original from October 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Verein Mops Vital: General examination for the breeding suitability test of the VMV eV (PDF)
- ↑ IHV Zuchttauglichkeitsprüfung ( Memento of the original from August 24, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF)
- ↑ Boxer Club breeding suitability test
- ↑ VDDH breeding regulations, paragraph 1 c breeding suitability test ( memento of the original from October 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Swiss Leonberger Club: [1]
- ^ 1. German Yorkshire Terrier Club: Requirement for breeding approval
- ↑ Race-Hunting-Working Dog Association: The pedigree dog breeding
- ↑ Deutsche Rassehundezucht Gemeinschaft DRZG: Release from the duty of confidentiality for the veterinarian
- ↑ IKFB French bulldogs breeding suitability test (PDF)
- ↑ Preussenseden breeding suitability test
- ↑ Approval - breeding suitability test
- ^ Hans Räber : Breviary of modern dog breeding, 5th edition, Verlag Paul Haupt, Bern - Stuttgart - Vienna 1995. Page 18
- ↑ Breeding Regulations of the VDH Implementation Regulations for the Breeding Regulations Paragraph I Clause 1 - 3 and Paragraph II Clause 1 - 2, PDF page 17 : “1. There are three minimum requirements for breeding approval: A: Health B: Behavioral assessment C: Phenotype / form value assessment. These minimum requirements make it clear that corresponding form value marks at exhibitions are not sufficient. 2. Breeding is only permitted with healthy, behavioral / socially acceptable and breed typical dogs. … II. Minimum requirement A: Health 1. The minimum requirement regarding health to be determined by the association must be clearly regulated. This requires breed-specific priorities. 2. Before issuing the certificate of approval for breeding a dog, the association must check whether all health requirements are met. "
- ↑ Helga Eichelberg Thoughts on contemporary dog breeding "In combating defects, it will be necessary in the future to draw up priority lists for the breeds. This naturally raises the question of what the selection criterion for such a priority list is for the supervising breeders. In my opinion, the suffering of the Dogs will be the crucial point. We will have to learn to react more sensitively and differently ".
- ↑ Astrid Indrebø: Animal welfare in modern dog breeding Acta Veterinaria Scandinavia, BioMed Central 2008: "The goal in modern dog breeding is that all dogs shall be functionally healthy, with a construction and a mentality typical to the breed, and will live a long , healthy and happy life. "
- ↑ Lindsay L. Farrell, Jeffrey J. Schoenebeck et al .: The challenges of pedigree dog health: approaches to combating inherited disease Canine Genetics and Epidemiology, BioMed Central 2015
- ^ Dan G. O'Neill et al .: Prevalence of Disorders Recorded in Dogs Attending Primary-Care Veterinary Practices in England PLOS 2014
- ^ Deutscher Rassehunde Club eV: Breeding regulations § 5 and § 10
- ^ Zuchtordnung VDH II a) Breeding ban, document page 4, PDF page 11
- ↑ Astrid Indrebø: Animal welfare in modern dog breeding Acta Veterinaria Scandinavia, BioMed Central 2008
- ↑ Veterinary Association for Animal Welfare: Leaflet 141 torture breeding for dogs
- ↑ Chihuahua Club Germany Freedom from Hereditary Defects ( Memento of the original from February 19, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. PDF page 4
- ^ Svenja Petri: Development and evaluation of the computer-aided learning program: "Hereditary diseases of the dog - joints, bones, muscles" Institute for Animal Breeding and Heredity Research and the Clinic for Small Pets of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 2001
- ↑ Koharik Arman: A new direction for kennel club regulations and breed standards . The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 2007, PMC 1950109 (free full text).
- ↑ Lothar Quoll: Canine Genetics - A compilation or overview of the genetic rules (Mendel's laws) and an explanation of important technical terms for prospective breed judges in the Association for German Shepherds
- ↑ Svenja Petri: Development and evaluation of the computer-aided learning program: "Hereditary diseases of the dog - joints, bones, muscles" Institute for Animal Breeding and Heredity Research and the Clinic for Small Pets of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 2001, page 15
- ↑ VDH Breeding Regulations: Implementation Regulations Paragraph II Combating Hereditary Eye Diseases PDF page 23
- ↑ ACD breed study: gait - description in the FCI standard
- ↑ José M. Vilar, Mónica Rubio et al .: Biomechanic characteristics of gait of four breeds of dogs with different conformations at walk on a treadmill Journal of Applied Animal Research 2016
- ↑ DN Clements et al .: Kinematic analysis of the gait of 10 labrador retrievers during treadmill locomotion BMJ Journals Veterinary Record
- ↑ Gabriela CA SilvaI; Mariana Trés Cardoso et al .: Kinematic gait analyzes in healthy Golden Retrievers Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 2014
- ↑ 1.DYC: Excerpt from the Breeding Regulations - prerequisite for breeding approval
- ^ Parson Russel Terrier Club Germany: Breeding regulations
- ↑ VDH Breeding Regulations: Implementation Regulations Paragraph III Sentences 1 - 4 Combating Hip Dysplasia PDF page 23
- ^ Foundation of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover: Wedge vertebrae
- ↑ VDH Breeding Regulations: Implementation Regulations Paragraph VII Clause 1 and 2: Combating Deafness PDF page 27
- ↑ Svenja Petri: Development and evaluation of the computer-aided learning program: "Hereditary diseases of the dog - joints, bones, muscles" Institute for Animal Breeding and Heredity Research and the Clinic for Small Pets of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 2001, page 17 (PDF)
- ^ Leopold Adametz: Textbook of General Animal Breeding . Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-7091-9812-4 , p. 316 ( preview in Google Book search).
- ^ Hans Räber : Breviary of modern dog breeding, 5th edition, Verlag Paul Haupt Bern - Stuttgart - Vienna 1995. Page 88.
- ↑ Astrid Indrebø: Animal welfare in modern dog breeding Acta Veterinaria Scandinavia, BioMed Central 2008
- ↑ VDH Breeding Regulations: Implementation Regulations Paragraph I Sentence 5 PDF page 22
- ↑ Laboklin: Material
- ↑ DOCPLAYER implementing regulation for breeding approval of the Schapendoes interest group
- ↑ ADRK guidelines for a breeding suitability test (ZTP) implementing provisions § 10 page 3 (PDF)
- ↑ DWZRV Zuchtordnung page 6
- ↑ VDH Zuchtordnung § 6 Paragraph 1 and 2 Breeding animals (PDF)
- ↑ VDH Breeding Regulations § 6 Paragraph 2 Breeding Animals (PDF)
- ↑ The Kennel Club: Information Guide - Breeding from your dogs PDF page 6
- ↑ VDH Breeding Regulations § 9 Paragraph 4 (PDF)
- ^ Hans Räber : Breviary of modern dog breeding, 5th edition, Verlag Paul Haupt Bern - Stuttgart - Vienna 1995. Page 142
- ↑ Breeding regulations of the VDH § 4 Paragraph 6 “All dogs should be able to reproduce naturally. Artificial insemination must not be used on animals that have not previously reproduced naturally. " (PDF)
- ↑ Swiss Association for Small Animal Medicine: Cryptorchidism in Dogs
- ↑ UCI-IHU: Breeding ban for life - testicular defects
- ↑ Canine Herpes Virus Infection (Puppy Dying) | Definition, causes, symptoms In: tiermedizinportal.de , accessed on September 14, 2017.
- ^ Yvonne Eichner: Gestation, birth and puerperium in the bitch
- ↑ VDH Breeding Regulations § 9 Paragraph 3 Minimum Weight (PDF)
- ↑ FU Berlin: Vaginal diseases in bitches page 22, PDF page 21
- ↑ Andrea Herz: Good prerequisites for problem-free pregnancy, childbirth and puppy rearing phase - signs of a difficult birth PDF page 2
- ^ Eva Maria Krämer: The cosmos of dog handlers, page 22
- ↑ Susanne Müller-Rielinger: Small dogs . Gräfe and Unzer, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8338-1605-5 , pp. 32 ( preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ Vet-dent.com Veterinary Dentist: Malpositions of the mandibular canini in dogs
- ↑ Vetstreet: Mitral Valve Disease (Endocardiosis) in Dogs
- ^ LSU School of Veterinary Medicine: AV Valve Endocardiosis
- ^ Fédération Cynologique Internationale : Breeding Strategies
- ↑ DWZRV Zuchtordnung page 6
- ↑ Helga Eichelberg Thoughts on contemporary dog breeding
- ↑ http://www.vdh.de/fileadmin/media/ueber/downloads/satzung/Zucht-Ordnung.pdf
- ↑ Hans Räber : Breviary of modern dog breeding, 5th edition, Verlag Paul Haupt Bern - Stuttgart - Vienna 1995. pp. 12-20 and 67-81.
- ↑ VDDH Leiden for the breed standard ( Memento of the original from April 8, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Hans Räber : Breviary of modern dog breeding, 5th edition, Verlag Paul Haupt Bern - Stuttgart - Vienna 1995. P. 88
