Montier-en-Der Abbey

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Blind arcade of the abbey church Montier-en-Der, Viollet-le-Duc , 1856th
Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul abbey church

The Abbey of Montier-en-Der in Montier-en-Der ( Haute-Marne , France ) was initially a Benedictine , later a Cluniac abbey , which was dissolved during the French Revolution . Since 1806, the buildings and facilities were used as the French state domain and state stud .

abbey

The abbey was founded in 670, in an oak forest on the banks of the Voire river ( canton Montier-en-Der ) by Bercharius, abbot in the Benedictine monastery of Hautvillers . North-east of Troyes , in the Champagne region, Montier-en-Der was one of the oldest monasteries in France . It was dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul . Bercharius was later canonized. After the death of Bercharius and the transfer of his bones to the new foundation, this was also placed under his patronage. The plant is located in the border region of Champagne north of Burgundy and west of Upper Lorraine . Based on the discovery of a diptych , it is assumed that the abbey was built on the site of a villa urbana or villa rustica .

The place in the diocese of Châlons initially had the Gallo-Roman name Puteolus ( small spring ). That is the Gallic name for oak; the monastery in Dervo later became Montier-en-Der .

The 8th century was also a high point of monastic community here. When the name of the abbey reappears in the 9th century, it was a Carolingian crown property . Louis the Pious gave them to the Bishop of Reims . It was up to her monastic renewal 827, led by Bishop Ebbo and Louis the Pious, by canons care. In that year Ebo converted the Abbey of Montier-en-Der from a monastery of canons back to a Benedictine monastery , following the reform begun by Benedict von Aniane .

In the 10th century, at the time of the Norman invasions , the monks fled south. Archbishop Barnoin von Vienne put the Saint-Chef monastery at their disposal. Papal and royal privileges should persuade the community to stay there. In the early 10th century, Montier-en-Der was inhabited by a community of monks or clerics, about whose unfounded, immoral conduct the chronicler complains. Bishop Gauzlin von Toul had the monastery reformed from Saint-Évre in 935. With the acceptance of the monastery reform of Gorze , monks were resettled in Montier-en-Der. The Gorzer reform was in stark contrast to the Cluniac reform and advocated u. a. for an imperial monasticism under secular rule. A few years later the monastery was reformed again in the Cluniac style.

At the end of the 10th century the primitive buildings were replaced. Abbot Adso (960-92) had the ruined church building built in stone; it was inaugurated in 998 . Under the famous Abbot Adso of Montier-en-Der, the monastery experienced its spiritual and cultural heyday towards the end of the 10th century. In the Middle Ages, the monastery belonged to the diocese of Chalons-sur-Marne . At the time of the reform was to abbey proprietary monastery of the Bishop of Toul . At the same time, however, the archbishops of Reims raised property claims dating from the time of Louis the Pious. At the Synod of Reims in 1047, Pope Leo IX, the former Bishop Bruno of Toul, recognized the older rights of Reims. The monk Wandelger was founded in 1050 by Pope Leo IX. confirmed as Abbot Bruno (died around 1085). He tried to complete the life of St. Bercharius in the description of Adsos.

The collection of documents and sources from Montier-en-Der from the 1120s, the height of the influence and wealth of the monastery, is the fundamental source for research into the medieval history of Western Franconia . The real documents also include forgeries , but they are also provide information about the intentions of their authors. In the middle of the 12th century, all documents in Montier-en-Der were summarized in a chart , the original of which has been preserved. More than 160 documents of all kinds (papal and royal privileges, confirmations of ownership, deeds of gift and exchange) have been preserved from the history of the monastery. To date this manuscript, two of the last documents can be used, both of which indicate the year 1127 in the date. Earlier, subsequent fraternization agreements are from the time of the abbots Theobaldus (1140–1150) and Johannes (l 166–1174). The first recorded, added papal charter dates from the Abbatiat of Galterius, who was in office between the two abbots mentioned above. This part of the document must have been created between 1127 and 1150, at the time of Abbots Wilhelm or Theobald. The largest number of documents comes from the 11th and 12th centuries; about 100 were created among the abbates of Bruno and Rogerius. Only a few come from the Merovingian and Carolingian times. The centerpiece of the Chartular, however, is a polyptych that dates from the 9th century. The documents contain information on popes, kings and counties, on manorial structures, the obligations of farm workers and tenants and reform efforts of monasticism.

During the Huguenot Wars , Montier-en-Der oversaw twelve priories and the abbey formed the backbone of the strategy of Charles de Lorraine-Guise , who ruled over twenty-one villages in the vicinity.

The monastery buildings were rebuilt in 1775 after being destroyed by fire (1735). After several surveys, the remains of St. Bercharius were finally brought to Montier-en-Der, where they were kept until the abolition of the monasteries in France at the end of the 18th century. Today they are lost.

The abbey was secularized during the French Revolution (as early as 1790). In 1806 Napoleon decided to set up the national stud (Le Haras National) for stallions on the site of the former monastery in order to breed higher quality horses for use in the cavalry (implementation from 1811). The current buildings date from the 19th century and were rebuilt for more modern functions during the Second Reich . The National Stud of Montier-en-Der is dedicated to the training and recreation of the horse, the organization of events and tourist entertainment (tourist animations and equestrian shows).

On the night of June 14th to 15th, 1940, during the Second World War , Montier-en-Der suffered the greatest destruction in its history: the former abbey church was badly hit, the church tower almost completely destroyed and the ship burned down completely. This ship is still part of the original church, which was built before the year 1000. The strictly Romanesque nave contrasts with the Gothic choir, which is illuminated by glass windows from the 16th century . The Gothic choir dates from the 12th and 13th centuries. The dark and austere nave is 36 m long, eight large, unadorned arched arcades rest on rather low rectangular pillars , with simple rectangular capitals on the ground floor. On the first floor of the nave wall there are rows of arcades made up of arches, each divided by a column. The high arcades are supported by coupled columns and decorated with cube capitals . The wooden roof structure is a copy of the original from the 16th century. The nave is vaulted with a simple, natural wooden barrel.
The choir from the beginning of the 13th century is assigned to the Gothic School of Champagne and is a rare example of this architecture on 4 levels: designed in the purest early Gothic style of Champagne, it impresses with its four-storey staggering. Below, pointed arch arcades rest on double columns with mask decoration, above a gallery with arcades and integrated twin arches above which there are small round windows. A real triforium with cloverleaf arches rises above this gallery . At the end there are upper clad windows grouped in pairs and bordered by columns . As is often the case in Champagne, the ambulatory is separated from the chapel wreath by columns . The very deep apex chapel spans a Gothic five-ray vault . The windows contain stained glass from the 19th century, these are kept in the style of the 13th century.

Ivory diptych

Ivory relief from the Musée de Cluny , in the classical style around 400. The images were disfigured, found in a fountain in Montier-en-Der. The diptych is named after the inscriptions "Nicomachorum" and "Symmachorum", which refer to two important families of the Roman Senate.

Several wings of an ivory diptych (height: 29.9 cm) were used. The Symmachorum panel was used in the 7th century as part of a shrine of Bercharius in a monastery in Montier-en-Der. It is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Inv. No. 212-1865. The inscription Symmachorum is on the plaque . Attributes are oak and altar, which belong to the Jupiter cult .

The Nicomachorum panel is now in the Musée national du Moyen Age in Paris. The inscription Nicomachorum is on the plaque . The woman represents a priestess of Ceres . The high apron chiton leaves her right breast free. Her attributes are pine, cymbals and the round altar, which belong to the Cybelekult .

The dyptiches were dedicated to Quintus Aurelius Symmachus (a non-Christian senator, consul and city prefect in late ancient Rome, who was considered the most important Latin speaker of his time) and Virius Nicomachus Flavianus (a late ancient Roman writer, politician and friend of Symmachus).

literature

  • Constance Brittain Bouchard: The Cartulary of Montier-En-Der 666-1129 (University of Toronto) 2004
  • Robert Suckale : The Gothic new building of the abbey church of Montier-en-Der and Gautier III. from Brienne. What conclusions does the form of the sanctuary allow? in: Marburger Jahrbuch für Kunstwissenschaft , 22nd volume, 1989 (1989), pp. 61–72
  • Ludwig Falkenstein : Further forgeries under the papal privileges for the Montièr-en-Der Abbey? In: Francia , Vol. 33 (2006), pp. 101–118 ( digitized version of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek ).
  • Laurent Morelle: The Metamorphosis of Three Monastic Charter Collections in the Eleventh Century (St.-Amand, St.-Riquier, Montier-en-Der) , in: Charters and the Use of the Written Word in Medieval Society, ed. v. Karl Heidecker, Turnhout 2000 (Utrecht studies in medieval literacy 5), pp. 171–204.
  • Laurent Morelle: Autour du premier cartulaire de Montier-en-Der , in: Les moines du Der, colloque organisé par P. Corbet, Université de Nancy, October 2, 1998, Langres 2000
  • Claus-Dieter Droste: The polyptych by Montender , Critical Edition and Analysis, (Trier Historical Studies 14), Trier 1988
  • R. Delbrück: The Consular Diptychs and related monuments , Berlin / Leipzig 1929
  • Jakobus and the Others, Volker Röckelein, Hedwig Honemann BoD - Books on Demand, 2015 - 260 pages, page 156 ff on the diptych with the reliquary of Montier-en-Der from 1717

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Vita S. Bercharii abbatis Altivillarensis et Dervensis primi, auctore Adsone Abbate Dervensi, Acta Sanctorum ordinis sancti Benedicci, ed. by JOHANNES MABILLON, vol. II, from anno DC. ad annum DCC, Paris 1672, reprint Mâcon 1936, p. 841
  2. ↑ Adso 's vita of St. Bercharius; Troyes Municipal Library. (Bouchard: 34, note 7).
  3. ↑ Appendix ad vitam S. Bercharii, AA SS OSB, II, p. 843
  4. ↑ Miracula S. Bercharii abbatis Dervensis, Liber secundus, De diversis casibus Dervensis Coenobii et Miraculis S. Bercharii. Scriptus a monacho Dervensi anonyme iussu Bernonis fig. num. 12, AA SS OSB, II, p. 844
  5. ↑ https://www.hildesheimer-geschichte.de/die-hildesheimer-bev%C3%B6lkerung/bisch%C3%B6fe/ebo/ Vita of St. Ebo
  6. ↑ EGON BOSHOF, Traditio romana and. Protection of the Pope in the 9th century. Studies on pre-Cluniac libertas (EGON BOSHOF and HEINZ WOLTER, legal-historical-diplomatic studies on early medieval papal documents [studies and preparatory work on Germania Pontificia, ed. By THEODOR SCHIEFFER, vol. 6] Cologne-Vienna 1976, pp. 1–100)
  7. ↑ Miracula S. Bercharii p. 847
  8. ↑ Miracula S. Bercharii, p. 848; ERNST SACKUR, Die Cluniacenser in their ecclesiastical and general historical effectiveness up to the middle of the eleventh century, Vol. I, Halle 1892, reprint Darmstadt 1971, p. 176f; KASSIUS HALLINGER, Gorze-Kluny. Studies on the monastic forms of life and opposites in the High Middle Ages (Studia Anselmiana XXIIXXIII) Rome 1950, p. 62; NEITHARD BULST, Investigations into the monastery reforms, (Paris Historical Studies, published by the German Historical Institute in Paris, Vol. 11) Bonn 1973, p. 32
  9. ↑ WILHELM WATTENBACH — ROBERT HOLTZMANN, Germany's historical sources in the Middle Ages. The time of the Saxons and Salians, I, new edition, obtained from FRANZ-JOSEF SCHMALE, Darmstadt 1967, p. 187f; MAX MANITIUS, History of Latin Literature in the Middle Ages, Part Two, From the middle of the tenth century to the outbreak of the struggle between Church and State; Handbook of Classical Studies, ed. von WALTER OTT, 9th volume, 2nd department, 2nd part Munich 1923, pp. 432–439; ROBERT KONRAD, De ortu et tempore Antichristi. Antichrist ideas and historical picture of the abbot Adso von Montier-en-Der (Munich Historical Studies, Dept. Medieval History, Vol. 1) Kallmünz 1964, pp. 16–24; KARL FERDINAND WERNER, article on Adso, Lexikon des Mittelalters, Vol. I, Munich 1977, Sp. 169f; BERND SCHNEIDMÜLLER, Adso von Montier-en-Der and the Frankenkönige (Trier magazine for the history and art of the Trier region and its neighboring areas, 40/41, 1977/78, pp. 189–199
  10. ↑ JOANNES DOMINICUS MANSI, Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, reprint Graz 1960, Sp 739f. CHARLES JOSEPH HEPELE-HENRI LECLERCQ, Histoire des conciles IV, 2, Paris 1911, pp. 1020 and 1022
  11. ^ Johann Christoph Adelung: Continuation and additions to Christian Gottlieb Jöchers general scholarly lexico, first volume (A – B); Verlag Johann Friedrich Gleditsch, Leipzig 1784. Page 2342
  12. ↑ New General Geographic and Statistical Ephemeris, Volume 30; Publishing house d. Industrial comptoirs, 1830
  13. ↑ Regesta chronologico-diplomatica Karolorum: The documents of all Carolingians in short excerpts, with evidence of the books in which such are printed; Johann Friedrich Böhmer, Verlag F. Varrentrapp (Frankfurt / Main), 1833
  14. ↑ Chaumont, Archives departementales de la Haute-Marne, ms. 7 H 1. The Chartular was copied several times in the following centuries, cf. on this, HENRI STEIN, Bibliography generate des cartulaires francais ou relatifs a Phistoire de France, Paris 1907, No. 2543–2548; JACQUELINE LE BRAZ, Repertoire de cartulaires de l'ancienne France (Bulletin ^ information de Tlnstitut de recherche et d * hi $ toire des textes 14, 1966) pp. 104f .; HERMANN MEINERT, Papal documents in France, NF, Volume 1, Champagne and Lorraine (Treatises of the Society of Sciences in Göttingen, Philological-Historical Class, 3rd Volume, No. 3) Berlin 1932, pp. 57–60, 148, 152f ., 159f.
  15. ^ Gallia christiana, in provincias ecclesiasticas distributa, vol. 9, De provincia Remensi, Paris 1751, col. 919 f
  16. ↑ FERDINAND LOT, Note sur la date du polyptyque de Montender (Le Moyen Age 35, 1924/25, pp. 107–117. Recueil de Travaux historiques de FERDINAND LOT, vol. 3 (Center de Recherches d'Histoire et de Philologie de la IV e section de l'École Pratique des Hautes Ètudes, séries V, Geneva 1973, pp. 721-731
  17. ^ Numbers 1-19. But also nos. 164, 165 and 166 with a diploma from Louis the Pious, a document from the time of King Theodoric II and an incomplete privilege of Pope John IV for Luxeuil. LE BRAZ (see note 22) p. 104, states: 6 documents from the 7th century, 3 from the 8th, 16 from the 9th, 8 from the 10th, 92 from the 11th, 45 from the 12th century.
  18. ↑ CHARLES Lalore, Cartulaire de l'Abbaye de la Chapelle-aux-planches. Chartes de Montender, de Saint-fitienne et de Toussaints de Chalons d'Andecy, de Beaulieu et de Rethel (Collection des principaux Cartulaires du Diocese de Troyes, vol. 4) Paris-Troyes 1878; Polyptychon, pp. 89-115; Documents, pp. 116–237

Web links

Commons : Symmachi-Nicomachi diptych  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 48 ° 28 ′ 41 ″  N , 4 ° 46 ′ 20 ″  E