User:Maias/Contributions and Languages with official status in India: Difference between pages

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The [[Constitution of India]] envisages [[Hindi]] as the primary official language to be used by the [[Government of India|Union Government]], with [[English language|English]] as the subsidiary official language. However, there are many languages that are accorded official language status at the state level. It envisages a situation where each state has its own official language(s), in addition to the official languages to be used by the [[Government of India|Union government]]. The section of the Constitution of India dealing with '''official languages''' therefore includes detailed provisions<ref>Part [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17.html XVII] of the Constitution of India.</ref> which deal not just with the languages used for the official purposes of the union,<ref>Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17343.html 343] of the Constitution of India.</ref> but also with the languages that are to be used for the official purposes of each [[States and territories of India|state and union territory]] in the country,<ref>Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17345.html 345] of the Constitution of India.</ref> and the languages that are to be used for communication between the union and the states ''inter se''.<ref>Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17346.html 346] of the Constitution of India.</ref>
==Articles (including stubs) created (or recreated)==
# [[Abbott's Booby]]
# [[Actaeon Island]]
# [[Adelaide Ornithologists Club]]
# [[Alan Harding Lendon]]
# [[Alan Leishman]]
# [[Alan John (Jock) Marshall]]
# [[Albatross Island]] (disambig)
# [[Albatross Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Alex Griffiths]]
# [[Alexander Hugh Chisholm]]
# [[Alice Springs Desert Park]]
# [[Allan Reginald McEvey]]
# [[Anderson Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Andreas Reischek]]
# [[Andrew Cockburn (ornithologist)]]
# [[Anglesea Heath]]
# [[Angus Hargreaves Robinson]]
# [[Apple Orchard Point Island]]
# [[Arafura]] (disambig)
# [[Arafura Fantail]]
# [[Arafura Jungles]]
# [[Arafura Swamp]] (DYK 11 SEP 2008)
# [[Arch Rock]] (disambig)
# [[Arch Rock (Tasmania)]]
# [[Archbold Biological Station]]
# [[Archibald George Campbell]]
# [[Archibald James Campbell]]
# [[Archibald Meston]]
# [[Arnold Robert McGill]]
# [[Arthur Cleveland Bent]]
# [[Arthur Mattingley]]
# [[Auckland Island Goat]]
# [[Auckland Island Pig]]
# [[AUSCAR]] (disambig)
# [[Australasian Bittern]]
# [[Australasian Ornithological Conference]]
# [[Australasian Raptor Association]]
# [[Australasian Seabird Group]]
# [[Australasian Wader Studies Group]]
# [[Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme]]
# [[Australian Bird Count]]
# [[Australian Bird Study Association]]
# [[Australian Field Ornithology]]
# [[Australian Natural History Medallion]]
# [[Australian Painted Snipe]]
# [[Australian Seed Conservation and Research]]
# [[Australian Wildlife Conservancy]]
# [[Babel Island]]
# [[Badger Island]]
# [[Baliem Valley]]
# [[Banded Fruit-Dove]]
# [[Banding]] (disambig)
# [[Barbara De Wolfe]]
# [[Barren Grounds Bird Observatory]]
# [[Barren Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Bass Pyramid]]
# [[Battery Island]]
# [[Baynes Island]]
# [[Beagle Island]]
# [[Bears Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Bellarine Rail Trail]]
# [[Benedict Sandin]]
# [[Bernard Acworth]]
# [[Betsey Island]]
# [[Big Black Reef]]
# [[Big Caroline Rock]]
# [[Big Green Island]]
# [[Big Sandy Petrel Island]]
# [[Big Stony Petrel Island]]
# [[Billy Goat Reefs]]
# [[Bird Island (Prime Seal Group)]]
# [[Bird Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Bird Observation & Conservation Australia]]
# [[Bird Rock]]
# [[Birds Australia Capricornia]]
# [[Birds Australia Northern NSW]]
# [[Birds Australia - Victoria]]
# [[Birds Australia Western Australia]]
# [[Birds Australia Parrot Association]]
# [[Birds of Ashmore Reef]]
# [[Birds of Boigu, Saibai and Dauan Islands (Torres Strait)]]
# [[Birds of Christmas Island]]
# [[Birds of Heard and McDonald Islands]]
# [[Birds of Macquarie Island]]
# [[Black Pyramid Rock]]
# [[Black-breasted Buzzard]]
# [[Black-faced Cormorant]]
# [[Black-faced Sheathbill]]
# [[Blanche Rock]]
# [[Blandowski Expedition]]
# [[Bon Bon]] (disambig)
# [[Bon Bon Reserve]]
# [[Bonnet Island]]
# [[Bookmark Biosphere Reserve]]
# [[Boolcoomatta Reserve]]
# [[Boonsong Lekagul]]
# [[Bougainville's Skink]]
# [[Boxen Island]]
# [[Breaksea]] (disambig)
# [[Brian Bell]] (disambig)
# [[Brian Douglas Bell]]
# [[Briggs Islet]]
# [[Brogo Reserve]]
# [[Brooklyn Sanctuary]]
# [[Broome Bird Observatory]]
# [[Brown Goshawk]]
# [[Brown Quail]]
# [[Buckaringa Sanctuary]]
# [[Buff-banded Rail]]
# [[Bulletin of the African Bird Club]]
# [[Bunurong Marine National Park]]
# [[Burrin Burrin Reserve]]
# [[Calcarenite]]
# [[Campbell Island Cattle]]
# [[Campbell Island Sheep]]
# [[Canberra Ornithologists Group]]
# [[Cape Bruny Lighthouse]]
# [[Capitaine]] (disambig)
# [[Carbuncle (Tasmania)]]
# [[Carnarvon Station Reserve]]
# [[Caroline Hodgson]]
# [[Cat Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Chalky Island]] (disambig)
# [[Chalky Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Charity Island]] (disambig)
# [[Charity Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Charles Darwin Reserve]]
# [[Charles Ernest William Bryant]]
# [[Charles Frederic Belcher]]
# [[Charles Leslie Barrett]]
# [[Chereninup Creek Reserve]]
# [[Chicken Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Chowchilla]]
# [[Christmas Island Imperial-pigeon]]
# [[Christmas Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Churchill Island]]
# [[Churchill Island (disambiguation)]]
# [[Churchill Island Marine National Park]]
# [[Clifford Brodie Frith]]
# [[Clive Dudley Thomas Minton]]
# [[Cocos Buff-banded Rail]]
# [[Collared Imperial-pigeon]]
# [[Collared Sparrowhawk]]
# [[Comb-crested Jacana]]
# [[Cone Islet]]
# [[Cooper Ornithological Society]]
# [[Cooties Reef]]
# [[Cotinga (journal)]]
# [[Councillor Island]]
# [[Courtney]] (disambig)
# [[Courts Island]]
# [[Cravens Peak Reserve]]
# [[CSIRO Publishing]]
# [[Curlew Island]]
# [[Curramore Sanctuary]]
# [[Currumbin Valley Reserve]]
# [[Curtis Island]] (disambig)
# [[Curtis Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Cycas micronesica]]
# [[Cygnet Island]]
# [[D. L. Serventy Medal]]
# [[Dakalanta Sanctuary]]
# [[Dawn Whyatt Frith]]
# [[De Witt Island]]
# [[Deal Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Denis A. Saunders]]
# [[Densey Clyne]]
# [[Desmond Nethersole-Thompson]]
# [[Devils Tower (Tasmania)]]
# [[Diamond Island]] (disambig)
# [[Diamond Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Dog Island]] (disambig)
# [[Dominic Louis Serventy]]
# [[Donald Fergusson Thomson]]
# [[Doughboy Island]] (disambig)
# [[Doughboy Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Doughboy Island East]]
# [[Doughboy Island West]]
# [[Dover Island]] (disambig)
# [[Dover Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Drumming (snipe)]]
# [[Dudley Le Souef]]
# [[Dugay Islet]]
# [[East Asian - Australasian Flyway]]
# [[East Kangaroo Island]]
# [[East Moncoeur Island]]
# [[East Pyramids]]
# [[Eastern Three-lined Skink]]
# [[Eclectus (newsletter)]]
# [[Eddystone]] (disambig)
# [[Edgbaston Reserve]]
# [[Edmund Selous]]
# [[Edward Banks]]
# [[Edwards Islet]]
# [[Edwards Point (Victoria)]]
# [[Edwin Ashby]]
# [[Egg Island, Horseshoe Reef]]
# [[Elegant Imperial-pigeon]]
# [[Emu (journal)]]
# [[Enderby Island Rabbit]]
# [[Entrance Island]] (disambig)
# [[Entrance Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Erhard F. Boehm]]
# [[Eric Mjöberg]] (DYK 9 February 2008)
# [[Eric Worrell]]
# [[Erith]] (disambig)
# [[Erith Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Ernest Thomas Gilliard]]
# [[Ethabuka Reserve]]
# [[Eucalyptus ebbanoensis]]
# [[Eucalyptus eudesmoides]]
# [[Eurardy Reserve]]
# [[Eyre Bird Observatory]]
# [[Eyre Telegraph Station]]
# [[Fan Palm Reserve]]
# [[Fauna of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]
# [[Field Naturalists Club of Victoria]]
# [[Fisher Island]] (disambig)
# [[Fisher Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Fisher Island Reef]]
# [[Fitzroy Island]] (disambig)
# [[Fitzroy Islands (Tasmania)]]
# [[Five Islands Nature Reserve]]
# [[Flat Top Island]]
# [[Flat Witch Island]]
# [[Florida Scrub]]
# [[Forsyth Island]]
# [[Foster Island]] (disambig)
# [[Foster Islands (Tasmania)]]
# [[Francis Charles Robert Jourdain]]
# [[Francis Ratcliffe]]
# [[Frank Norman Robinson]]
# [[Frank Pitelka]]
# [[Friendly Beaches Reserve]]
# [[Fulham Island]]
# [[Gavin Wildridge Johnstone]]
# [[Geelong Field Naturalists Club]]
# [[Geoffrey Herklots]]
# [[George Bartholomew (biologist)]]
# [[George Bristow (ornithologist)]]
# [[George Darby Haviland]]
# [[George Mack (ornithologist)]]
# [[George Rocks]]
# [[Gerlof Fokko Mees]]
# [[Gerry Clark]]
# [[Gilbert Percy Whitley]]
# [[Gillard]] (disambig)
# [[Gilliard]] (disambig)
# [[Glen Milton Storr]]
# [[Gluepot Reserve]]
# [[Goonderoo Reserve]]
# [[Gordon Orians]]
# [[Gossys Reef]]
# [[Governor Island]] (disambig)
# [[Governor Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Graham Pizzey]]
# [[Great Dog Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Green Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Grey Goshawk]]
# [[Grey Falcon]]
# [[Grey-headed Goshawk]]
# [[Gull Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Gurney's Eagle]]
# [[Guy Dutson]]
# [[Half Tide Rock]] (disambig)
# [[Half Tide Rock (Tasmania)]]
# [[Harbour Islets (Tasmania)]]
# [[Harney]] (disambig)
# [[Harold James Frith]]
# [[Harry Frauca]]
# [[Harry Frederick Recher]]
# [[Harry Messel]]
# [[Hastings Rarities]]
# [[Hauling-out]]
# [[Hay Island]] (disambig)
# [[Hay Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Hays Reef]]
# [[Hen Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Henderson Islets (Tasmania)]]
# [[Henri Filhol]]
# [[Henry George Lamond]]
# [[Henry Kendall (ornithologist)]]
# [[Henry Lawrie Bell]]
# [[Henry Luke White]]
# [[Henry Norman Burgess Wettenhall]]
# [[Henry Waterhouse]]
# [[Herbert Thomas Condon]]
# [[Hibbs Pyramid]]
# [[Hippolyte Rocks]]
# [[Hobbs Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Hog Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Hogan Island]]
# [[Home Island]]
# [[Horace William Wheelwright]]
# [[Horn Expedition]]
# [[Hose]] (disambig)
# [[Hose's Frog]]
# [[Howie Island]]
# [[Hugh Alastair Ford]]
# [[Ian Cecil Robert Rowley]]
# [[Ile des Phoques]]
# [[Ile du Golfe (Tasmania)]]
# [[Ile du Nord]]
# [[Inland Dotterel]]
# [[Inner Little Goose Island]]
# [[Inner Rocks]]
# [[Inner Sister Island]]
# [[International Ornithological Congress]]
# [[Iron Baron]]
# [[Iron Pot]]
# [[Isabella Island]]
# [[Jack Hyett]]
# [[James Allen Keast]]
# [[Jiro Kikkawa]]
# [[Joan Paton]]
# [[John Albert Leach]]
# [[John Béchervaise]]
# [[John Burton Cleland]]
# [[John Carr]] (disambig)
# [[John Casimir Zichy Woinarski]]
# [[John Coney Moulton]]
# [[John Douglas Gibson]]
# [[John Edgar Courtney]]
# [[John Hewitt (herpetologist)]]
# [[John Hobbs]]
# [[John Hobbs Medal]]
# [[John King Davis]]
# [[John McKean]]
# [[John Michael Cullen]]
# [[John Morton Boyd]]
# [[John Neil McGilp]]
# [[John Warham]]
# [[John Wiens]]
# [[Joseph Jackson Lister (naturalist)]]
# [[Jourdain Society]]
# [[Judge and Clerk Islets]]
# [[Judgement Rocks]]
# [[Julian Ralph Ford]]
# [[K. C. Halafoff]]
# [[Kalamurina Sanctuary]]
# [[Kalkadoon Grasswren]]
# [[Kangaroo Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Karakamia Sanctuary]]
# [[Karl Heinrich Bergius]]
# [[Kathleen McArthur]]
# [[Kazimierz Wodzicki]]
# [[Keith Alfred Hindwood]]
# [[Ken Hill]] (disambig)
# [[Ken Hill (botanist)]]
# [[Ken Searle]]
# [[Kenneth Williamson]]
# [[Key Island]]
# [[Kojonup Reserve]]
# [[Kwongan]]
# [[Lachlan Island]]
# [[Lake Victoria (Victoria)]]
# [[Latham's Snipe]]
# [[Launcelot Eric Richdale]]
# [[Lawrence Courtney Haines]]
# [[Learmonth]] (disambig)
# [[Leelinger Island]]
# [[Leonard John Brass]] (DYK 12 April 2007)
# [[Lesley Brooker]]
# [[Leslie Gordon Chandler]]
# [[Liffey Valley Reserve]]
# [[Lilian Marguerite Medland]]
# [[Lindsay Smith]]
# [[List of things described as pied]]
# [[Little Anderson Island]]
# [[Little Badger Island]]
# [[Little Chalky Island]]
# [[Little Christmas Island]]
# [[Little Dog Island]]
# [[Little Goose Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Little Green Island]]
# [[Little Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Little Spectacle Island]]
# [[Little Stony Petrel Island]]
# [[Little Swan Island]]
# [[Little Trefoil Island]]
# [[Little Waterhouse Island]]
# [[Lockerbie Scrub]]
# [[Long Island, Hogan Group (Tasmania)]]
# [[Louisa Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Lourah Island]]
# [[Low Islets]] (disambig)
# [[Low Islets (Prime Seal Group)]]
# [[Low Islets (Tasmania)]]
# [[Lowland Copperhead]]
# [[Loye and Alden Miller Research Award]]
# [[Ludwig Koch]] (disambig)
# [[Maatsuyker Island]]
# [[Maclean Island]]
# [[Macquarie Island Parakeet]]
# [[Macquarie Island Rail]]
# [[Magic Point]]
# [[Marchant]] (disambig)
# [[Margaret Alison Cameron]]
# [[Margaret Thorsborne]]
# [[Marion Downs Sanctuary]]
# [[Marriott Reef]]
# [[Martin Copley]] (disambig)
# [[Martin Copley (conservationist)]]
# [[Mary Strong Clemens]] (DYK 8 May 2007)
# [[Mavourneen Rocks]]
# [[Mees]] (disambig)
# [[Meston]] (disambig)
# [[Metallic Skink]]
# [[Michael Brooker]]
# [[Michael Clarke (ornithologist)]]
# [[Michael Stanley Reid Sharland]]
# [[Michael Terry]]
# [[Mid Woody Islet]]
# [[Middle Pasco Islands]]
# [[Mile Island]]
# [[Minton]] (disambig)
# [[Miranda Naturalists' Trust]]
# [[Mirrngadja]]
# [[Mitchell Durno Murray]]
# [[Monjebup Reserve]]
# [[Montgomery Rocks]]
# [[Moriarty Rocks]]
# [[Mount Chappell Island]]
# [[Mt Gibson Sanctuary]]
# [[Murkay Islets (Tasmania)]]
# [[Museum of Ethnography, Sweden]]
# [[Mutton Bird Island]]
# [[Muttonbird]] (disambig)
# [[Nameless Sylvan Reserve]]
# [[Nardoo Hills Reserves]]
# [[Nares Rocks]]
# [[National Herbarium of the Netherlands]]
# [[National Herbarium of Victoria]]
# [[Neds Reef]]
# [[Neotropical Bird Club]]
# [[Nepean Island (Norfolk Island)]]
# [[Neville William Cayley]]
# [[New Year Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Newhaven Reserve]]
# [[Night Island]] (disambig)
# [[Night Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Ninth Island]]
# [[Noel Fulford Learmonth]]
# [[Norfolk Island National Park]]
# [[Norman Arthur Wakefield]]
# [[Norman Chaffer]]
# [[Norman Joseph Favaloro]]
# [[Norman Wettenhall Foundation]]
# [[North East Island]] (disambig)
# [[North East Isle (Tasmania)]]
# [[North Pasco Island]]
# [[North West Mount Chappell Islet]]
# [[NSW Field Ornithologists Club]]
# [[Ocellated Skink]] (disambig)
# [[Oliver Michael Griffiths Newman]]
# [[Orange-bellied Fruit-Dove]]
# [[Orange-footed Scrubfowl]]
# [[Order of the Golden Ark]]
# [[Oriental Plover]]
# [[Ornithological Society of New Zealand]]
# [[Ornithological Society of the Middle East]]
# [[Outer Sister Island]]
# [[Oyster Rocks]]
# [[Pacific Baza]]
# [[Paddys Island]]
# [[Painted]] (disambig)
# [[Papuan Needletail]]
# [[Parks Victoria]]
# [[Partridge Island]] (disambig)
# [[Partridge Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Paruna Sanctuary]]
# [[Passage Island]] (disambig)
# [[Passage Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Patrick Gordon Taylor]]
# [[Pauline Neura Reilly]]
# [[Peale]] (disambig)
# [[Pelican Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Penelope Diane Olsen]]
# [[Penguin Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Penguin Islet (Tasmania)]]
# [[Peniup Creek Reserve]]
# [[Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology]]
# [[Percy Trezise]]
# [[Perrine Millais Moncrieff]]
# [[Petrel Island]] (disambig)
# [[Phillip Island]] (disambig)
# [[Piccaninnie Ponds Conservation Park]]
# [[Piccaninny Plains Sanctuary]]
# [[Picnic Island]]
# [[Pied Heron]]
# [[Pizzey (surname)]] (disambig)
# [[Pochard]] (disambig)
# [[Pope's Eye]]
# [[Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park]]
# [[Portsea Hole]]
# [[Preservation Islets]]
# [[Prime Seal Island]]
# [[Psittacula eques]] (disambig)
# [[Pulu Keeling National Park]]
# [[Puncheon (disambiguation)]]
# [[Puncheon Island]]
# [[Puncheon Islets]]
# [[Queensland Herbarium]]
# [[Queensland Ornithological Society Inc]]
# [[Ram Island]] (disambig)
# [[Ram Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Rare Breeds Conservation Society of New Zealand]]
# [[Raymond Trewolla Littlejohns]]
# [[Red-capped Flowerpecker]]
# [[Red-capped Plover]]
# [[Red-kneed Dotterel]]
# [[Red-legged Crake]]
# [[Red-necked Crake]]
# [[Reedy Creek Reserve]]
# [[Refuge Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Reischek's Parakeet]]
# [[Réunion Parakeet]]
# [[Richard Alexis Zann]]
# [[Richard Holmes (ornithologist)]]
# [[Richard Treacy Henry]]
# [[Richmond River massacre]]
# [[Ringtail]] (disambig)
# [[Robert Alexander Falla]]
# [[Robert Hall (ornithologist)]]
# [[Robert Ricklefs]]
# [[Robert Storer]] (disambig)
# [[Robert W. Storer]]
# [[Robert Walter Campbell Shelford]]
# [[Rotamah Island Bird Observatory]]
# [[Round Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Round Top Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Roy Percy Cooper]]
# [[Roy Wheeler]] (disambig)
# [[Royal Albatross]] (disambig)
# [[Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union Fellows]]
# [[Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales]]
# [[Roydon Island]]
# [[Rum Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Russell Balda]]
# [[Samphire (disambiguation)]]
# [[Samphire Island]]
# [[Samuel Albert White]]
# [[Sandy Wollaston]]
# [[Sarawak Museum]]
# [[Scotia Sanctuary]]
# [[Scottsdale Reserve]]
# [[Seacrow Islet]]
# [[Selwyn Range (Australia)]]
# [[Selwyn Range (Canada)]]
# [[Selwyn Range (disambiguation)]]
# [[Sentinel Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Serendip Sanctuary]]
# [[Shag Reef]]
# [[She-oak Skink]]
# [[Shell Island]] (disambig)
# [[Shell Islets (Tasmania)]]
# [[Sherbrooke Forest]]
# [[Simla]] (disambig)
# [[Singing Starling]]
# [[Sloping Island]]
# [[Smooth Island]] (disambig)
# [[Smooth Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[South Australian Ornithological Association]]
# [[South Black Rock (Tasmania)]]
# [[South Channel Fort]]
# [[South East Great Dog Islet]]
# [[South East Mutton Bird Islet]]
# [[South Esk Pine Reserve]]
# [[South Island Pied Oystercatcher]]
# [[South Pasco Island]]
# [[South West Isle (Tasmania)]]
# [[South West Mutton Bird Islet]]
# [[South West Petrel Island]]
# [[Southern Grass Skink]]
# [[Southern Oceans Seabird Study Association]]
# [[Southern Water Skink]]
# [[Southport Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Sparrowhawk (disambiguation)]]
# [[Spectacle Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Spences Reefs]]
# [[Spike Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Spillane (disambiguation)]]
# [[Spotted Harrier]]
# [[Spotted Skink]]
# [[St Helens Island]]
# [[St Leonards Salt Lagoon]]
# [[Stack Island]]
# [[Steep Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Stephen John James Frank Davies]]
# [[Stephen Marchant]]
# [[Sterile Island]]
# [[Stilt (journal)]]
# [[Storehouse Island]]
# [[Streak-headed Mannikin]]
# [[Stubble Quail]]
# [[Subantarctic Red-crowned Parakeet]] (disambig)
# [[Sugarloaf Rock (Curtis Group)]]
# [[Sugarloaf Rock (Mutton Bird Group)]]
# [[Sugarmouse Island]]
# [[Swainson]] (disambig)
# [[Swainson Island]]
# [[Swan Bay (Victoria)]]
# [[Swan Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Swinhoe's Snipe]]
# [[Taillefer Rocks]]
# [[Tarahiki Island]]
# [[Tarcutta Hills Reserve]]
# [[Tarlton Rayment]]
# [[Tasman Booby]]
# [[Tasman Island]]
# [[Tasman Island Lighthouse]]
# [[Tasmanian Mountain Skink]]
# [[Tasmanian Tree Skink]]
# [[Tattler (newsletter)]]
# [[Tenth Island]]
# [[Territory Wildlife Park]]
# [[The Coffee Pot]] (disambig)
# [[The Coffee Pot (Tasmania)]]
# [[The Friars]] (disambig)
# [[The Friars (Tasmania)]]
# [[The Images]] (disambig)
# [[The Images (Tasmania)]]
# [[The Lanterns]]
# [[The Nuggets]]
# [[The Thumbs (Tasmania)]]
# [[Theodor Verhoeven]]
# [[Timboon, Victoria]]
# [[Tin Kettle Island]]
# [[Tommy Garnett]]
# [[Toona australis]]
# [[TPWS]] (disambig)
# [[Trefoil Island]]
# [[Trevor Pescott]]
# [[Trezise]] (disambig)
# [[Tucks Reef]]
# [[Twin Islands]] (disambig)
# [[Uniform Swiftlet]]
# [[Vanikoro White-eye]]
# [[Vansittart Island]] (disambig)
# [[Vansittart Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Victorian Ornithological Research Group]]
# [[Vincent Noel Serventy]]
# [[Visscher Island]]
# [[W. Roy Wheeler Medallion]]
# [[Wairau Bar]]
# [[Wallum]]
# [[Warren Billingsley Hitchcock]]
# [[Wau Ecology Institute‎]]
# [[Wedge Island]] (disambig)
# [[Wedge Island (South Australia)]]
# [[Wedge Island (Tasmania)]]
# [[Wendar Island]]
# [[Werribee Sewage Farm]]
# [[West Pyramid]]
# [[West Moncoeur Island]]
# [[Western Ringtail Possum]]
# [[Western Rocks (Tasmania)]]
# [[Western Wattlebird]]
# [[White Mallee]] (disambig)
# [[White's Skink]]
# [[White-necked Heron]]
# [[Whitley Awards (Australia)]]
# [[Whitney South Seas Expedition]]
# [[Wild Wind Islets]]
# [[Wildlife Preservation Society of Australia]]
# [[William Bert Emison]]
# [[William Dawson (ornithologist)]]
# [[William Edward Harney]]
# [[William T. Cooper]]
# [[William Vincent Legge]]
# [[Wilson Roy Wheeler]]
# [[Wilson Ornithological Society]]
# [[Wingspan (magazine)]]
# [[Wright Rock]]
# [[Wybalenna Island]]
# [[Xanthochromism]]
# [[Yarrabee Wesfarmers Reserve]]
# [[Yellow-billed Kingfisher]]
# [[Yolla]] (disambig)
# [[Yolla, Tasmania]]
# [[Yolla gas field]]
# [[Yookamurra Sanctuary]]
# [[Yourka Reserve]]
# [[Zena Tooze]]


At the time the constitution entered into force, [[English language|English]] was used for most official purposes both at the [[federalism|federal]] level and in the various states. The constitution envisaged the gradual phasing in of local languages, principally [[Hindi]], to replace English over a fifteen-year period, but gave [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] the power to, by law, provide for the continued use of English even thereafter. Accordingly, English continues to be used today, in combination with Hindi (at the central level and in some states) and other languages (at the state level).
==Categories created==
# [[:Category:‎Bermudian ornithologists|‎Bermudian ornithologists]]
# [[:Category:Biological research institutes|Biological research institutes]]
# [[:Category:Campbell Island|Campbell Island]]
# [[:Category:Canadian ornithologists|Canadian ornithologists]]
# [[:Category:‎Korean ornithologists|‎Korean ornithologists]]
# [[:Category:Macquarie Island|Macquarie Island]]
# [[:Category:Marine reserves of Australia|Marine reserves of Australia]]
# [[:Category:Mauritian ornithologists|Mauritian ornithologists]]
# [[:Category:Museums in Antarctica|Museums in Antarctica]]
# [[:Category:Portuguese ornithologists|Portuguese ornithologists]]
# [[:Category:Rabbit breeds|Rabbit breeds]]
# [[:Category:Thai ornithologists|Thai ornithologists]]
# [[:Category:Venezuelan ornithologists|Venezuelan ornithologists]]


The legal framework governing the use of languages for official purpose currently includes the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]], the Official Languages Act, 1963, Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, and various state [[law]]s, as well as [[Delegated legislation|rules and regulations]] made by the central government and the states.
==Articles substantially edited==

# [[Agathis microstachya]]
== Official languages at the Union level ==
# [[Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra]]
=== Hindi and English ===
# [[Atlas of Australian Birds]]

# [[Austin L. Rand]]
The [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]], in 1950, declared [[Hindi]] in [[Devanagari]] script to be the [[official language]] of the union.<ref>Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17343.html 343(1)].</ref> Unless Parliament decided otherwise, the use of [[English language|English]] for official purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect, i.e., on 26 January 1965.<ref>Articles [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17343.html 343(2) and (3)].</ref> The prospect of the changeover, however, led to much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking areas of India, as a result of which [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] enacted the [[Official Languages Act, 1963]],<ref>[http://www.rajbhasha.nic.in/dolacteng.htm DOL<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref><ref>[http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm Commissioner Linguistic Minorities<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref><ref>[http://www.languageinindia.com/april2002/officiallanguagesact.html Language in India<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref><ref>[http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/RPF/Files/law/BareActs/officiallang1963act.htm THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ACT, 1963<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref><ref>[http://india.gov.in/knowindia/official_language.php National Portal of India : Know India : Profile<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref><ref>http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:-yTtE4_A8JUJ:www.rajbhasha.gov.in/khand8-eng7.pdf+Official+Languages+Act,+1963&hl=ru&ct=clnk&cd=8&gl=ru&client=firefox-a</ref> which provided for the continued use of English for official purposes along with Hindi, even after 1965. An attempt was made in late 1964 to expressly provide for an end to the use of English, but it was met with protests from across the country. Some of these protests also turned violent. Widespread protests occurred in states such as [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[West Bengal]], [[Karnataka]], [[Pondicherry]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As a result of these protests, the proposal was dropped,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940936,00.html|title=The force of words|accessdate=2007-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Forrester |first=Duncan B. |title=The Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation, 1965: Political Protest and its Effects on Language Policy in India |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=39 |issue=1/2 |pages=19-36 |date=Spring&nbsp;— Summer 1966 |year=1966 |doi=10.2307/2755179}}.</ref> and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a [[Resolution (law)|resolution]] to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament.<ref>Official Languages Act, 1963, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolacteng.htm S. 3(5)].</ref>
# [[Birds of Australia]]

# [[Birds of the Faroe Islands]]
The current position is thus that the [[Government of India|Union government]] may continue to use English in addition to Hindi for its official purposes<ref name=autogenerated1>Official Languages Act, 1963, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolacteng.htm S. 3(1)].</ref> as a "subsidiary official language,"<ref>[http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/preseng.htm Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L. (Ministry of Home Affairs), dated 27th April, 1960].</ref> but is also required to prepare and execute a [[Program (management)|programme]] to progressively increase its use of Hindi.<ref name=autogenerated3>Official Languages Resolution, 1968, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolresolutioneng.htm para. 1].</ref> The exact extent to which, and the areas in which, the Union government uses Hindi and English, respectively, is determined by the provisions of the Constitution, the Official Languages Act, 1963, the Official Languages Rules, 1976, and [[statutory instrument]]s made by the Department of Official Language under these laws.
# [[Bornean Bristlehead]]

# [[Bristlebird]]
=== The language of Parliamentary proceedings and laws ===
# [[Brook Islands National Park]]

# [[Cannon netting]]
The Indian constitution draws a distinction between the language to be used in [[Parliamentary procedure|Parliamentary proceedings]], and the language in which [[legislation|laws]] are to be made. Parliamentary business, according to the Constitution, may be conducted in either Hindi or English.<ref>Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p05120.html 120(1)].</ref> The use of English in parliamentary proceedings was to be phased out at the end of fifteen years unless Parliament chose to extend its use,<ref>Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p05120.html 120(2)].</ref> which Parliament did through the Official Languages Act, 1963.<ref>Official Languages Act, 1963, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolacteng.htm S. 3(1)(b)].</ref> In addition, the constitution permits a person who is unable to express himself in either Hindi or English to, with the permission of the [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of the relevant House, address the House in his [[mother tongue]].<ref>Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p05120.html 120(1) first proviso].</ref>
# [[Carnarvon]] (disambig)

# [[Carpentarian Rock Rat]]
In contrast, the constitution requires the authoritative text of all laws, including Parliamentary [[enactment]]s and [[statutory instruments]], to be in English, until Parliament decides otherwise.<ref>Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17348.html 348(1)].</ref> Parliament has not exercised its power to so decide, instead merely requiring that all such laws and instruments, and all [[Bill (proposed law)|bill]]s brought before it, also be translated into Hindi, though the English text remains authoritative.<ref>Official Languages Act, 1963, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolacteng.htm Ss. 5(1) and (2)].</ref>
# [[Charles Hose]]

# [[Clemens]] (disambig)
=== The language of the judiciary ===
# [[Common Raven]] (FA 27 May 2007)

# [[Crescent Honeyeater]]
The constitution provides that all proceedings in the [[Supreme Court of India]], the country's highest [[court]], shall be in English.<ref>Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17348.html 348(1)(a)].</ref> Parliament has the power to alter this by law, but has not done so.<ref>Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17348.html 348(1), leading text].</ref>
# [[Dietrich]] (disambig)

# [[Dipper]]
=== The language of administration ===
# [[Enderby Island Cattle]]
The Union government is required by law to progressively increase the use of Hindi in its official work,<ref name=autogenerated3 /> which it has sought to do through "persuasion, incentive and goodwill."<ref>"[http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolpolicyeng.htm Official language policy of the Union]."</ref>
# [[Faure Island]]

# [[Frank Fraser Darling]]
The Official Language Act provides that the Union government shall use both Hindi and English in most [[public administration|administrative]] documents that are intended for the public.<ref>[http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolacteng.htm S. 3(3)] names, amongst others, resolutions, general orders, rules, notifications, administrative or other [[report]]s or [[press release|press communiques]] issued by a [[government department]], [[government agency|agency]] or [[Public Sector Undertaking|corporation]]; administrative and other reports and official papers laid before a House or the Houses of Parliament; and [[contract]]s and agreements executed, and licences, permits, notices and forms of tender issued by or on behalf of the government (including government companies).</ref> The Official Languages Rules, in contrast, provide for a higher degree of use of Hindi in communications between [[office]]s of the central government (other than offices in [[Tamil Nadu]], to which the rules do not apply<ref>Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolruleseng.htm paragraph 1(ii)]</ref>). Communications between different [[Ministry (government department)|departments]] within the central government may be in either Hindi or English, although a translation into the other language must be provided if required.<ref>Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolruleseng.htm paragraph 4(a)]</ref> Communications within offices of the same department, however, must be in Hindi if the offices are in Hindi-speaking states,<ref>Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolruleseng.htm paragraphs 4(b) and (c)]</ref> and in either Hindi or English otherwise with Hindi being used in proportion to the percentage of staff in the receiving office who have a working knowledge of Hindi.<ref>Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolruleseng.htm paragraph 4(d)]</ref> [[Note]]s and [[memorandum|memos]] in files may be in either Hindi or English, with the Government having a duty to provide a translation into the other language if required.<ref>Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolruleseng.htm paragraph 8]</ref>
# [[Frome (disambiguation)]]

# [[Goose (disambiguation)]]
In addition, every person submitting a [[petition]] for the redress of a grievance to a government officer or authority has a [[constitutional right]] to submit it in any language used in India.<ref name=autogenerated2>Constitution of India, Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17350.html 350].</ref>
# [[Goose Island (Tasmania)]]

# [[Greater Antillean Oriole]]
=== The languages of the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution ===
# [[Grenada Dove]]

# [[Griffiths Island]]
The Eighth Schedule to the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] contains a list of 22 scheduled languages. At the time the constitution was enacted, inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on the [[Official Languages Commission]],<ref>Constitution of India, Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17344.html 344(1)].</ref> and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi, the official language of the Union.<ref>Constitution of India, Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17351.html 351].</ref> The list has since, however, acquired further significance. The Government of India is now under an obligation to take measures for the development of these languages, such that "they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge."<ref>Official Languages Resolution, 1968, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolresolutioneng.htm para. 2].</ref> In addition, a candidate appearing in an examination conducted for public service at a higher level is entitled to use any of these languages as the medium in which he answers the paper.<ref>Official Languages Resolution, 1968, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolresolutioneng.htm para. 4].</ref>
# [[Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds]]

# [[Hardwicke, New Zealand]]
Via the 92nd Constitutional amendment 2003, 4 new languages&nbsp;– [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Maithili]], [[Dogri]], and [[Santhali]]&nbsp;– were added to the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution.<ref>[http://india.gov.in/govt/constitutions_india_bak.php#amd National Portal of India : Government : Constitution of India<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>
# [[Huon Island]]

# [[Hypocolius]]
The following table lists the languages set out in the eighth schedule as of May 2007, together with the regions where they are used:
# [[Islomania]]

# [[Jacquemart Island]]
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
# [[Jean Théodore Delacour]]
!No.||Language||State(s)/Community
# [[Joseph Clemens]]
|-
# [[Jules Verreaux]]
|1. || '''[[Assamese language|Assamese/Asomiya]]''' || [[Assam]]
# [[Kathleen]] (disambig)
|-
# [[Lesser Painted Snipe]]
|2. || '''[[Bengali language|Bengali/Bangla]]''' || [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]], [[Tripura]], [[West Bengal]]
# [[Long Island (Tasmania)]]
|-
# [[Magpie (disambiguation)]]
|3. || '''[[Bodo language|Bodo]]''' || [[Assam]]
# [[Mahogany (disambiguation)]]
|-
# [[Mallee]] (disambig)
|4. || '''[[Dogri language|Dogri]]''' || [[Jammu and Kashmir]]
# [[Mary Gillham]]
|-
# [[Mewstone, Tasmania]]
|5. || '''[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]''' || [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], [[Daman and Diu]], [[Gujarat]]
# [[Mornington]] (disambig)
|-
# [[Mornington Sanctuary]]
|6. || '''[[Hindi language|Hindi]]''' || [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], the [[national capital territory]] of [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]].
# [[Mountain dragon]]
|-
# [[Mud Islands]]
|7. || '''[[Kannada language|Kannada]]''' || [[Karnataka]]
# [[Muttonbirding]]
|-
# [[Narawntapu National Park]]
|8. || '''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]''' || [[Jammu and Kashmir]]
# [[Needle Rocks]]
|-
# [[Newhaven (disambiguation)]]
|9. || '''[[Konkani language|Konkani]]''' || [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Kerala]]
# [[North Keeling]]
|-
# [[Olive Pink Botanic Garden]]
|10. || '''[[Maithili language|Maithili]]''' || [[Bihar]]
# [[Oology]]
|-
# [[Oriental Bird Club]]
|11. || '''[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]''' || [[Kerala]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Lakshadweep]],[[Puducherry]]
# [[Palmchat]]
|-
# [[Pedra Branca (Tasmania)]]
|12. || '''[[Meitei language|Manipuri]]''' (also '''Meitei''' or '''Meithei''') || [[Manipur]]
# [[Phillip Island (Norfolk Island)]]
|-
# [[Pig-nosed Turtle]]
|13. || '''[[Marathi language|Marathi]]''' || [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Dadra & Nagar Haveli]], [[Daman and Diu]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]]
# [[Point Lonsdale, Victoria]]
|-
# [[Point Nepean, Victoria]]
|14. || '''[[Nepali language|Nepali]]''' || [[Sikkim]], [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]]
# [[Port Phillip]]
|-
# [[Preservation Island]]
|15. || '''[[Oriya language|Oriya]]''' || [[Orissa]]
# [[Ronald Lockley]]
|-
# [[Regent (disambiguation)]]
|16. || '''[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]''' || [[Chandigarh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
# [[Richard Archbold]]
|-
# [[Richmond River]]
|17. || '''[[Sanskrit]]''' || Officially designated as "[[Classical Language of India]]" in [[2005]].
# [[Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union]]
|-
# [[Rupp]] (disambig)
|18. || '''[[Santali language|Santhali]]''' || [[Santhal]] tribals of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] (comprising the states of [[Bihar]], [[Chattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Orissa]])
# [[Schouten Island]]
|-
# [[Selwyn]] (disambig)
|19. || '''[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]''' ||[[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] community
# [[Selwyn George (Bill) Lane]]
|-
# [[Sindh information department]]
|20. || '''[[Tamil language|Tamil]]''' || [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]], [[Puducherry]]; Officially designated as "[[Classical Language of India]]" in [[2004]].
# [[Sisters Island (Tasmania)]]
|-
# [[Sisters Islands]] (disambig)
|21. || '''[[Telugu language|Telugu]]''' || [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Puducherry]]
# [[Skomer]]
|-
# [[South Bruny National Park]]
|22. || '''[[Urdu language|Urdu]]''' || [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]]
# [[Tamborine Mountain]]
|}
# [[Tasman]] (disambig)

# [[Tawny]] (disambig)
== Official languages at the state level ==
# [[Three Hummock Island]]

# [[Waterhouse Island (Tasmania)]]
The Indian constitution does not specify the official languages to be used by the states for the conduct of their official functions, and leaves each state free to, through its legislature, adopt Hindi or any language used in its territory as its official language or languages.<ref>Constitution of India, Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17345.html 345]</ref> The language need not be one of those listed in the Eighth Schedule, and several states have adopted official languages which are not so listed. Examples include [[Kokborok]] in [[Tripura]], [[Mizo language|Mizo]] in [[Mizoram]], [[Khasi language|Khasi]], [[Garo language|Garo]], and [[Jaintia language|Jaintia]] in [[Meghalaya]], and [[French language|French]] in [[Pondicherry]].
# [[Willis Island (Coral Sea)]]

# [[Wongalara Sanctuary]]
=== The language of the legislature and administration ===

The constitutional provisions in relation to use of the official language in legislation at the [[States and territories of India|State level]] largely mirror those relating to the official language at the central level, with minor variations. State legislatures may conduct their business in their [[official language]], Hindi or (for a transitional period, which the legislature can extend if it so chooses) English, and members who cannot use any of these have the same rights to their [[mother tongue]] with the Speaker's permission.<ref>Constitution of India, Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p06210.html 210].</ref> The authoritative text of all laws must be in English, unless Parliament passes a law permitting a state to use another language, and if the original text of a law is in a different language, an authoritative English translation of all laws must be prepared.<ref>Articles [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17348.html 348(1) and (3)].</ref>

The state has the right to regulate the use of its official language in [[public administration]], and in general, neither the constitution nor any central enactment imposes any restriction on this right. However, every person submitting a [[petition]] for the redress of a grievance to an officer or authority of the state government has a constitutional right to submit it in any language used in that state, regardless of its official status.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

In addition, the constitution grants the central government, acting through the [[President of India|President]], the power to issue certain directives to the government of a state in relation to the use of [[minority language]]s for official purposes. The President may direct a State to officially recognise a language spoken in its territory for specified purposes and in specified regions, if its speakers demand it and satisfy him that a substantial proportion of the State's population desire its use.<ref>Constitution of India, Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17347.html 347].</ref> Similarly, States and local authorities are required to endeavour to provide [[primary education]] in the mother tongue for all [[linguistic minority|linguistic minorities]], regardless of whether or not their language is official in that State, and the President has the power to issue directions he deems necessary to ensure that they are provided these facilities.<ref>Constitution of India, Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17350A.html 350A].</ref>

=== The language of the judiciary ===

States have significantly less freedom in relation to determine the language in which judicial proceedings in their respective [[High Courts of India|High Courts]] will be conducted. The constitution gives the power to authorise the use of Hindi, or the state's official language in proceedings of the High Court to the [[Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of states of India|Governor]], rather than the state legislature, and requires the Governor to obtain the consent of the [[President of India]],<ref>Constitution of India, Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17348.html 348(2)].</ref> who in these matters acts on the advice of the [[Government of India]]. The Official Languages Act gives the Governor a similar power, subject to similar conditions, in relation to the language in which the High Court's judgments will be delivered.<ref>[http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolacteng.htm S. 7]</ref>

Four states - [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]] - have been granted the right to conduct proceedings in their High Courts in their official language, which, for all of them, was Hindi. However, the only non-Hindi state to seek a similar power - [[Tamil Nadu]], which sought the right to conduct proceedings in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in its [[Madras High Court|High Court]] - had its application rejected by the central government earlier , which said it was advised to do so by the Supreme Court.<ref>{{citation |last= Special Correspondent |title=Karunanidhi stands firm on Tamil in High Court | newspaper = The Hindu |pages=1 |year=2007 |date=12 March |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/12/stories/2007031205180100.htm}}.</ref> now in a new move the lawministry has said that it wont object to Tamil Nadu's claim to have Tamil as an official language to conduct proceedings in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in its [[Madras High Court|High Court]]<ref>http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:SObQUESnNx0J:www.tn.gov.in/pressrelease/archives/pr2007/pr110307/pr110307_45.pdf+Making+Tamil+official+language+of+High+Court&hl=ru&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=ru&client=firefox-a</ref><ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/03/stories/2006120306220800.htm The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Thanjavur News : No objection to Tamil as court language: A.P. Shah<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref><ref>[http://www.silobreaker.com/DocumentReader.aspx?Item=5_848171789 Silobreaker: Make Tamil the language of Madras High Court: Karu<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref><ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/21/stories/2008042159970800.htm The Hindu : Tamil Nadu News : Karunanidhi hopeful of Centre’s announcement<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/iep/sunday/story/299161.html indianexpress.com<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref><ref>http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:SObQUESnNx0J:www.tn.gov.in/pressrelease/archives/pr2007/pr110307/pr110307_45.pdf+official+language+of+Tamil+in+High+Court&hl=ru&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=ru&client=firefox-a</ref>

=== Languages currently used by Indian states and union territories ===
==== States ====
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! No. || State || Official Language || Other officially recognised languages
|-
|1. || [[Andhra Pradesh]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<ref>The Andhra Pradesh Official Language Act, 1966, declares Telugu to be the official language. This enactment was implemented by GO Ms No 420 in 2005. {{citation |last=Rao |first=M. Malleswara |title=Telugu declared official language | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] (Online edition) |year=2005 |date=September 18, 2005 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/18/stories/2005091803740600.htm |accessdate=2007-07-16}}</ref> || [[Urdu]]<ref>Urdu is used as a second official language in certain districts for certain specific purposes. {{cite journal |last=Fatihi |first=A.R.|title=Urdu in Andhra Pradesh |journal=Language in India |volume=3 |issue=4 |month=April | year=2003 |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/april2003/urduinap.html |format=html |id=ISSN: 1930-2940 |accessdate=2007-07-16}}</ref>
|-
|2. || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[Hindi]]<ref>{{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005 |pages=para 2.4 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203 | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref> || None<ref>Five languages spoken by the principal tribes in Arunachal Pradesh - [[Adi language|Adi]], [[Apatani language|Apatani]], [[Bhoti]], [[Khamti language|Khampti]] and [[Nishi language|Nishi]] are offered to students in state schools, however English is the language of administration and recruitment. {{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005 |pages=para 2.3 - 2.4 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203 | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref>
|-
|3. || [[Assam]] || [[Assamese language|Assamese]]<ref name="assamofflang">Assamese is the official language of the State. Bodo is used as an associate official language for specific purposes in the districts of Kokrajhar and Nalbari and in the Udalguri sub division. Bengali is used for administrative and other official purposes in the districts of the Barak valley.{{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004 |page=para 3.5 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm | access-date = 2007-06-06}}. See also {{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005 |pages=para 3.4 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203 | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref> || [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]]<ref name="assamofflang"/>
|-
|4. || [[Bihar]] || [[Hindi]]<ref>{{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005 |pages=para 20.5 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203 | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref> || [[Urdu]]<ref>Urdu is recognised as an additional official language for seven specific purposes, namely, receiving and replying to representations from the public; receiving documents in government offices; publishing [[delegated legislation|rules, regulations and notices]]; issuing important letters and orders; publishing important advertisements; publishing government gazettes; and signboards at important places and offices.{{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005 |pages=para 20.5 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203 | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref>
|-
|5. || [[Chhattisgarh]] || [[Hindi]]<ref name="Chhatofflang">{{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=39th report: July 2000 - June 2001 |page=section 6 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/4.zip | access-date = 2007-07-16}}</ref> || None<ref name="Chhatofflang"/>
|-
|6. || [[Goa]] || [[Konkani language|Konkani]]<ref name="goaofflang">The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makes Konkani the sole official language, but provides that Marathi may also be used for "for all or any of the official purposes". The Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi. {{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004 |page=para 11.3 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm | access-date = 2007-06-06}} However, whilst there have been demands for making Marathi an official language, as of May 2007, Konkani remained the sole official language. {{citation |last=UNI |title=Marathi vs Konkani debate continues in Goa |date=May 30, 2007 |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/may/30goa.htm | access-date = 2007-06-06}}</ref> || [[Marathi]]<ref name="goaofflang"/>
|-
|7. || [[Gujarat]] || [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<ref name = Guj>{{cite journal |last=Fatihi |first=A.R.|title=Urdu in Gujarat |journal=Language in India |volume=3 |date=[[September 9]], [[2003]] |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2003/urduingujarat.html |format=html |accessdate=2007-07-16}}</ref>, [[Hindi]]<ref name = Guj/>||
|-
|8. || [[Haryana]] || [[Hindi]]<ref name="haryanaofflang">{{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004 |page=para 28.3 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm | access-date = 2007-07-16}}</ref> || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref name="haryanaofflang"/>
|-
|9. || [[Himachal Pradesh]] || [[Hindi]]<ref name="hpofflang">{{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004 |page=para 29.7 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm | access-date = 2007-07-16}}</ref> || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref name="hpofflang"/>
|-
|10. || [[Jammu and Kashmir]] || [[Urdu]]<ref>[http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J&K.pdf Article 145] of the [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]] makes Urdu the official language of the state, but provides for the continued use of English for all official purposes.</ref> || None<ref>[http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J&K.pdf Article 146] of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, read together with the sixth schedule thereto, requires the government of the state to establish an academy to develop eight regional languages, namely [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Balti language|Balti]], [[Dardi language|Dardi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Pahari]], [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] and [[Gojri]]. None of these, however, are official.</ref>
|-
|11. || [[Jharkhand]] || [[Hindi]]<ref name="jharkofflang">{{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=41st report: July 2002 - June 2003 |page=para 15.3 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/23.htm | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref> || None<ref name="jharkofflang"/>
|-
|12. || [[Karnataka]] || [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<ref name="kannada">{{cite web|url=http://dpal.kar.nic.in/26%20of%201963%20(E).pdf|title= The Karnataka Official Language Act, 1963|work=Official website of Government of Karnataka|publisher=Government of Karnataka|accessdate=2007-07-16|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="karnataka">{{cite web|url=http://dpal.kar.nic.in/30%20of%201981%20(E).pdf|title= The Karnataka Local Authorities (Official Language) Act, 1981|work=Official website of Government of Karnataka|publisher=Government of Karnataka|accessdate=2007-07-16|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|13. || [[Kerala]] || [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]<ref name="kerala">{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2005/malayalamdevelopmentchandraj1.html|title= Malayalam, How to Arrest it's Withering Away?|work=M. K. Chand Raj, Ph.D. on Language in India|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages,Mysore|accessdate=2007-07-16}}</ref> || [[English language|English]]<ref name="kerala"/>
|-
|14. || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || [[Hindi]]<ref name="mp">{{cite web|url=http://www.mpgovt.nic.in/culture/language.htm|title= Language and Literature|work=Official website of Government of Madhya Pradesh|publisher=Government of Madhya Pradesh|accessdate=2007-07-16}}</ref> ||
|-
|15. || [[Maharashtra]] || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="mah1">{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Trivia.html|title=Maharashtra Tourism: Trivia |work=Official website of Maharashtra Tourism|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|accessdate=2007-07-16}}</ref><ref name="mah2">{{citation|last=Palkar |first=A.B|title=Report of One Man Commission Justice A.B.Palkar: Shri Bhaurao Dagadu Paralkar & Others
V/s State of Maharashtra|year=2007 |volume=I|pages=41|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/VOLUME-I.pdf|accessdate=2007-07-16}}</ref> ||
|-
|16. || [[Manipur]] || [[Meitei language|Meitei]]<ref>Section 2(f) of the Manipur Official Language Act, 1979 states that the official language of Manipur is the Manipuri language (an older English name for the Meiti language) written in the [[Bengali script]]. {{citation |last=The Sangai Express |title=Mayek body threatens to stall proceeding |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epRelatedNews.asp?heading=9&src=290703 | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref> || None<ref>Nine tribal languages are recognised for the purpose of education, but have no other official status. {{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005 |page=para 22.4 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203 | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref>
|-
|17. || [[Meghalaya]] || [[English language|English]]<ref>{{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004 |page=para 25.5 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm | access-date = 2007-07-16}}</ref> || [[Khasi language|Khasi]], [[Garo language|Garo]]<ref>The 43rd report of the National Commission of Linguistic Minorities reports that, from a date to be determined, [[Khasi language|Khasi]] will have the status of an associate official language in the districts of the East Khasi Hills, West Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills and Ri Bhoi. [[Garo language|Garo]] will have a similar status in the districts of the East Garo Hills, West Garo Hills and South Garo Hills. {{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005 |page=para 25.1 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203 | access-date = 2007-07-16}}. On the 21st of March 2006, the Chief Minister of Meghalaya stated in the State Assembly that a notification to this effect had been issued. {{citation | |title=Meghalaya Legislative Assembly, Budget session: Starred Questions and Answers - Tuesday, the 21st March 2006. |url=http://megassembly.gov.in/questions/2006/21-03-2006s.htm | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref>
|-
|18. || [[Mizoram]] || [[Mizo language|Mizo]]<ref name="mizoramofflang">Mizo is the sole official language under the Official Languages Act. However, this statute does not apply to autonomous regions of Mizoram.{{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=41st report: July 2002 - June 2003 |page=paras 28.4, 28.9 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/23.htm | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref> || None<ref name="mizoramofflang"/>
|-
|19. || [[Nagaland]] || [[English language|English]]<ref name="nagaofflang">{{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005 |page=para 17.4 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203 | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref> || None<ref name="nagaofflang"/>
|-
|20. || [[Orissa]] || [[Oriya language|Oriya]],<ref name="orissaofflang">{{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004 |page=para 5.4 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref> || None<ref name="orissaofflang"/>
|-
|21. || [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref name="punjabofflang">Punjabi is the official language of the state. Section 8 of Punjab's Official Language Act requires the state Government to "take suitable steps to develop the Hindi language in the State" but does not give Hindi any official status. {{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004 |page=para 19.6 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm | access-date = 2007-06-06}}.</ref> || None<ref name="punjabofflang"/>
|-
|22. || [[Rajasthan]] || [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="rajasthanofflang">{{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004 |page=para 26.4 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref> || None<ref name="rajasthanofflang"/>
|-
|23. || [[Sikkim]] || [[English language|English]]<ref>{{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005 |pages=para 27.3 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203 | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Government of Sikkim |title=Introduction to Sikkim |url=http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/home_int.htm | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref> || None<ref>Eleven other languages&nbsp;— Bhutia, Lepcha, Limboo, Nepali, Newari, Gurung, Mangar, Mukhia, Rai, Sherpa and Tamang - are termed "official", but only for the purposes of the preservation of culture and tradition. Nepali is widely used for official purposes, but has no formal legal status as the official language.{{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005 |pages=paras 27.3 - 27.4 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203 | access-date = 2007-07-16}}. See also {{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=41st report: July 2002 - June 2003 |page=paras 28.4, 28.9 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/23.htm | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref>
|-
|25. || [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="tnofflang">Whilst Tamil is the only official language, important communications are published in minority languages, and electoral rolls are published in Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam in areas where they are widely used. {{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004 |page=para 15.4 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref> || None<ref name="tnofflang"/>
|-
|25. || [[Tripura]] || [[English language|English]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kokborok language|Kokborok]]<ref name="tripuraofflang">{{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=41st report: July 2002 - June 2003 |page=para 17.3 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/23.htm | access-date = 2007-06-16}}.</ref> || None<ref name="tripuraofflang"/>
|-
|26. || [[Uttarakhand]] || [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]]<ref name="uttarkhofflang">English, Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the state, although the purposes for which Urdu is used have not been fully described. {{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005 |pages=para 7.3 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203 | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref> || [[Urdu]]<ref name="uttarkhofflang"/>
|-
|27. || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Hindi]]<ref name="upofflang">Hindi is the official language, and Urdu is used for seven specific purposes, similar to those for which it is used in Bihar. {{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005 |pages=paras 6.1-6.2 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203 | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref> || [[Urdu]]<ref name="upofflang"/>
|-
|28. || [[West Bengal]] || [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wbofflang">Bengali is the official language of West Bengal. Nepali is recognised as an additional official language in [[Darjeeling district]]. In addition, the government has a policy of replying to representations received in minority languages in those languages. {{citation |last=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |title=43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005 |pages=para 18.4 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203 | access-date = 2007-07-16}}.</ref> || [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<ref name="wbofflang"/>
|}

==== Union Territories ====
{| class = "wikitable"
!No. || Union Territory || Official Language || Other officially recognised languages
|-
|1. || [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] || [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref>"Most of Indian languages are spoken in Andaman and Nicobar Islands because of its cosmopolitan nature. The common language is Hindi whereas English and Hindi are used in official correspondence." {{citation |last=Andaman District Administration |title=Profile |url=http://andamandt.nic.in/profile.htm | access-date = 2007-06-06}}</ref> ||
|-
|2. || [[Chandigarh]] || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]]||
|-
|3. || [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] || [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] ||
|-
|4. || [[Daman and Diu]] || [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[English language|English]]|| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="goaofflang"/>
|-
|5. || [[Delhi]] || [[Hindi]] || [[Urdu]]<ref name = "delhi1">Urdu and Punjabi are the second official languages of Delhi under the Delhi Official Language Bill, 2000 {{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/43388.cms|title=Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi |accessdate=2007-07-17 |date=2003-06-25 |publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref name = "delhi1"/>
|-
|6. || [[Lakshadweep]] || [[Malayalam]]||
|-
|7. || [[Pondicherry]] || [[French language|French]]<ref>{{citation |last=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Pondicherry |title=General Information on Pondicherry |url=http://www.ceopondicherry.nic.in/Bkground/GeneralInfo.htm | access-date = 2007-06-06}}</ref>, [[Tamil language|Tamil]],[[Telugu language|Telugu]],[[English language|English]], ||
|}

== The language of centre-state and interstate communication ==

The language in which communications between different states, or from the central government to a state or a person in a state, shall be sent is regulated by the Official Languages Act and, for states other than [[Tamil Nadu]], by the Official Languages Rules. Communication between states who use Hindi as their official language is required to be in Hindi, whereas communication between a state whose official language is Hindi and one whose is not is required to be in English, or in Hindi with an accompanying English translation (unless the receiving state agrees to dispense with the translation).<ref name=autogenerated1 />

Communication between the centre and states which use Hindi as their official language (classified by the Official Language Rules as "the states in Region A"), and with persons who live in those states, is in Hindi, except in exceptional cases.<ref>Official Languages Rules, 1976, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolruleseng.htm para. 3(1)].</ref> Communication with a second category of states, which do not use Hindi as their official language but are willing to communicate with the centre in Hindi (currently [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Chandigarh]]<ref>Official Languages Rules, 1976, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolruleseng.htm para. 2(g)].</ref>) is usually in Hindi, whilst communications sent to an individual in those states may be in either Hindi or English.<ref>Official Languages Rules, 1976, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolruleseng.htm para. 3(2)].</ref> Communication with all other states, and with persons living in them, is in English.<ref>Official Languages Rules, 1976, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolruleseng.htm para. 3(3)].</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Languages of India]]
* [[List of Indian languages by number of native speakers|Linguistic demographics of India]]

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://rajbhasha.nic.in/ Department of Official Language (DOL)]&nbsp;– Official webpage explains the chronological events related to ''Official Languages Act'' and amendments
* [http://www.ciil.org/ Central Institute of Indian Languages]&nbsp;– A comprehensive federal government site that offers complete info on Indian Languages
*[http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~jason2/papers/natlang.htm Reconciling Linguistic Diversity: The History and the Future of Language Policy in India] by Jason Baldridge
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IN Ethnologue]&nbsp;– Ethnologue report on the languages of India
* [http://tdil.mit.gov.in/news.htm TDIL-MCIT,GoI]&nbsp;– Technology Development for Indian Languages, Government of India
* [http://india.gov.in/knowindia/india_at_a_glance.php India at a Glance ]&nbsp;– The Official Portal of the Indian Government
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940936,00.html?iid=chix-sphere The force of words - A TIME magazine article about India's language controversy]
* [http://www.elda.org/en/proj/scalla/SCALLA2004/mallikarjunv3.pdf Multi-lingualism and language policy in India]
* [http://www.marathimati.com/ Marathi Language Informative Web Portal]

{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of South Asia}}
{{India}}

[[Category:Lists of Indo-European languages|India]]
[[Category:Languages of India| ]]

[[af:Lys van nasionale tale van Indië]]
[[br:Roll yezhoù ofisiel India]]
[[ca:Llista de llengües de l'Índia]]
[[da:Indiens nationale sprog]]
[[de:Sprachen Indiens]]
[[es:Anexo:Lenguas nacionales de la India]]
[[eo:Naciaj lingvoj de Barato]]
[[eu:Indiako hizkuntza ofizialen zerrenda]]
[[fr:Liste des langues officielles de l'Inde]]
[[ko:인도의 국가언어 목록]]
[[ia:Lista del national linguas de India]]
[[os:Индийы æвзæгты номхыгъд]]
[[is:Listi yfir þjóðtungur Indlands]]
[[it:Lingue nazionali dell'India]]
[[he:רשימת השפות הלאומיות של הודו]]
[[la:Index linguarum sollemnium Indiae]]
[[lt:Sąrašas:Oficialios Indijos kalbos]]
[[ml:ഭാരതത്തിലെ ഔദ്യോഗിക ഭാഷകള്‍]]
[[mr:भारतीय भाषा]]
[[ja:インドの公用語の一覧]]
[[no:Språk i India]]
[[nn:Språk i India]]
[[pl:Języki urzędowe Indii]]
[[pt:Anexo:Lista de línguas nacionais da Índia]]
[[rmy:Patrinipen le prinjarde chhibango andi Pharatiya]]
[[ru:Список языков Индии]]
[[scn:Lista dî lingui ufficiali di l'Innia]]
[[simple:Official languages of India]]
[[sl:Seznam uradnih jezikov Indije]]
[[fi:Luettelo Intian kansallisista kielistä]]
[[sv:Lista över Indiens officiella språk]]
[[te:భారతదేశ అధికారిక భాషలు ]]
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[[tr:Hint Dilleri]]
[[zh:印度国家语言列表]]

Revision as of 04:45, 13 October 2008

The Constitution of India envisages Hindi as the primary official language to be used by the Union Government, with English as the subsidiary official language. However, there are many languages that are accorded official language status at the state level. It envisages a situation where each state has its own official language(s), in addition to the official languages to be used by the Union government. The section of the Constitution of India dealing with official languages therefore includes detailed provisions[1] which deal not just with the languages used for the official purposes of the union,[2] but also with the languages that are to be used for the official purposes of each state and union territory in the country,[3] and the languages that are to be used for communication between the union and the states inter se.[4]

At the time the constitution entered into force, English was used for most official purposes both at the federal level and in the various states. The constitution envisaged the gradual phasing in of local languages, principally Hindi, to replace English over a fifteen-year period, but gave Parliament the power to, by law, provide for the continued use of English even thereafter. Accordingly, English continues to be used today, in combination with Hindi (at the central level and in some states) and other languages (at the state level).

The legal framework governing the use of languages for official purpose currently includes the Constitution, the Official Languages Act, 1963, Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, and various state laws, as well as rules and regulations made by the central government and the states.

Official languages at the Union level

Hindi and English

The Indian constitution, in 1950, declared Hindi in Devanagari script to be the official language of the union.[5] Unless Parliament decided otherwise, the use of English for official purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect, i.e., on 26 January 1965.[6] The prospect of the changeover, however, led to much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking areas of India, as a result of which Parliament enacted the Official Languages Act, 1963,[7][8][9][10][11][12] which provided for the continued use of English for official purposes along with Hindi, even after 1965. An attempt was made in late 1964 to expressly provide for an end to the use of English, but it was met with protests from across the country. Some of these protests also turned violent. Widespread protests occurred in states such as Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal, Karnataka, Pondicherry and Andhra Pradesh. As a result of these protests, the proposal was dropped,[13][14] and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a resolution to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament.[15]

The current position is thus that the Union government may continue to use English in addition to Hindi for its official purposes[16] as a "subsidiary official language,"[17] but is also required to prepare and execute a programme to progressively increase its use of Hindi.[18] The exact extent to which, and the areas in which, the Union government uses Hindi and English, respectively, is determined by the provisions of the Constitution, the Official Languages Act, 1963, the Official Languages Rules, 1976, and statutory instruments made by the Department of Official Language under these laws.

The language of Parliamentary proceedings and laws

The Indian constitution draws a distinction between the language to be used in Parliamentary proceedings, and the language in which laws are to be made. Parliamentary business, according to the Constitution, may be conducted in either Hindi or English.[19] The use of English in parliamentary proceedings was to be phased out at the end of fifteen years unless Parliament chose to extend its use,[20] which Parliament did through the Official Languages Act, 1963.[21] In addition, the constitution permits a person who is unable to express himself in either Hindi or English to, with the permission of the Speaker of the relevant House, address the House in his mother tongue.[22]

In contrast, the constitution requires the authoritative text of all laws, including Parliamentary enactments and statutory instruments, to be in English, until Parliament decides otherwise.[23] Parliament has not exercised its power to so decide, instead merely requiring that all such laws and instruments, and all bills brought before it, also be translated into Hindi, though the English text remains authoritative.[24]

The language of the judiciary

The constitution provides that all proceedings in the Supreme Court of India, the country's highest court, shall be in English.[25] Parliament has the power to alter this by law, but has not done so.[26]

The language of administration

The Union government is required by law to progressively increase the use of Hindi in its official work,[18] which it has sought to do through "persuasion, incentive and goodwill."[27]

The Official Language Act provides that the Union government shall use both Hindi and English in most administrative documents that are intended for the public.[28] The Official Languages Rules, in contrast, provide for a higher degree of use of Hindi in communications between offices of the central government (other than offices in Tamil Nadu, to which the rules do not apply[29]). Communications between different departments within the central government may be in either Hindi or English, although a translation into the other language must be provided if required.[30] Communications within offices of the same department, however, must be in Hindi if the offices are in Hindi-speaking states,[31] and in either Hindi or English otherwise with Hindi being used in proportion to the percentage of staff in the receiving office who have a working knowledge of Hindi.[32] Notes and memos in files may be in either Hindi or English, with the Government having a duty to provide a translation into the other language if required.[33]

In addition, every person submitting a petition for the redress of a grievance to a government officer or authority has a constitutional right to submit it in any language used in India.[34]

The languages of the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution

The Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution contains a list of 22 scheduled languages. At the time the constitution was enacted, inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on the Official Languages Commission,[35] and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi, the official language of the Union.[36] The list has since, however, acquired further significance. The Government of India is now under an obligation to take measures for the development of these languages, such that "they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge."[37] In addition, a candidate appearing in an examination conducted for public service at a higher level is entitled to use any of these languages as the medium in which he answers the paper.[38]

Via the 92nd Constitutional amendment 2003, 4 new languages – Bodo, Maithili, Dogri, and Santhali – were added to the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution.[39]

The following table lists the languages set out in the eighth schedule as of May 2007, together with the regions where they are used:

No. Language State(s)/Community
1. Assamese/Asomiya Assam
2. Bengali/Bangla Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Tripura, West Bengal
3. Bodo Assam
4. Dogri Jammu and Kashmir
5. Gujarati Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Gujarat
6. Hindi Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, the national capital territory of Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
7. Kannada Karnataka
8. Kashmiri Jammu and Kashmir
9. Konkani Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala
10. Maithili Bihar
11. Malayalam Kerala, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep,Puducherry
12. Manipuri (also Meitei or Meithei) Manipur
13. Marathi Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka
14. Nepali Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam
15. Oriya Orissa
16. Punjabi Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab
17. Sanskrit Officially designated as "Classical Language of India" in 2005.
18. Santhali Santhal tribals of the Chota Nagpur Plateau (comprising the states of Bihar, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa)
19. Sindhi Sindhi community
20. Tamil Tamil Nadu, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Puducherry; Officially designated as "Classical Language of India" in 2004.
21. Telugu Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry
22. Urdu Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar

Official languages at the state level

The Indian constitution does not specify the official languages to be used by the states for the conduct of their official functions, and leaves each state free to, through its legislature, adopt Hindi or any language used in its territory as its official language or languages.[40] The language need not be one of those listed in the Eighth Schedule, and several states have adopted official languages which are not so listed. Examples include Kokborok in Tripura, Mizo in Mizoram, Khasi, Garo, and Jaintia in Meghalaya, and French in Pondicherry.

The language of the legislature and administration

The constitutional provisions in relation to use of the official language in legislation at the State level largely mirror those relating to the official language at the central level, with minor variations. State legislatures may conduct their business in their official language, Hindi or (for a transitional period, which the legislature can extend if it so chooses) English, and members who cannot use any of these have the same rights to their mother tongue with the Speaker's permission.[41] The authoritative text of all laws must be in English, unless Parliament passes a law permitting a state to use another language, and if the original text of a law is in a different language, an authoritative English translation of all laws must be prepared.[42]

The state has the right to regulate the use of its official language in public administration, and in general, neither the constitution nor any central enactment imposes any restriction on this right. However, every person submitting a petition for the redress of a grievance to an officer or authority of the state government has a constitutional right to submit it in any language used in that state, regardless of its official status.[34]

In addition, the constitution grants the central government, acting through the President, the power to issue certain directives to the government of a state in relation to the use of minority languages for official purposes. The President may direct a State to officially recognise a language spoken in its territory for specified purposes and in specified regions, if its speakers demand it and satisfy him that a substantial proportion of the State's population desire its use.[43] Similarly, States and local authorities are required to endeavour to provide primary education in the mother tongue for all linguistic minorities, regardless of whether or not their language is official in that State, and the President has the power to issue directions he deems necessary to ensure that they are provided these facilities.[44]

The language of the judiciary

States have significantly less freedom in relation to determine the language in which judicial proceedings in their respective High Courts will be conducted. The constitution gives the power to authorise the use of Hindi, or the state's official language in proceedings of the High Court to the Governor, rather than the state legislature, and requires the Governor to obtain the consent of the President of India,[45] who in these matters acts on the advice of the Government of India. The Official Languages Act gives the Governor a similar power, subject to similar conditions, in relation to the language in which the High Court's judgments will be delivered.[46]

Four states - Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan - have been granted the right to conduct proceedings in their High Courts in their official language, which, for all of them, was Hindi. However, the only non-Hindi state to seek a similar power - Tamil Nadu, which sought the right to conduct proceedings in Tamil in its High Court - had its application rejected by the central government earlier , which said it was advised to do so by the Supreme Court.[47] now in a new move the lawministry has said that it wont object to Tamil Nadu's claim to have Tamil as an official language to conduct proceedings in Tamil in its High Court[48][49][50][51][52][53]

Languages currently used by Indian states and union territories

States

No. State Official Language Other officially recognised languages
1. Andhra Pradesh Telugu[54] Urdu[55]
2. Arunachal Pradesh Hindi[56] None[57]
3. Assam Assamese[58] Bengali, Bodo[58]
4. Bihar Hindi[59] Urdu[60]
5. Chhattisgarh Hindi[61] None[61]
6. Goa Konkani[62] Marathi[62]
7. Gujarat Gujarati[63], Hindi[63]
8. Haryana Hindi[64] Punjabi[64]
9. Himachal Pradesh Hindi[65] Punjabi[65]
10. Jammu and Kashmir Urdu[66] None[67]
11. Jharkhand Hindi[68] None[68]
12. Karnataka Kannada[69][70]
13. Kerala Malayalam[71] English[71]
14. Madhya Pradesh Hindi[72]
15. Maharashtra Marathi[73][74]
16. Manipur Meitei[75] None[76]
17. Meghalaya English[77] Khasi, Garo[78]
18. Mizoram Mizo[79] None[79]
19. Nagaland English[80] None[80]
20. Orissa Oriya,[81] None[81]
21. Punjab Punjabi[82] None[82]
22. Rajasthan Hindi[83] None[83]
23. Sikkim English[84][85] None[86]
25. Tamil Nadu Tamil[87] None[87]
25. Tripura English, Bengali, Kokborok[88] None[88]
26. Uttarakhand English, Hindi[89] Urdu[89]
27. Uttar Pradesh Hindi[90] Urdu[90]
28. West Bengal Bengali[91] Nepali[91]

Union Territories

No. Union Territory Official Language Other officially recognised languages
1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands English, Hindi, Tamil[92]
2. Chandigarh Punjabi, Hindi
3. Dadra and Nagar Haveli Marathi, Gujarati
4. Daman and Diu Gujarati, English Marathi[62]
5. Delhi Hindi Urdu[93], Punjabi[93]
6. Lakshadweep Malayalam
7. Pondicherry French[94], Tamil,Telugu,English,

The language of centre-state and interstate communication

The language in which communications between different states, or from the central government to a state or a person in a state, shall be sent is regulated by the Official Languages Act and, for states other than Tamil Nadu, by the Official Languages Rules. Communication between states who use Hindi as their official language is required to be in Hindi, whereas communication between a state whose official language is Hindi and one whose is not is required to be in English, or in Hindi with an accompanying English translation (unless the receiving state agrees to dispense with the translation).[16]

Communication between the centre and states which use Hindi as their official language (classified by the Official Language Rules as "the states in Region A"), and with persons who live in those states, is in Hindi, except in exceptional cases.[95] Communication with a second category of states, which do not use Hindi as their official language but are willing to communicate with the centre in Hindi (currently Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab and Chandigarh[96]) is usually in Hindi, whilst communications sent to an individual in those states may be in either Hindi or English.[97] Communication with all other states, and with persons living in them, is in English.[98]

See also

References

  1. ^ Part XVII of the Constitution of India.
  2. ^ Article 343 of the Constitution of India.
  3. ^ Article 345 of the Constitution of India.
  4. ^ Article 346 of the Constitution of India.
  5. ^ Article 343(1).
  6. ^ Articles 343(2) and (3).
  7. ^ DOL
  8. ^ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities
  9. ^ Language in India
  10. ^ THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ACT, 1963
  11. ^ National Portal of India : Know India : Profile
  12. ^ http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:-yTtE4_A8JUJ:www.rajbhasha.gov.in/khand8-eng7.pdf+Official+Languages+Act,+1963&hl=ru&ct=clnk&cd=8&gl=ru&client=firefox-a
  13. ^ "The force of words". Retrieved 2007-06-05.
  14. ^ Forrester, Duncan B. (Spring — Summer 1966), "The Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation, 1965: Political Protest and its Effects on Language Policy in India", Pacific Affairs, 39 (1/2): 19–36, doi:10.2307/2755179 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link).
  15. ^ Official Languages Act, 1963, S. 3(5).
  16. ^ a b Official Languages Act, 1963, S. 3(1).
  17. ^ Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L. (Ministry of Home Affairs), dated 27th April, 1960.
  18. ^ a b Official Languages Resolution, 1968, para. 1.
  19. ^ Article 120(1).
  20. ^ Article 120(2).
  21. ^ Official Languages Act, 1963, S. 3(1)(b).
  22. ^ Article 120(1) first proviso.
  23. ^ Article 348(1).
  24. ^ Official Languages Act, 1963, Ss. 5(1) and (2).
  25. ^ Article 348(1)(a).
  26. ^ Article 348(1), leading text.
  27. ^ "Official language policy of the Union."
  28. ^ S. 3(3) names, amongst others, resolutions, general orders, rules, notifications, administrative or other reports or press communiques issued by a government department, agency or corporation; administrative and other reports and official papers laid before a House or the Houses of Parliament; and contracts and agreements executed, and licences, permits, notices and forms of tender issued by or on behalf of the government (including government companies).
  29. ^ Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, paragraph 1(ii)
  30. ^ Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, paragraph 4(a)
  31. ^ Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, paragraphs 4(b) and (c)
  32. ^ Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, paragraph 4(d)
  33. ^ Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, paragraph 8
  34. ^ a b Constitution of India, Article 350.
  35. ^ Constitution of India, Article 344(1).
  36. ^ Constitution of India, Article 351.
  37. ^ Official Languages Resolution, 1968, para. 2.
  38. ^ Official Languages Resolution, 1968, para. 4.
  39. ^ National Portal of India : Government : Constitution of India
  40. ^ Constitution of India, Article 345
  41. ^ Constitution of India, Article 210.
  42. ^ Articles 348(1) and (3).
  43. ^ Constitution of India, Article 347.
  44. ^ Constitution of India, Article 350A.
  45. ^ Constitution of India, Article 348(2).
  46. ^ S. 7
  47. ^ Special Correspondent (12 March), "Karunanidhi stands firm on Tamil in High Court", The Hindu, p. 1 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help).
  48. ^ http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:SObQUESnNx0J:www.tn.gov.in/pressrelease/archives/pr2007/pr110307/pr110307_45.pdf+Making+Tamil+official+language+of+High+Court&hl=ru&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=ru&client=firefox-a
  49. ^ The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Thanjavur News : No objection to Tamil as court language: A.P. Shah
  50. ^ Silobreaker: Make Tamil the language of Madras High Court: Karu
  51. ^ The Hindu : Tamil Nadu News : Karunanidhi hopeful of Centre’s announcement
  52. ^ indianexpress.com
  53. ^ http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:SObQUESnNx0J:www.tn.gov.in/pressrelease/archives/pr2007/pr110307/pr110307_45.pdf+official+language+of+Tamil+in+High+Court&hl=ru&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=ru&client=firefox-a
  54. ^ The Andhra Pradesh Official Language Act, 1966, declares Telugu to be the official language. This enactment was implemented by GO Ms No 420 in 2005. Rao, M. Malleswara (September 18, 2005), "Telugu declared official language", The Hindu (Online edition), retrieved 2007-07-16{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  55. ^ Urdu is used as a second official language in certain districts for certain specific purposes. Fatihi, A.R. (2003). "Urdu in Andhra Pradesh" (html). Language in India. 3 (4). ISSN: 1930-2940. Retrieved 2007-07-16. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  56. ^ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. para 2.4, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  57. ^ Five languages spoken by the principal tribes in Arunachal Pradesh - Adi, Apatani, Bhoti, Khampti and Nishi are offered to students in state schools, however English is the language of administration and recruitment. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. para 2.3 - 2.4, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  58. ^ a b Assamese is the official language of the State. Bodo is used as an associate official language for specific purposes in the districts of Kokrajhar and Nalbari and in the Udalguri sub division. Bengali is used for administrative and other official purposes in the districts of the Barak valley.Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 3.5, retrieved 2007-06-06. See also Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. para 3.4, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  59. ^ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. para 20.5, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  60. ^ Urdu is recognised as an additional official language for seven specific purposes, namely, receiving and replying to representations from the public; receiving documents in government offices; publishing rules, regulations and notices; issuing important letters and orders; publishing important advertisements; publishing government gazettes; and signboards at important places and offices.Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. para 20.5, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  61. ^ a b Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 39th report: July 2000 - June 2001, p. section 6, retrieved 2007-07-16
  62. ^ a b c The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makes Konkani the sole official language, but provides that Marathi may also be used for "for all or any of the official purposes". The Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 11.3, retrieved 2007-06-06 However, whilst there have been demands for making Marathi an official language, as of May 2007, Konkani remained the sole official language. UNI (May 30, 2007), Marathi vs Konkani debate continues in Goa, retrieved 2007-06-06
  63. ^ a b Fatihi, A.R. (September 9, 2003). "Urdu in Gujarat" (html). Language in India. 3. Retrieved 2007-07-16. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  64. ^ a b Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 28.3, retrieved 2007-07-16
  65. ^ a b Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 29.7, retrieved 2007-07-16
  66. ^ Article 145 of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir makes Urdu the official language of the state, but provides for the continued use of English for all official purposes.
  67. ^ Article 146 of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, read together with the sixth schedule thereto, requires the government of the state to establish an academy to develop eight regional languages, namely Kashmiri, Dogri, Balti, Dardi, Punjabi, Pahari, Ladakhi and Gojri. None of these, however, are official.
  68. ^ a b Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 41st report: July 2002 - June 2003, p. para 15.3, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  69. ^ "The Karnataka Official Language Act, 1963" (PDF). Official website of Government of Karnataka. Government of Karnataka. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
  70. ^ "The Karnataka Local Authorities (Official Language) Act, 1981" (PDF). Official website of Government of Karnataka. Government of Karnataka. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
  71. ^ a b "Malayalam, How to Arrest it's Withering Away?". M. K. Chand Raj, Ph.D. on Language in India. Central Institute of Indian Languages,Mysore. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
  72. ^ "Language and Literature". Official website of Government of Madhya Pradesh. Government of Madhya Pradesh. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
  73. ^ "Maharashtra Tourism: Trivia". Official website of Maharashtra Tourism. Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
  74. ^ Palkar, A.B (2007), Report of One Man Commission Justice A.B.Palkar: Shri Bhaurao Dagadu Paralkar & Others V/s State of Maharashtra (PDF), vol. I, p. 41, retrieved 2007-07-16 {{citation}}: line feed character in |title= at position 87 (help)
  75. ^ Section 2(f) of the Manipur Official Language Act, 1979 states that the official language of Manipur is the Manipuri language (an older English name for the Meiti language) written in the Bengali script. The Sangai Express, Mayek body threatens to stall proceeding, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  76. ^ Nine tribal languages are recognised for the purpose of education, but have no other official status. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, p. para 22.4, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  77. ^ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 25.5, retrieved 2007-07-16
  78. ^ The 43rd report of the National Commission of Linguistic Minorities reports that, from a date to be determined, Khasi will have the status of an associate official language in the districts of the East Khasi Hills, West Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills and Ri Bhoi. Garo will have a similar status in the districts of the East Garo Hills, West Garo Hills and South Garo Hills. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, p. para 25.1, retrieved 2007-07-16. On the 21st of March 2006, the Chief Minister of Meghalaya stated in the State Assembly that a notification to this effect had been issued. Meghalaya Legislative Assembly, Budget session: Starred Questions and Answers - Tuesday, the 21st March 2006., retrieved 2007-07-16 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help).
  79. ^ a b Mizo is the sole official language under the Official Languages Act. However, this statute does not apply to autonomous regions of Mizoram.Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 41st report: July 2002 - June 2003, p. paras 28.4, 28.9, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  80. ^ a b Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, p. para 17.4, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  81. ^ a b Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 5.4, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  82. ^ a b Punjabi is the official language of the state. Section 8 of Punjab's Official Language Act requires the state Government to "take suitable steps to develop the Hindi language in the State" but does not give Hindi any official status. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 19.6, retrieved 2007-06-06.
  83. ^ a b Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 26.4, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  84. ^ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. para 27.3, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  85. ^ Government of Sikkim, Introduction to Sikkim, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  86. ^ Eleven other languages — Bhutia, Lepcha, Limboo, Nepali, Newari, Gurung, Mangar, Mukhia, Rai, Sherpa and Tamang - are termed "official", but only for the purposes of the preservation of culture and tradition. Nepali is widely used for official purposes, but has no formal legal status as the official language.Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. paras 27.3 - 27.4, retrieved 2007-07-16. See also Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 41st report: July 2002 - June 2003, p. paras 28.4, 28.9, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  87. ^ a b Whilst Tamil is the only official language, important communications are published in minority languages, and electoral rolls are published in Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam in areas where they are widely used. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 15.4, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  88. ^ a b Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 41st report: July 2002 - June 2003, p. para 17.3, retrieved 2007-06-16.
  89. ^ a b English, Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the state, although the purposes for which Urdu is used have not been fully described. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. para 7.3, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  90. ^ a b Hindi is the official language, and Urdu is used for seven specific purposes, similar to those for which it is used in Bihar. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. paras 6.1-6.2, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  91. ^ a b Bengali is the official language of West Bengal. Nepali is recognised as an additional official language in Darjeeling district. In addition, the government has a policy of replying to representations received in minority languages in those languages. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. para 18.4, retrieved 2007-07-16.
  92. ^ "Most of Indian languages are spoken in Andaman and Nicobar Islands because of its cosmopolitan nature. The common language is Hindi whereas English and Hindi are used in official correspondence." Andaman District Administration, Profile, retrieved 2007-06-06
  93. ^ a b Urdu and Punjabi are the second official languages of Delhi under the Delhi Official Language Bill, 2000 "Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi". The Times of India. 2003-06-25. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
  94. ^ Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Pondicherry, General Information on Pondicherry, retrieved 2007-06-06
  95. ^ Official Languages Rules, 1976, para. 3(1).
  96. ^ Official Languages Rules, 1976, para. 2(g).
  97. ^ Official Languages Rules, 1976, para. 3(2).
  98. ^ Official Languages Rules, 1976, para. 3(3).

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