Field black cumin
| Field black cumin | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Field black cumin ( Nigella arvensis ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Nigella arvensis | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The field black cumin ( Nigella arvensis ) is a species of the genus black cumin ( Nigella ) within the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). It is native to the Mediterranean area , is widespread in Eurasia and counts in Central Europe as a field margin and ruderal plant .
description
Appearance and leaf
It is an annual herbaceous plant ( see ephemers ). The field black cumin forms an upright branched stem up to 10 to 30 centimeters high . The leaves are pinnate, with less than 1 mm wide, pointed tips.
blossoms
The flowers stand individually at the end of the stem. The hermaphroditic flowers are radially symmetrical with a diameter of 2 to 3 centimeters . The five (up to rarely eight) corolla-like, light blue sepals are spatulate with a length of 10 to 15 millimeters and have clear, green veins. The five petals are designed into complex nectar leaves : they are shorter than the sepals and divided into a stem and a two-horned "plate", in the "knee" between them there is a cavity in which the nectar is produced and which is closed by a flexibly mounted lid is. The honey leaves are covered with intricate sap marks .
Fruit and seeds
A capsule-like fruit about 3 centimeters long is formed from follicles . With increasing ripeness, the fruit walls dry out more and more until they are parchment-like. Fully ripe fruits are light brownish and open in late summer as a result of drying out at their tips with usually five columns, each about 7 millimeters long. The seeds are dark brown, cross-wrinkled and rough with a multitude of papillae.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 12.
ingredients
The seeds contain the alkaloid magnoflorine ( aporchinal alkaloid ), which is also found in other buttercups such as columbine and marsh marigold. Nothing is known about poisoning by the plant.
ecology
The field black cumin has roots up to 65 centimeters deep. The flowers of the field black cumin are pronounced proterandric : In the "male" flowering phase , one of the stamen circles ripens every day and bends outwards in order to dust flower-visiting insects with pollen on their backs . This continues until all of the stamens have matured and emptied. The three to five carpels within it are fused together, their styles are exposed . In the "female" phase of flowering (when all stamens are empty) the stylus curve outwards and downwards in order to reach the pollinators and to strip off the pollen brought from the "male" flowers.
To spread the seeds, the plant uses the movement caused by wind or animals passing by ( wind and animal litter ), the spreading mechanism is collectively referred to as semachory . Various design features support these propagation mechanisms. The flower stalks are slightly longer when the capsule is ripe than during the flowering period and are very elastic. The blisteringly distended and light capsule serves as a vestibule, so that the entire plant is already moved back and forth by a weak wind. The capsule itself has kinked, elongated and hooked styluses at its tip, which easily get caught in the fur of a passing animal in such a way that the plant is pulled along and snaps back when loosened. The seeds are thrown out of the narrow crevices by movement both by wind and by animals.
The seeds germinate in the dark. The germination rate increases with rising spring temperatures. Field black cumin can be easily propagated from seeds.
Occurrence and endangerment
The field black cumin is originally widespread in the Balkans . It was probably introduced to Central Europe during the Neolithic Age . The oldest archaeological evidence comes from the Latin Age sanctuary of Roseldorf in Lower Austria and the Roman Age Biesheim- Kunheim in Alsace . Written evidence of field black cumin is very difficult to find because it has not been differentiated from real black cumin ( Nigella sativa ) for a long time . The mention is only certain from the herbal books of the Renaissance, for example in the "New Kreüterbuch" of Leonhart Fuchs from 1543.
The field black cumin is a Mediterranean floral element . Its distribution extends east to Asia Minor and Iran , north to northern France , northern Germany and Poland . In the west it used to be as far as the Atlantic near Bordeaux, today only as far as the Loire near Nantes. In the south the distribution area extends to the Pyrenees , the Rhone Valley , Sardinia and Sicily , and on the Adriatic Sea from Slovenia to Greece . However, the occurrence is stronger in Eastern Europe, here the field black cumin even grows in contiguous areas from Poland to Bulgaria , Belarus , Romania , Moldova and Ukraine .
It colonizes grain fields or fallow land in Central Europe, but it also occurs occasionally on roadsides. In Austria, the species rarely occurs in the Pannonian region of the federal states of Vienna , Lower Austria and Burgenland, as well as inconsistently in Tyrol and Vorarlberg in the colline altitude range on nutrient-rich, warm, loamy-rocky fields, fallow land and cracks in the earth.
The arable black cumin grows best on lime-rich , skeletal , stony, but nutrient-rich, summer-warm clay soils or sandy soils. As a therophyte , it is tolerant of temporary dry periods. Field black cumin is very weak in terms of competition. It is a character species of the association Caucalidion lappulae, but also occurs in societies of the association Convolvulo-Agropyrion.
Danger
As a result of intensive agricultural use, shortened fallow periods and heavy use of herbicides , especially in grain cultivation, the arable black cumin has declined sharply. Chemical weed control made it disappear in most locations after the Second World War, so that it can only be found on the Middle Rhine, in the Rhine-Main area and on the lower Naab, in the Swiss Jura , at the southern foot of the Alps and in Lower Austria .
Recently, arable black cumin seeds have been used as an admixture to specifically sown colorful fallow land and arable shrub strips, which promote a diverse range of accompanying flora, for ecological compensation areas.
In western and central Europe, black cumin is considered endangered, but not in northern Italy and south-eastern Europe . In Switzerland it is on the Red List of Endangered Species .
Systematics
Nigella arvensis was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . The generic name Nigella ( Lat. Nigellus = black) refers to the black colored seeds. The specific epithet arvensis means " coming from the field".
The field black cumin comprises nine subspecies in Europe and the Mediterranean region:
- Nigella arvensis subsp. aristata (Sm.) Nyman , homeland: Greece.
- Nigella arvensis L. subsp. arvensis , native to: Europe, North Africa, Asia.
- Nigella arvensis subsp. brevifolia Strid , home: Crete, Rhodes.
- Nigella arvensis subsp. glauca (Boiss.) Terracc. , Home: European and Asian Turkey, Eastern Aegean Islands.
- Nigella arvensis subsp. glaucescens (cast.) Greuter & Burdet , Homeland: Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, North Africa.
- Nigella arvensis subsp. latilabris (Zohary) Greuter & Burdet
- Nigella arvensis subsp. negevensis (Zohary) Greuter & Burdet
- Nigella arvensis subsp. palaestina (Zohary) Greuter & Burdet
- Nigella arvensis subsp. taubertii (Brand) Maire
literature
- Christoph Käsermann: Nigella arvensis L. - Field black cumin - Ranunculaceae. In: Christoph Käsermann, Daniel M. Moser (Hrsg.): Information sheets on species protection - flowering plants and ferns. Federal Office for the Environment, Forests and Landscape, Bern 1999, pp. 206–207.
Web links
- Field black cumin. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Field black cumin . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Nigella arvensis L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
- Günther Blaich: Photos of European plants. Nigella arvensis .
- Gerhard Nitter: Profile with photos.
- Robert Flogaus-Faust: data sheet with links to photos.
Individual evidence
- ^ Andreas G. Heiss, Matthias Kropf, Susanne Sontag, Anton Weber: Seed Morphology of Nigella sl (Ranunculaceae): Identification, Diagnostic Traits, and Their Potential Phylogenetic Relevance. In: International Journal of Plant Sciences. Volume 172, No. 2, 2011, pp. 267-284, doi : 10.1086 / 657676 .
- ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 397.
- ^ Anton Weber: Structure, course of anthesis and pollination of the flower of Nigella arvensis (Ranunculaceae). In: Negotiations of the Botanical-Zoological Society in Austria. Volume 130, 1993, pp. 99-125 (PDF file; 10.2 MB) .
- ↑ Paul Müller-Schneider: Distribution biology (diasporology) of the flowering plants. In: Publications of the Geobotanical Institute of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Rübel Foundation, in Zurich. Volume 61, 1977, pp. 1-226, DOI: 10.5169 / seals-308500 .
- ↑ A. Caneppele, Andreas G. Heiss, M. Kohler-Schneider: vine, dill and Rowan: plant remains from Latène settlement Sandberg / Roseldorf. In: Archeology of Austria. Volume 21, No. 1, 2010, pp. 13-25 (PDF file; 2.5 MB).
- ↑ Stefanie Jacomet: Flora history of the region. In: UNI NOVA. Science magazine of the University of Basel. Volume 107, 2007, pp. 23-25 (PDF file). ( Memento from December 24, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
- ↑ a b Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : Swan flowers to duckweed plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 534, digitized .
- ↑ Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen (ed.): Atlas Florae Europaeae. Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe. 8. Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae. Akateeminen Kirjakauppa, The Committee for Mapping the Flora of Europe & Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo, Helsinki 1989, ISBN 951-9108-07-6 , p. 32.
- ↑ a b Werner Greuter, Hervé-Maurice Burdet, Guy Long (eds.): Med Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 4: Dicotyledones (Lauraceae - Rhamnaceae) . Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Genève 1989, ISBN 2-8277-0154-5 , pp. 411-412 ( online ).