I. I. Chundrigar: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Pakistani diplomat}}
{{Short description|Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1957}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar<br />&nbsp;ابراہیم اسماعیل چندریگر
| name = Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar
| native_name = {{nobold|ابراہیم اسماعیل چندریگر}}
| native_name = <!--The person's name tum hon language, if different.-->
| native_name_lang = ur
| native_name_lang = <!--ISO 639-1 code, e.g., "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} in |native_name= instead.-->
| honorific_suffix =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar.jpg
| image = Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar.jpg
| image_size =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| image_upright =
| smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.-->
| smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.-->
| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| caption =
| order = 6th
| order = 6th
| office = Prime Minister of Pakistan
| office = Prime Minister of Pakistan
| term_start = 17 October 1957
| term_start = 17 October 1957
| term_end = 11 December 1957
| term_end = 11 December 1957
| alongside = <!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district. (e.g. United States Senators.)-->
| alongside = <!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district. (e.g. United States Senators.)-->
| monarch =
| monarch =
| president = [[Iskander Mirza]]
| president = [[Iskander Mirza]]
| governor_general =
| governor_general =
| primeminister =
| primeminister =
| taoiseach =
| taoiseach =
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| governor =
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| vicepresident =
| vicepresident =
| viceprimeminister =
| viceprimeminister =
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| lieutenant =
| succeeding = <!--For President-elect or equivalent-->
| succeeding = <!--For President-elect or equivalent-->
| parliamentarygroup =
| parliamentarygroup =
| constituency =
| constituency =
| majority =
| majority =
| predecessor = [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Huseyn Suhrawardy]]
| predecessor = [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Huseyn Suhrawardy]]
| successor = [[Feroz Khan Noon|Feroze Khan]]
| successor = [[Feroz Khan Noon|Feroze Khan]]
| prior_term = <!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->
| prior_term = <!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->
| order2 = [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Law and Justice]]
| order2 = [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Law and Justice]]
| office2 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 = 12 August 1955
| term_start2 = 12 August 1955
| term_end2 = 9 August 1957
| term_end2 = 9 August 1957
| alongside2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
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| president2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| governor_general2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| governor_general2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| primeminister2 = [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|H. S. Suhrawardy]]<br />{{small|(1956-57)}}<br />[[Chaudhry Mohammad Ali|Muhammad Ali]]<br />{{small|(1955-56)}}
| primeminister2 = [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|H. S. Suhrawardy]]<br />(1956–57)<br />[[Chaudhry Mohammad Ali|Muhammad Ali]]<br />(1955–56)
| chancellor2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
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| governor2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
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| vicepresident2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
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<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order3 = [[Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)|Leader of the Opposition]]
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order3 = [[Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| office3 =
| office3 =
| alongside3 = [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|H. S. Suhrawardy]]
| alongside3 = [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|H. S. Suhrawardy]]
| term_start3 = 12 August 1955
| term_start3 = 12 August 1955
| term_end3 = 23 March 1956
| term_end3 = 23 March 1956
| predecessor3 = ''Office established''
| predecessor3 = ''Office established''
| successor3 = [[Fatima Jinnah]]<br />{{small|(Appointed in 1965)}}
| successor3 = [[Fatima Jinnah]]<br />(Appointed in 1965)
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order5 = [[Governor of West Punjab]]
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order5 = [[Governor of West Punjab]]
| office5 =
| office5 =
| term_start5 = 24 November 1951
| term_start5 = 24 November 1951
| term_end5 = 2 May 1953
| term_end5 = 2 May 1953
| 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|Chief Minister}}
| 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|Chief Minister}}
| 1namedata5 = [[Mian Mumtaz Daultana|M. Daultana]]
| 1namedata5 = [[Mian Mumtaz Daultana|M. Daultana]]
| predecessor5 = [[Abdur Rab Nishtar]]
| predecessor5 = [[Abdur Rab Nishtar]]
| successor5 = [[Mian Aminuddin|M. Aminuddin]]
| successor5 = [[Mian Aminuddin|M. Aminuddin]]
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order6 = [[Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Governor of North-West Frontier Province]]
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order6 = [[Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Governor of North-West Frontier Province]]
| office6 =
| office6 =
| 1blankname6 = {{nowrap|Chief Minister}}
| 1blankname6 = {{nowrap|Chief Minister}}
| 1namedata6 = [[Abdul Qayyum Khan|A. Q. Khan]]
| 1namedata6 = [[Abdul Qayyum Khan|A. Q. Khan]]
| term_start6 = 17 February 1950
| term_start6 = 17 February 1950
| term_end6 = 23 November 1951
| term_end6 = 23 November 1951
| predecessor6 = [[Sahibzada Mohammad Khurshid|Mohammad Khurshid]]
| predecessor6 = [[Sahibzada Mohammad Khurshid|Mohammad Khurshid]]
| successor6 = [[Khwaja Shahabuddin]]
| successor6 = [[Khwaja Shahabuddin]]
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order7 = [[:Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to Afghanistan|Pakistani Ambassador to Afghanistan]]
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order7 = [[:Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to Afghanistan|Pakistani Ambassador to Afghanistan]]
| office7 =
| office7 =
| term_start7 = 1 May 1948
| term_start7 = 1 May 1948
| term_end7 = 17 February 1950
| term_end7 = 17 February 1950
| primeminister7 = [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]
| primeminister7 = [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order8 = [[Commerce Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Commerce and Trade]]
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order8 = [[Commerce Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Commerce and Trade]]
| office8 =
| office8 =
| term_start8 = 15 August 1947
| term_start8 = 15 August 1947
| term_end8 = 1 May 1948
| term_end8 = 1 May 1948
| primeminister8 = Liaquat Ali Khan
| primeminister8 = Liaquat Ali Khan
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order9 = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry]]
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order9 = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry]]
| office9 =
| office9 =
| term_start9 = 2 September 1946
| term_start9 = 2 September 1946
| term_end9 = 15 August 1947
| term_end9 = 15 August 1947
| president9 = {{List collapsed|[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]]<br />{{small|(1947)}}<br />[[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell]]<br />{{small|(1946-47)}}
| president9 = {{List collapsed|[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]]<br />(1947)<br />[[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell]]<br />(1946–47)
}}
}}
| vicepresident9 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| vicepresident9 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| predecessor9 = ''Post created''
| predecessor9 = ''Post created''
| successor9 = [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]]
| successor9 = [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]]
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order10 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]]
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order10 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]]
| office10 =
| office10 =
| term_start10 = 1937
| term_start10 = 1937
| term_end10 = 1 September 1946
| term_end10 = 1 September 1946
| governor10 = {{List collapsed|[[John Colville, 1st Baron Clydesmuir|Sir John Colville]]<br />{{small|(1943–46)}}<br />[[Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough|The Earl of Scarbrough]]<br />{{small|(1937-43)}}
| governor10 = {{List collapsed|[[John Colville, 1st Baron Clydesmuir|Sir John Colville]]<br />(1943–46)<br />[[Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough|The Earl of Scarbrough]]<br />(1937–43)
}}
}}
| parliamentarygroup10 = [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League (Nationalist Group)]]
| parliamentarygroup10 = [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League (Nationalist Group)]]
| constituency10 = [[List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha in Maharashtra|Muhammadan Urban]]
| constituency10 = [[List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha in Maharashtra|Muhammadan Urban]]
| majority10 = [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]
| majority10 = [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order11 = [[President of Pakistan Muslim League]]
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order11 = [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|President of Pakistan Muslim League]]
| office11 =
| office11 =
| term_start11 = 17 October 1957
| term_start11 = 17 October 1957
| term_end11 = 11 December 1957
| term_end11 = 11 December 1957
| predecessor11 = [[Chaudhry Mohammad Ali|Muhammad Ali]]
| predecessor11 = [[Chaudhry Mohammad Ali|Muhammad Ali]]
| successor11 = [[Nurul Amin]]<br />{{small|(Took presidency in 1967)}}
| successor11 = [[Nurul Amin]]<br />(Took presidency in 1967)
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order12 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of the [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan|Supreme Court Bar Association]]
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order12 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of the [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan|Supreme Court Bar Association]]
| office12 =
| office12 =
| term_start12 = 1958
| term_start12 = 1958
| term_end12 = 1960
| term_end12 = 1960
| predecessor12 =
| predecessor12 =
| successor12 = <!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->
| successor12 = <!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->
| pronunciation =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar
| birth_name = Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1897|09|15}}<ref name="Biographical Research Institute, Pakistan., 1961">{{cite book |editor=Khan Tahawar Ali Khan |year=1961 |title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan |publisher=Biographical Research Institute, Pakistan |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGtmAAAAMAAJ&q=i+i++chundrigar+born+1897 |access-date=23 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1897|09|15}}<ref name="Biographical Research Institute, Pakistan., 1961">{{cite book |editor=Khan Tahawar Ali Khan |year=1961 |title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan |publisher=Biographical Research Institute, Pakistan |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGtmAAAAMAAJ&q=i+i++chundrigar+born+1897 |access-date=23 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Godhra]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(Now, [[Gujarat]], [[India]])}}
| birth_place = [[Godhra]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1960|09|26|1897|09|15}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1960|09|26|1897|09|15}}
| death_place = [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 1960">{{cite news |title=Chundrigar dies in London|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/565191|access-date=25 January 2018|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=29 September 1960}}</ref>
| death_place = [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 1960">{{cite news |title=Chundrigar dies in London|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/565191|access-date=25 January 2018|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=29 September 1960}}</ref>
| death_cause = [[Haemorrhage]]
| death_cause = [[Haemorrhage]]
| resting_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]
| resting_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship = [[British Raj|British India]]<br />{{small|(1897–47)}}<br />[[Pakistan]]<br />{{small|(1947–60)}}
| citizenship = [[British Raj|British India]] (1897–47)<br />[[Pakistan]] (1947–60)
| nationality =
| nationality =
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]]<br />{{small|(1936-1960)}}
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]] (1936-1960)
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| partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married-->
| partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married-->
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| relations =
| children = 3 sons, including [[Abdullah Chundrigar|Abdullah]],<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 1960" /> [[Abu Bakr Chundrigar|Abu Bakr]],<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 1960" /> and Iqbal.
| children = 3 sons, including [[Abdullah Chundrigar|Abdullah]],<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 1960" /> [[Abu Bakr Chundrigar|Abu Bakr]],<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 1960" /> and Iqbal.
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| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]]<br />{{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in [[Philosophy|Phil.]] and [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]]<br />([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in [[Philosophy|Phil.]] and [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
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| profession = Lawyer, diplomat
| profession = Lawyer, diplomat
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| website = [http://storyofpakistan.com/ibrahim-ismail-chundrigar I. I. Chundrigar]<br />[http://www.pmo.gov.pk/former_pms.php Official website]
| website = [http://storyofpakistan.com/ibrahim-ismail-chundrigar I. I. Chundrigar]<br />[http://www.pmo.gov.pk/former_pms.php Official website]
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'''Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar'''<ref>His birth name is given as "Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar". There's a major road in the corporate downtown in Karachi bearing his namesake as [[I. I. Chundrigar Road|Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar Road]]. The Bombay University confirms his name written as Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar in their graduating listings.</ref> ({{lang-ur| ابراہیم اسماعیل چندریگر}}; 15 September 1897<ref name="Biographical Research Institute, Pakistan., 1961"/> – 26 September 1960), best known as '''I. I. Chundrigar,''' was a Pakistani politician who served as the sixth [[prime minister of Pakistan]], appointed in this capacity on 17 October 1957. He resigned due to a [[Motion of no confidence|vote of no confidence]] on 11 December 1957, against him.
'''Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar'''{{Efn|{{lang-ur|ابراہیم اسماعیل چندریگر}}
His birth name is given as "Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar". There's a major road in the corporate downtown in Karachi bearing his namesake as [[Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar Road]]. The Bombay University confirms his name written as Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar in their graduating listings.}} (15 September 1897 – 26 September 1960) was a Pakistani politician who served as the sixth [[prime minister of Pakistan]], appointed in this capacity on 17 October 1957. He resigned due to a [[Motion of no confidence|vote of no confidence]] on 11 December 1957, against him.<ref name="Biographical Research Institute, Pakistan., 1961"/>


He was trained in [[constitutional law]] at the [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]] and was one of the [[Founding Fathers of Pakistan|Founding Fathers]] of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. Having served for just 55 days, Chundrigar's tenure is the third shortest served in the [[Political history of Pakistan|parliamentary history]] of [[Pakistan]], after those of [[Shujaat Hussain]] and [[Nurul Amin]], who served as prime minister for 54 and 13 days, respectively.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki, 2015">{{cite book|last1=Burki|first1=Shahid Javed|author-link1=Shahid Javed Burki|title=Historical Dictionary of Pakistan|date=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=New York, U.S.|page=136|isbn=9781442241480|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&q=I+I+Chundrigar+shortest+prime+minister&pg=PA136|access-date=24 January 2018|language=en-us |chapter=§I.I. Chundrigar}}</ref><ref name="Deep & Deep, Grover & Arora, 1995">{{cite book|last1=Grover|first1=Verinder|last2=Arora|first2=Ranjana|title=Political System in Pakistan: Role of military dictatorship in Pakistan politics|date=1995|publisher=Deep & Deep|page=244|isbn=9788171007387|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fRtAAAAMAAJ&q=Chundrigar|access-date=24 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>
He was trained in [[constitutional law]] at the [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]] and was one of the [[Founding Fathers of Pakistan|Founding Fathers]] of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. Having served for just 55 days, Chundrigar's tenure is the third shortest served in the [[Political history of Pakistan|parliamentary history]] of [[Pakistan]], after those of [[Shujaat Hussain]] and [[Nurul Amin]], who served as prime minister for 54 and 13 days, respectively.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki, 2015">{{cite book|last1=Burki|first1=Shahid Javed|author-link1=Shahid Javed Burki|title=Historical Dictionary of Pakistan|date=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=136|isbn=9781442241480|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&q=I+I+Chundrigar+shortest+prime+minister&pg=PA136|access-date=24 January 2018|language=en-us |chapter=§I.I. Chundrigar}}</ref><ref name="Deep & Deep, Grover & Arora, 1995">{{cite book|last1=Grover|first1=Verinder|last2=Arora|first2=Ranjana|title=Political System in Pakistan: Role of military dictatorship in Pakistan politics|date=1995|publisher=Deep & Deep|page=244|isbn=9788171007387|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fRtAAAAMAAJ&q=Chundrigar|access-date=24 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
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===Early life and law practice===
===Early life and law practice===


Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar, a [[Mahajir (Pakistan)|Muhajir]], was born in [[Godhra]], [[Gujarat]], in [[British Indian Empire|India]] on 15 September 1897.<ref name="Biographical Research Institute, Pakistan., 1961" /><ref name="Contemporary Targett, Goradia, 2003">{{cite book|last1=Goradia|first1=Prafull|title=Muslim League's unfinished agenda |year=2003 |publisher=Contemporary Targett |location=New Delhi |page=53 |isbn=9788175253766 |quote=Jinnah Wanted All Non-Muslims To Migrate To India And All Muslims To Inhabit Pakistan. The Book Is The Story Of This Unfulfilled Dream. While Pakistan Particularly, The Western Wing Went About Ethnic Cleansing, India Failed To Encourage`Hijrat}}</ref> He was the only child of his [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] [[Chundrigar]] family, a [[Indian Muslim|Muslim community]] in [[India]].<ref name="The Friday Times, A. Chundrigar, 2012">{{cite news|last1=Chundrigar|first1=Ayesha|title=The Chundrigar Diaries|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta3/tft/article.php?issue=20121123&page=26|access-date=24 January 2018|series=Ayesha Chundrigar's memoirs|issue=24/41|work=The Friday Times|date=29 November 2012|location=Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Chundriger community is of Arabian descent.<ref>Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Gujarat Population: Musalmans and Parsis, Volume IX page 72 Government Central Press, Bombay</ref>
Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar, a [[Mahajir (Pakistan)|Muhajir]], was born in [[Godhra]], [[Gujarat]], in [[British Indian Empire|India]] on 15 September 1897.<ref name="Biographical Research Institute, Pakistan., 1961" /><ref name="Contemporary Targett, Goradia, 2003">{{cite book |last1=Goradia |first1=Prafull |title=Muslim League's unfinished agenda |year=2003 |publisher=Contemporary Targett |location=New Delhi |page=53 |isbn=81-7525-376-2 |quote=Chundrigar ... hailed from Godhra in Gujarat}}</ref>{{Disputed inline|Place of birth disputed|date=April 2024}} He was an only child.<ref name="st25Nov2012">{{cite news |title=The Chundrigar Diaries |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A309946682/STND?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-STND&xid=84b74d76 |url-access=limited |work=Sunday Times |location=Islamabad |date=25 November 2012 |quote=The only child of his parents ... in total consonance with Mr. Jinnah's vision}}</ref>


Chundrigar was initially schooled in [[Ahmedabad]] where he finished his [[Matriculation in Pakistan|matriculation]] and moved to [[Bombay]] for his higher studies. He attended the [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]] where he earned a [[Bachelors of Arts|BA degree]] in [[philosophy]], and later the [[Bachelors of Law|LLB degree]] in 1929.<ref name="University of Bombay Press, 1929">{{cite book|last1=Bombay|first1=University of|title=The Bombay University Calendar|date=1929|publisher=University of Bombay Press|location=Bombay, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1k4mAQAAIAAJ&q=chundrigar |page=101 |access-date=24 January 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al., 2003 (Biography)">{{cite web |title=Former Prime Minister of Pakistan: Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/ibrahim-ismail-chundrigar|website=storyofpakistan.com|publisher=Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust|access-date=24 January 2018|location=Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan|date=1 June 2003}}</ref><ref name="Institute of Pakistan Historical Research">{{cite book |last1=Saʻīd |first1=Aḥmad |author2=Institute of Pakistan Historical Research (Lahore, Pakistan) |year=1997 |title=Muslim India, 1857-1947: a biographical dictionary |publisher=Institute of Pakistan Historical Research |page=111 |oclc=246043260}}</ref> From 1929 till 1932, Chundrigar served as a lawyer for the [[Amdavad Municipal Corporation|Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Asia Who's Who|date=1957|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkVEAAAAIAAJ&q=Chundrigar+ |page=90 |access-date=24 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>
Chundrigar was initially schooled in [[Ahmedabad]] where he finished his [[Matriculation in Pakistan|matriculation]] and moved to [[Bombay]] for his higher studies. He attended the [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]] where he earned a [[Bachelors of Arts|BA degree]] in [[philosophy]], and later the [[Bachelors of Law|LLB degree]] in 1929.<ref name="University of Bombay Press, 1929">{{cite book|last1=Bombay|first1=University of|title=The Bombay University Calendar|date=1929|publisher=University of Bombay Press|location=Bombay, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1k4mAQAAIAAJ&q=chundrigar |page=101 |access-date=24 January 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al., 2003 (Biography)">{{cite web |title=Former Prime Minister of Pakistan: Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/ibrahim-ismail-chundrigar|website=storyofpakistan.com|publisher=Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust|access-date=24 January 2018|location=Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan|date=1 June 2003}}</ref><ref name="Institute of Pakistan Historical Research">{{cite book |last1=Saʻīd |first1=Aḥmad |author2=Institute of Pakistan Historical Research (Lahore, Pakistan) |year=1997 |title=Muslim India, 1857-1947: a biographical dictionary |publisher=Institute of Pakistan Historical Research |page=111 |oclc=246043260}}</ref> From 1929 till 1932, Chundrigar served as a lawyer for the [[Amdavad Municipal Corporation|Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Asia Who's Who|date=1957|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkVEAAAAIAAJ&q=Chundrigar+ |page=90 |access-date=24 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>


From 1932 until 1937, Chundrigar practiced [[Civil law (common law)|civil law]], and moved to practice and read law at the [[Bombay High Court]] in 1937, where he established his reputation.<ref name="Institute of Pakistan Historical Research"/> During this time, he became acquainted with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], sharing similar ideology, work ethics, and political views.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rehman|first1=Atta-ur-|title=تحريک پاكستان كى تصويرى داستان|date=1998|publisher=دوست ايسوسايٹس،|location=Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan|page=321|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K11uAAAAMAAJ&q=Chundrigar+pakistan+movement|access-date=24 January 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Friday Times, A. Chundrigar, 2012" />
From 1932 until 1937, Chundrigar practiced [[Civil law (common law)|civil law]], and moved to practice and read law at the [[Bombay High Court]] in 1937, where he established his reputation.<ref name="Institute of Pakistan Historical Research"/> During this time, he became acquainted with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], sharing similar ideology and political views.<ref name="st25Nov2012" />


In 1935, Chundrigar was chosen by the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] to give a response to the [[Government of India Act 1935]] introduced by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] in [[British Raj|India]]. Notably, concerning the role of the Governor-General as head of state, Chundrigar denied that the Governor-General enjoyed the powers supposedly granted by the Act.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Newberg, 1935">{{cite book|last1=Newberg|first1=Paula R.|title=Judging the State: Courts and Constitutional Politics in Pakistan|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK |page=50 |isbn=9780521894401|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbSeGQO3xdsC&pg=PA50|access-date=24 January 2018|language=en|chapter=Constituting the State}}</ref>
In 1935, Chundrigar was chosen by the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] to give a response to the [[Government of India Act 1935]] introduced by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] in [[British Raj|India]]. Notably, concerning the role of the Governor-General as head of state, Chundrigar denied that the Governor-General enjoyed the powers supposedly granted by the Act.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Newberg, 1935">{{cite book|last1=Newberg|first1=Paula R.|title=Judging the State: Courts and Constitutional Politics in Pakistan|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK |page=50 |isbn=9780521894401|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbSeGQO3xdsC&pg=PA50|access-date=24 January 2018|language=en|chapter=Constituting the State}}</ref>
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===Legislative career in India and Pakistan Movement===
===Legislative career in India and Pakistan Movement===


In 1936, Chundrigar joined the Muslim League.<ref name="The Friday Times, A. Chundrigar, 2012" /> He was elected to the [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]] from the Ahmedabad district rural constituency in the [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937 provincial elections]]. From 1940 to 1945, he was president of the Bombay provincial Muslim League.<ref name="Biographical Research Institute, Pakistan., 1961" />
Chundrigar stood for the [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]] as a Muslim League candidate in the [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937 provincial elections]], and was elected from the Ahmedabad district rural constituency. From 1940 to 1945, he was president of the Bombay provincial Muslim League.<ref name="Biographical Research Institute, Pakistan., 1961" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Nagendra Kumar |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Muslim biography: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |title=Chundrigar, Ismail Ibrahim (1897 — 1960) |year=2001 |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |volume=II |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7648-232-3 |page=196}}</ref>


In 1946, he was elected to the assembly from a Muslim urban constituency in Ahmedabad.<ref name="Manohar, Sho, 1998">{{cite book |last1=Sho |first1=Kuwajima |year=1998 |title=Muslims, Nationalism, and the Partition: 1946 Provincial Elections in India |location=Mumbai |publisher=Manohar |page=172 |isbn=978-81-7304-211-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnKNAAAAMAAJ&q=Chundrigar |access-date=29 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref> He was appointed as [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce Minister]] under the [[Interim Government of India|presidential administrations]] of the [[Viceroys of India]], [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell]] (1946) and [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]] (1946-47).<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al., 2003 (Biography)" /> Peter Lyon, a [[Reader (academic rank)|reader emeritus]] in international relations, described Chundrigar as a "close supporter" of Mohammad Ali Jinnah in the [[Pakistan Movement]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lyon |first1=Peter |year=2008 |title=Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&pg=PA42 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=42 |isbn=978-1-57607-712-2}}</ref>
In 1946, he was elected to the assembly from a Muslim urban constituency in Ahmedabad.<ref name="Manohar, Sho, 1998">{{cite book |last1=Sho |first1=Kuwajima |year=1998 |title=Muslims, Nationalism, and the Partition: 1946 Provincial Elections in India |location=Mumbai |publisher=Manohar |page=172 |isbn=978-81-7304-211-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnKNAAAAMAAJ&q=Chundrigar |access-date=29 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref> He was appointed as [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce Minister]] under the [[Interim Government of India|presidential administrations]] of the [[Viceroys of India]], [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell]] (1946) and [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]] (1946-47).<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al., 2003 (Biography)" /> Peter Lyon, a [[Reader (academic rank)|reader emeritus]] in international relations, described Chundrigar as a "close supporter" of Mohammad Ali Jinnah in the [[Pakistan Movement]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lyon |first1=Peter |year=2008 |title=Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&pg=PA42 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=42 |isbn=978-1-57607-712-2}}</ref>
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===Diplomacy and governorships===
===Diplomacy and governorships===


After the [[partition of India]] by the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|act]] of the [[British Empire]] that [[Independence of Pakistan|established Pakistan]], Chundrigar endorsed [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]'s bid for the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Premiership]] and was retained as the [[Commerce Minister of Pakistan|Commerce Minister]] in the administration of [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] on 15 August 1947.<ref name="Routledge, Lentz, 2014">{{cite book|last1=Lentz|first1=Harris M.|title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945|date=2014|publisher=Routledge |page=612 |isbn=9781134264902|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6HKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA612|access-date=24 January 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/leader15.htm The Leader] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20090404180949/http://pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/leader15.htm |date=4 April 2009}} at pakistan.gov.pk</ref>
After the [[partition of India]] by the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|act]] of the [[British Empire]] that [[Independence of Pakistan|established Pakistan]], Chundrigar endorsed [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]'s bid for the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|premiership]]{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} and was retained as the [[Commerce Minister of Pakistan|commerce minister]] in the administration of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan on 15 August 1947.<ref name="Routledge, Lentz, 2014">{{cite book |last1=Lentz |first1=Harris M. |title=Heads of States and Governments |year=2013 |orig-year=First published 1994 |publisher=Routledge |page=612 |isbn=978-1-134264-90-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6HKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA612 |access-date=24 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>


In May 1948, Chundrigar left the [[Ministry of Commerce and Textile Industry|Commerce Ministry]] and was appointed as [[:Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to Afghanistan|Pakistan's Ambassador to Afghanistan]].<ref name="Sang-e-Meel Publications, Pāshā, 1991">{{cite book|last1=Pāshā|first1=Aḥmad Shujāʻ|title=Pakistan: a political profile, 1947 to 1988|date=1991 |page=88 |publisher=[[Sang-e-Meel Publications]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_1tAAAAMAAJ&q=i.i.+chundrigar+appointed+ambassador+1948|access-date=24 January 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Quaid-i-Azam University Press">{{cite book|last1=Dani|first1=Ahmad Hasan|title=World Scholars on Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah|date=1979 |page=342 |publisher=Quaid-i-Azam University Press |language=en}}</ref> Although his appointment was favorably received in Afghanistan, Chundrigar was at odds with the [[Government of Afghanistan|Afghan government]] (supported by India as early as 1949) over [[Pashtunistan|the issue]] of Pakistan's [[North-West Frontier Province|north-west border]] with Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yunas|first1=S. Fida|title=Afghanistan: The Peshawar Sardars' branch of Barakzais|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qC1WAAAAYAAJ&q=I+I+Chundrigar+Afghanistan |pages=220–221 |access-date=24 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>
In May 1948, Chundrigar left the [[Ministry of Commerce and Textile Industry|Commerce Ministry]] and was appointed as [[:Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to Afghanistan|Pakistan's Ambassador to Afghanistan]].<ref name="Sang-e-Meel Publications, Pāshā, 1991">{{cite book|last1=Pāshā|first1=Aḥmad Shujāʻ|title=Pakistan: a political profile, 1947 to 1988|date=1991 |page=88 |publisher=[[Sang-e-Meel Publications]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_1tAAAAMAAJ&q=i.i.+chundrigar+appointed+ambassador+1948|access-date=24 January 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Quaid-i-Azam University Press">{{cite book|last1=Dani|first1=Ahmad Hasan|title=World Scholars on Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah|date=1979 |page=342 |publisher=Quaid-i-Azam University Press |language=en}}</ref> Although his appointment was favorably received in Afghanistan, Chundrigar was at odds with the [[Government of Afghanistan|Afghan government]] (supported by India as early as 1949) over [[Pashtunistan|the issue]] of Pakistan's [[North-West Frontier Province|north-west border]] with Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yunas|first1=S. Fida|title=Afghanistan: The Peshawar Sardars' branch of Barakzais|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qC1WAAAAYAAJ&q=I+I+Chundrigar+Afghanistan |pages=220–221 |access-date=24 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>


Chundrigar's tenure as ambassador was short. He was recalled to Pakistan by the [[Foreign Office of Pakistan|Foreign Office]], which viewed his inability to understand the [[Pashtun culture]] as a possible factor in fracturing [[Afghan-Pakistan relations]].<ref name="Pakistan, Ministry of Foreign Affai">{{cite journal|title=Foreign Affairs Pakistan|journal=Foreign Affairs Pakistan|date=July 2008|volume=35|issue=7–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0PsDV0Aa8C&q=lacked+knowledge|access-date=24 January 2018 |page=487 |publisher=Pakistan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> In 1950, Chundrigar was appointed [[Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Governor]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]], a position he held until 1951.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al., 2003 (Biography)" /> A [[Cabinet of Pakistan|Cabinet]] reshuffle in 1951 allowed him to be appointed as the [[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan|Governor of Punjab]] but he was removed amid differences developed in 1953 with [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|M.G. Muhammad]] when he enforced [[Martial law in Pakistan|martial law]] at the request of [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Khawaja Nazimuddin|K. Nazimuddin]] to control [[1953 Lahore riots|violent religious riots]] that occurred in Lahore, Pakistan.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki, 2015" />
Chundrigar's tenure as ambassador was short. He was recalled to Pakistan by the [[Foreign Office of Pakistan|Foreign Office]], which viewed his inability to understand the [[Pashtun culture]] as a possible factor in fracturing [[Afghan-Pakistan relations]].<ref name="Pakistan, Ministry of Foreign Affai">{{cite journal|title=Foreign Affairs Pakistan|journal=Foreign Affairs Pakistan|date=July 2008|volume=35|issue=7–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0PsDV0Aa8C&q=lacked+knowledge|access-date=24 January 2018 |page=487 |publisher=Pakistan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> In 1950, Chundrigar was appointed [[Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|governor of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]], a position he held until 1951.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al., 2003 (Biography)" /> A [[Cabinet of Pakistan|Cabinet]] reshuffle in 1951 allowed him to be appointed as the [[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan|governor of Punjab]] but he resigned in 1953 due to differences with Governor-General [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|M.G. Muhammad]] when he enforced [[Martial law in Pakistan|martial law]] at the request of Prime Minister [[Khawaja Nazimuddin|K. Nazimuddin]] to control [[1953 Lahore riots|violent religious riots]] that occurred in Lahore, Pakistan.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki, 2015" />


===Law ministry in coalition administration===
===Law ministry in coalition administration===


In 1955, Chundrigar was invited to join the [[Government of Pakistan|central government]] of a three-party coalition: the [[Awami League]], the [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]], and the [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]].<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki, 2015" /> He was appointed as [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Law and Justice]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Constituent Assembly (Legislature) of Pakistan Debates: Official Report|date=1956|publisher=Manager of Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3UzBPjJAbQC&q=I+I+chundrigar+ |page=19 |access-date=25 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> During this time, he also acted as a [[Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)|Leader of the Opposition]], opposing the mainstream agenda presented by the [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]].<ref name="Mittal Publications, Akbar, 1997">{{cite book|last1=Akbar|first1=M. K.|title=Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif|date=1997|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170996743|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcIniHQAHfUC&pg=PA149 |page=149 |access-date=25 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>
In 1955, Chundrigar was invited to join the [[Government of Pakistan|central government]] of a three-party coalition: the [[Awami League]], the [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]], and the [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]].<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki, 2015" /> He was appointed as [[Law Minister of Pakistan|minister of law and justice]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Constituent Assembly (Legislature) of Pakistan Debates: Official Report|date=1956|publisher=Manager of Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3UzBPjJAbQC&q=I+I+chundrigar+ |page=19 |access-date=25 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> During this time, he also acted as a [[Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)|leader of the opposition]], opposing the mainstream agenda presented by the Republican Party.<ref name="Mittal Publications, Akbar, 1997">{{cite book|last1=Akbar|first1=M. K.|title=Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif|date=1997|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170996743|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcIniHQAHfUC&pg=PA149 |page=149 |access-date=25 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>


At the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]], he established his reputation as more of a constitutional lawyer than a politician, and gained a lot of prominence in public for his arguments in favour of [[Parliament of Pakistan|parliamentarianism]] when he pleaded the case of [[Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan|"''Maulvi Tamizuddin vs. Federation of Pakistan''"]].<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al., 2003 (Biography)" />
At the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]], he established his reputation as more of a constitutional lawyer than a politician, and gained a lot of prominence in public for his arguments in favour of [[Parliament of Pakistan|parliamentarianism]] when he pleaded the case of [[Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan|"''Maulvi Tamizuddin vs. Federation of Pakistan''"]].<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al., 2003 (Biography)" />
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==Prime Minister of Pakistan (1957)==
==Prime Minister of Pakistan (1957)==


===Third Shortest tenure as Prime Minister===
===Third shortest tenure===


After the resignation of [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Prime Minister Suhrawardy]] in 1956, Chundrigar was nominated as the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] and was supported by the Awami League, the [[Krishak Sramik Party]], the [[Jamaat-e-Islami|Nizem-i-Islam Party]], and the Republican Party.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (II Becomes PM)">{{cite web |title=I. I. Chundrigar Becomes Prime Minister|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/i-i-chundrigar-becomes-prime-minister|website=storyofpakistan.com|publisher=Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust|access-date=25 January 2018|location=Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan|date=1 June 2003}}</ref> However, this coalition of mixed parties weakened Chundrigar's authority to run the [[Government of Pakistan|central government]], and divisions within the coalition would soon hamper his efforts to amend the [[Electoral College of Pakistan|Electoral College]].<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al., 2003 (Biography)" /> On 18 October 1957, Chundrigar became the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], receiving his [[oath of office]] from [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Muhammad Munir|M. Munir]].<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (II Becomes PM)"/>
After the resignation of [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Prime Minister Suhrawardy]] in 1957, Chundrigar was nominated as the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] and was supported by the Awami League, the [[Krishak Sramik Party]], the [[Jamaat-e-Islami|Nizem-i-Islam Party]], and the Republican Party.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (II Becomes PM)">{{cite web |title=I. I. Chundrigar Becomes Prime Minister|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/i-i-chundrigar-becomes-prime-minister|website=storyofpakistan.com|publisher=Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust|access-date=25 January 2018|location=Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan|date=1 June 2003}}</ref> However, this coalition of mixed parties weakened Chundrigar's authority to run the [[Government of Pakistan|central government]], and divisions within the coalition would soon hamper his efforts to amend the [[Electoral College of Pakistan|Electoral College]].<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al., 2003 (Biography)" /> On 18 October 1957, Chundrigar became the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], receiving his [[oath of office]] from [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Muhammad Munir|M. Munir]].<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (II Becomes PM)"/>


At the first session of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]], Chundrigar presented his plan to reform the [[Electoral College (Pakistan)|Electoral College]] which was met with great parliamentary opposition by even his Cabinet ministers from the Republican Party and the Awami League.<ref name="New Publishers, Zakaria, 1958">{{cite book|last1=Zakaria|first1=Nasim|title=Parliamentary Government in Pakistan|date=1958|publisher=New Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be4DAAAAMAAJ&q=Chundrigar+resigned+ |page=62 |access-date=25 January 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (II Becomes PM)"/> With the Republican Party leaders{{emdash}}party president [[Feroz Khan Noon|Feroz Khan]] and [[President of Pakistan]] [[Iskander Mirza]]{{emdash}}exploiting and manipulating the opponents of the [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]], a successful vote of no-confidence in the National Assembly led by the Republicans and the Awami Party effectively ended Chundrigar's term. He resigned on 11 December 1957.<ref name="New Publishers, Zakaria, 1958"/><ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (II Becomes PM)"/>
At the first session of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]], Chundrigar presented his plan to reform the [[Electoral College (Pakistan)|Electoral College]] which was met with great parliamentary opposition by even his Cabinet ministers from the Republican Party and the Awami League.<ref name="New Publishers, Zakaria, 1958">{{cite book|last1=Zakaria|first1=Nasim|title=Parliamentary Government in Pakistan|date=1958|publisher=New Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be4DAAAAMAAJ&q=Chundrigar+resigned+ |page=62 |access-date=25 January 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (II Becomes PM)"/> With the Republican Party leaders{{emdash}}party president [[Feroz Khan Noon|Feroz Khan]] and [[President of Pakistan]] [[Iskander Mirza]]{{emdash}}exploiting and manipulating the opponents of the [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]], a successful vote of no-confidence in the National Assembly led by the Republicans and the Awami Party effectively ended Chundrigar's term. He resigned on 11 December 1957.<ref name="New Publishers, Zakaria, 1958"/><ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (II Becomes PM)"/>
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==Death and reputation==
==Death and reputation==


In 1958, Chundrigar was appointed as president of the [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan|Supreme Court Bar Association]] which he remained until his death.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 1960" /> In 1960, Chundrigar traveled to [[Hamburg]] where he addressed the International Law Conference and suffered a [[haemorrhage]] while visiting in [[London]].<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 1960" /> For treatment, he was taken to the [[Royal Northern Hospital]] and suddenly died.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 1960" /> His body was brought back to [[Karachi]] in [[Pakistan]], where he was buried in a [[List of cemeteries in Karachi|local cemetery]].<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 1960" />
In 1958, Chundrigar was appointed as president of the [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan|Supreme Court Bar Association]], a position he held until his death.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 1960" /> In 1960, Chundrigar traveled to [[Hamburg]] where he addressed the International Law Conference and suffered a [[haemorrhage|hemorrhage]] while visiting in [[London]].<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 1960" /> For treatment, he was taken to the [[Royal Northern Hospital]] and suddenly died.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 1960" /> His body was brought back to [[Karachi]] in [[Pakistan]], where he was buried in a [[List of cemeteries in Karachi|local cemetery]].<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 1960" />


In his honour, the [[Government of Pakistan]] renamed [[I. I. Chundrigar Road|McLeod Road]] in [[Karachi]] after him.<ref name="The Friday Times, A. Chundrigar, 2012" />
In his honour, the [[government of Pakistan]] renamed [[I. I. Chundrigar Road|McLeod Road]] in [[Karachi]] after him.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=I. I. Chundrigar Road — Developing Attraction at the Financial Hub |date=2007 |magazine=Pakistan & Gulf Economist |volume=26 |page=19 |issn=0030-9745}}</ref>
==Notes==

{{Notelist}}
==See also==

{{Portal|Pakistan|Politics}}
* [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitutionalism in Pakistan]]
* [[Political history of Pakistan|Parliamentary history of Pakistan]]


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A063Profile: I. I. Chundrigar]{{Dead link|date=April 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090402114442/http://therepublicofrumi.com/47.htm Chronicles Of Pakistan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090402114442/http://therepublicofrumi.com/47.htm Chronicles Of Pakistan]


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[[Category:Pakistani legal scholars]]
[[Category:Pakistani legal scholars]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Karachi]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Karachi]]
[[Category:Law Ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Law ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani philosophers]]
[[Category:Pakistani philosophers]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:University of Karachi people]]
[[Category:University of Karachi people]]
[[Category:Members of the Pakistan Philosophical Congress]]
[[Category:Members of the Pakistan Philosophical Congress]]

Latest revision as of 08:40, 16 May 2024

Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar
ابراہیم اسماعیل چندریگر
6th Prime Minister of Pakistan
In office
17 October 1957 – 11 December 1957
PresidentIskander Mirza
Preceded byHuseyn Suhrawardy
Succeeded byFeroze Khan
Minister of Law and Justice
In office
12 August 1955 – 9 August 1957
Prime MinisterH. S. Suhrawardy
(1956–57)
Muhammad Ali
(1955–56)
Leader of the Opposition
In office
12 August 1955 – 23 March 1956
Serving with H. S. Suhrawardy
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byFatima Jinnah
(Appointed in 1965)
Governor of West Punjab
In office
24 November 1951 – 2 May 1953
Chief MinisterM. Daultana
Preceded byAbdur Rab Nishtar
Succeeded byM. Aminuddin
Governor of North-West Frontier Province
In office
17 February 1950 – 23 November 1951
Chief MinisterA. Q. Khan
Preceded byMohammad Khurshid
Succeeded byKhwaja Shahabuddin
Pakistani Ambassador to Afghanistan
In office
1 May 1948 – 17 February 1950
Prime MinisterLiaquat Ali Khan
Minister of Commerce and Trade
In office
15 August 1947 – 1 May 1948
Prime MinisterLiaquat Ali Khan
Minister of Commerce and Industry
In office
2 September 1946 – 15 August 1947
President
List
Vice PresidentJawaharlal Nehru
Preceded byPost created
Succeeded bySyama Prasad Mukherjee
Member of the Bombay Legislative Assembly
In office
1937 – 1 September 1946
Governor
List
Parliamentary groupMuslim League (Nationalist Group)
ConstituencyMuhammadan Urban
MajorityMuslim League
President of Pakistan Muslim League
In office
17 October 1957 – 11 December 1957
Preceded byMuhammad Ali
Succeeded byNurul Amin
(Took presidency in 1967)
President of the Supreme Court Bar Association
In office
1958–1960
Personal details
Born
Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar

(1897-09-15)15 September 1897[1]
Godhra, Bombay Presidency, British India
Died26 September 1960(1960-09-26) (aged 63)
London, England, United Kingdom[2]
Cause of deathHaemorrhage
Resting placeKarachi, Sindh, Pakistan
CitizenshipBritish India (1897–47)
Pakistan (1947–60)
Political partyMuslim League (1936-1960)
Children3 sons, including Abdullah,[2] Abu Bakr,[2] and Iqbal.
Alma materUniversity of Bombay
(BA in Phil. and LLB)
ProfessionLawyer, diplomat
WebsiteI. I. Chundrigar
Official website

Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar[a] (15 September 1897 – 26 September 1960) was a Pakistani politician who served as the sixth prime minister of Pakistan, appointed in this capacity on 17 October 1957. He resigned due to a vote of no confidence on 11 December 1957, against him.[1]

He was trained in constitutional law at the University of Bombay and was one of the Founding Fathers of the Dominion of Pakistan. Having served for just 55 days, Chundrigar's tenure is the third shortest served in the parliamentary history of Pakistan, after those of Shujaat Hussain and Nurul Amin, who served as prime minister for 54 and 13 days, respectively.[3][4]

Biography[edit]

Early life and law practice[edit]

Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar, a Muhajir, was born in Godhra, Gujarat, in India on 15 September 1897.[1][5][disputed – discuss] He was an only child.[6]

Chundrigar was initially schooled in Ahmedabad where he finished his matriculation and moved to Bombay for his higher studies. He attended the University of Bombay where he earned a BA degree in philosophy, and later the LLB degree in 1929.[7][8][9] From 1929 till 1932, Chundrigar served as a lawyer for the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation.[10]

From 1932 until 1937, Chundrigar practiced civil law, and moved to practice and read law at the Bombay High Court in 1937, where he established his reputation.[9] During this time, he became acquainted with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, sharing similar ideology and political views.[6]

In 1935, Chundrigar was chosen by the Muslim League to give a response to the Government of India Act 1935 introduced by the British government in India. Notably, concerning the role of the Governor-General as head of state, Chundrigar denied that the Governor-General enjoyed the powers supposedly granted by the Act.[11]

From 1937 till 1946, Chundrigar practiced and read law, taking several cases on civil matters where he advocated for his clients at the Bombay High Court.[12]

Legislative career in India and Pakistan Movement[edit]

Chundrigar stood for the Bombay Legislative Assembly as a Muslim League candidate in the 1937 provincial elections, and was elected from the Ahmedabad district rural constituency. From 1940 to 1945, he was president of the Bombay provincial Muslim League.[1][13]

In 1946, he was elected to the assembly from a Muslim urban constituency in Ahmedabad.[14] He was appointed as Commerce Minister under the presidential administrations of the Viceroys of India, Archibald Wavell (1946) and Louis Mountbatten (1946-47).[8] Peter Lyon, a reader emeritus in international relations, described Chundrigar as a "close supporter" of Mohammad Ali Jinnah in the Pakistan Movement.[15]

Public service in Pakistan[edit]

Diplomacy and governorships[edit]

After the partition of India by the act of the British Empire that established Pakistan, Chundrigar endorsed Liaquat Ali Khan's bid for the premiership[citation needed] and was retained as the commerce minister in the administration of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan on 15 August 1947.[16]

In May 1948, Chundrigar left the Commerce Ministry and was appointed as Pakistan's Ambassador to Afghanistan.[17][18] Although his appointment was favorably received in Afghanistan, Chundrigar was at odds with the Afghan government (supported by India as early as 1949) over the issue of Pakistan's north-west border with Afghanistan.[19]

Chundrigar's tenure as ambassador was short. He was recalled to Pakistan by the Foreign Office, which viewed his inability to understand the Pashtun culture as a possible factor in fracturing Afghan-Pakistan relations.[20] In 1950, Chundrigar was appointed governor of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, a position he held until 1951.[8] A Cabinet reshuffle in 1951 allowed him to be appointed as the governor of Punjab but he resigned in 1953 due to differences with Governor-General M.G. Muhammad when he enforced martial law at the request of Prime Minister K. Nazimuddin to control violent religious riots that occurred in Lahore, Pakistan.[3]

Law ministry in coalition administration[edit]

In 1955, Chundrigar was invited to join the central government of a three-party coalition: the Awami League, the Muslim League, and the Republican Party.[3] He was appointed as minister of law and justice.[21] During this time, he also acted as a leader of the opposition, opposing the mainstream agenda presented by the Republican Party.[22]

At the National Assembly, he established his reputation as more of a constitutional lawyer than a politician, and gained a lot of prominence in public for his arguments in favour of parliamentarianism when he pleaded the case of "Maulvi Tamizuddin vs. Federation of Pakistan".[8]

Prime Minister of Pakistan (1957)[edit]

Third shortest tenure[edit]

After the resignation of Prime Minister Suhrawardy in 1957, Chundrigar was nominated as the Prime Minister and was supported by the Awami League, the Krishak Sramik Party, the Nizem-i-Islam Party, and the Republican Party.[23] However, this coalition of mixed parties weakened Chundrigar's authority to run the central government, and divisions within the coalition would soon hamper his efforts to amend the Electoral College.[8] On 18 October 1957, Chundrigar became the Prime Minister of Pakistan, receiving his oath of office from Chief Justice M. Munir.[23]

At the first session of the National Assembly, Chundrigar presented his plan to reform the Electoral College which was met with great parliamentary opposition by even his Cabinet ministers from the Republican Party and the Awami League.[24][23] With the Republican Party leaders—party president Feroz Khan and President of Pakistan Iskander Mirza—exploiting and manipulating the opponents of the Muslim League, a successful vote of no-confidence in the National Assembly led by the Republicans and the Awami Party effectively ended Chundrigar's term. He resigned on 11 December 1957.[24][23]

Chundrigar served the third-shortest term of any Prime Minister in Pakistan: 17 October 1957 – 11 December 1957, 55 days into his term.[4][3]

Death and reputation[edit]

In 1958, Chundrigar was appointed as president of the Supreme Court Bar Association, a position he held until his death.[2] In 1960, Chundrigar traveled to Hamburg where he addressed the International Law Conference and suffered a hemorrhage while visiting in London.[2] For treatment, he was taken to the Royal Northern Hospital and suddenly died.[2] His body was brought back to Karachi in Pakistan, where he was buried in a local cemetery.[2]

In his honour, the government of Pakistan renamed McLeod Road in Karachi after him.[25]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Urdu: ابراہیم اسماعیل چندریگر His birth name is given as "Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar". There's a major road in the corporate downtown in Karachi bearing his namesake as Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar Road. The Bombay University confirms his name written as Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar in their graduating listings.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Khan Tahawar Ali Khan, ed. (1961). Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan. Biographical Research Institute, Pakistan. p. 106. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Chundrigar dies in London". Dawn. Pakistan. 29 September 1960. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d Burki, Shahid Javed (2015). "§I.I. Chundrigar". Historical Dictionary of Pakistan. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 136. ISBN 9781442241480. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  4. ^ a b Grover, Verinder; Arora, Ranjana (1995). Political System in Pakistan: Role of military dictatorship in Pakistan politics. Deep & Deep. p. 244. ISBN 9788171007387. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  5. ^ Goradia, Prafull (2003). Muslim League's unfinished agenda. New Delhi: Contemporary Targett. p. 53. ISBN 81-7525-376-2. Chundrigar ... hailed from Godhra in Gujarat
  6. ^ a b "The Chundrigar Diaries". Sunday Times. Islamabad. 25 November 2012. The only child of his parents ... in total consonance with Mr. Jinnah's vision
  7. ^ Bombay, University of (1929). The Bombay University Calendar. Bombay, India: University of Bombay Press. p. 101. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  8. ^ a b c d e "Former Prime Minister of Pakistan: Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar". storyofpakistan.com. Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan: Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust. 1 June 2003. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  9. ^ a b Saʻīd, Aḥmad; Institute of Pakistan Historical Research (Lahore, Pakistan) (1997). Muslim India, 1857-1947: a biographical dictionary. Institute of Pakistan Historical Research. p. 111. OCLC 246043260.
  10. ^ Asia Who's Who. 1957. p. 90. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  11. ^ Newberg, Paula R. (2002). "Constituting the State". Judging the State: Courts and Constitutional Politics in Pakistan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780521894401. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  12. ^ The Asia Who's who. Pan-Asia Newspaper Alliance. 1957. p. 90. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  13. ^ Singh, Nagendra Kumar, ed. (2001). "Chundrigar, Ismail Ibrahim (1897 — 1960)". Encyclopaedia of Muslim biography: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. Vol. II. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. p. 196. ISBN 81-7648-232-3.
  14. ^ Sho, Kuwajima (1998). Muslims, Nationalism, and the Partition: 1946 Provincial Elections in India. Mumbai: Manohar. p. 172. ISBN 978-81-7304-211-9. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  15. ^ Lyon, Peter (2008). Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2.
  16. ^ Lentz, Harris M. (2013) [First published 1994]. Heads of States and Governments. Routledge. p. 612. ISBN 978-1-134264-90-2. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  17. ^ Pāshā, Aḥmad Shujāʻ (1991). Pakistan: a political profile, 1947 to 1988. Sang-e-Meel Publications. p. 88. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  18. ^ Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1979). World Scholars on Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Quaid-i-Azam University Press. p. 342.
  19. ^ Yunas, S. Fida (2002). Afghanistan: The Peshawar Sardars' branch of Barakzais. pp. 220–221. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  20. ^ "Foreign Affairs Pakistan". Foreign Affairs Pakistan. 35 (7–9). Pakistan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs: 487. July 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  21. ^ Constituent Assembly (Legislature) of Pakistan Debates: Official Report. Manager of Publications. 1956. p. 19. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  22. ^ Akbar, M. K. (1997). Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif. Mittal Publications. p. 149. ISBN 9788170996743. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  23. ^ a b c d "I. I. Chundrigar Becomes Prime Minister". storyofpakistan.com. Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan: Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust. 1 June 2003. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  24. ^ a b Zakaria, Nasim (1958). Parliamentary Government in Pakistan. New Publishers. p. 62. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  25. ^ "I. I. Chundrigar Road — Developing Attraction at the Financial Hub". Pakistan & Gulf Economist. Vol. 26. 2007. p. 19. ISSN 0030-9745.

External links[edit]

Political offices
Preceded by Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1950–1951 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Governor of Punjab
1951–1953 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Pakistan
1957 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I._I._Chundrigar&oldid=1224106384"