Adele Schreiber
Adele Georgine Schreiber-Krieger (born Adele Schreiber * April 29, 1872 in Vienna , † February 18, 1957 in Herrliberg ) was an Austrian-German suffragette , politician and journalist.
Life
Origin and youth
Adele Schreiber came from a Jewish family. Her grandfather Samuel Schreiber was a teacher at the Israelite-German normal school in Bohemian-Leipa . He and his wife Clara, who was also Jewish, converted to Catholicism in 1894. Adele's father Josef Schreiber (1835–1908) was a doctor who received his doctorate in Vienna in 1860 . In Bad Aussee , of which he became an honorary citizen in 1899, he founded Austria's first sanatorium in 1869 and the private Alpenheim sanatorium in 1883 . Her mother Clara Schreiber , born in Hermann (1848–1905), who was born in Vienna and grew up in Brno , had received careful upbringing and training from her stepfather. Already at the age of 18 she wrote a report about her experiences during the German-Austrian War and later published articles in the Wiener Allgemeine Zeitung and wrote several books. In 1924, Adele Schreiber described her mother as “one of the most brilliant women in old Austria. Writer too: that was more of a minor matter. - Chatting, aperçus, aphorisms, witty letters to well-known contemporaries, in short, 'salon', 'great lady', that was Clara Schreiber. ”The couple married in 1866 and converted to Roman Catholicism in March 1894. Neither Adele Schreiber nor her two sisters Ida (* 1886) and Elisabeth Margaretha, called Lilli (* 1874), who were initially raised by governesses and private tutors, were baptized. During her time as a member of the Reichstag she did not provide any information about religious affiliation. As a girl, Adele Schreiber showed a great urge for freedom and felt the imperatives of propriety, which allowed swimming only in the ladies' pool and prohibited cycling as being unfeminine, as deeply unjust: In rebellion against this injustice, I [...] was a women's rights activist as a child, to use a word formation that I can't stand. She envied boys their freedom: They were allowed everything that was denied to me. Unbridled urge for justice and freedom - these were the roots from which my whole life grew.
At the age of eleven, she began her schooling in a boarding school in Paris, where she quickly felt at home. Another year of retirement in Stuttgart followed. At the age of 15 she returned to her parents' home. Her parents refused her wish to study medicine like her father. Adele was to lead the life of a young girl from a good family and marry. She spent her time playing the piano and doing handicrafts, supported her mother in the household, but also traveled to England, France, Italy and other European countries and now dreamed of becoming a writer.
At the age of 18 or 19 she read August Bebel's Die Frau und der Sozialismus , subscribed to Karl Kautsky's magazine Die Neue Zeit , for which she wrote articles after the Wiener Allgemeine Zeitung and the Wiener Fremdblatt had printed their first texts. She also published articles in the journal Die Equality , edited by Clara Zetkin . In Bad Aussee she secretly attended a social democratic meeting for the first time, in Vienna she took part in an event organized by the Fabier Society . Her parents disapproved of this interest. Adele Schreiber was still looking for the opportunity to stand on her own feet professionally. The opportunity arose when she received an insurance offer in 1897 to help set up a women's insurance company in Berlin.
Move to Berlin
In 1898 Adele Schreiber moved to Berlin, became the general agent of the insurance company for Berlin and its suburbs the following year, and attended lectures and events in her free time. The project of a women's insurance company failed; she gave up her job and wrote articles and book reviews. She maintained contact with friends of her parents, including the writer and radical of the women's movement Hedwig Dohm , whom she described as the most adorable of all old women I have ever known and whose biography she wrote in 1914. In 1906 she published Das Buch vom Kinde , for which her sister Lilli, who had meanwhile married and moved to Berlin with her husband Roman Baitz, wrote the contribution The artistic design of the nursery . Adele Schreiber gave lectures on women's issues and social issues. She gave her first lecture in 1899 in the association of women and girls of the working class , chaired by Ottilie Baader , on the subject of the class struggle in the mirror of poetry . At first she did not join the SPD, but counted herself to the radical wing of the women's movement.
Study of economics
In the summer semester of 1900 she started studying as a guest student at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität and studied economics for five semesters. She could not enroll with the possibility of a later degree because women in Prussia were not allowed to do this until 1908. She wrote about the problems of even getting the status of a guest student: The Berlin alma mater behaves towards women like a brittle beauty who makes her applicants languish for a long time.
Great Britain 1901
A trip to Great Britain in 1901 familiarized her with the work of the settlement movement , which found a counterpart in Germany with the establishment of people's homes . She completed a three-month internship in the London Settlements. She met Sidney Webb and his wife Beatrice and attended lectures at the London School of Economics and Political Science, which they founded . She was very impressed by the acquaintance with Louise Michel , the French anarchist. She conducted an interview with William Booth , the founder of the Salvation Army , and sat there. Her return journey took her via Paris, where she made the acquaintance of Yvette Guilbert and Marguerite Durand .
Commitment to women's suffrage
In Berlin she joined the fight against prostitution and in 1902 took part in the “Congress for the International Fight against Trafficking in Girls” in Frankfurt am Main. She reported on meetings of the women's movement and came in 1904, when the German Federation women's associations in Berlin Congress of the International Women's Council (Engl. International Council of Women ) hosted, as a speaker on retirement and disability insurance on. She reported about the congress in Vorwärts . In 1904 she was also co-founder and vice president of the World Alliance for Women's Suffrage (Engl. International Woman Suffrage Alliance , IWSA).
From 1908, when the Protestant women's associations joined, the moderate wing predominated in the Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine. From then on, Adele Schreiber campaigned increasingly for women's suffrage . In 1909 she was a delegate at the “International Suffrage Congress” in London and reported on activities outside the congress: “Who would have believed 14 days ago that I would swing the green-white-purple tricolor to the top of the suffragette to the sound of the Marseillaise would march from the gates of Holloway Prison in the north to the heart of the city on Piccadilly! I certainly didn't think of it myself when I left Berlin to take part in the International Women's Suffragette Congress in a decent manner. ” After 1914 she distanced herself from the English suffragettes and spoke of the fact that there was terror in England. In 1908 she became a member of the Democratic Association and appeared for them as a discussion speaker. In 1911 she spoke at the third party congress on the subject of the Reich Insurance Code and called for maternity insurance. In 1912 she was elected one of three chairmen in Nuremberg. But the poor performance in the Reichstag election in 1912 led to the party's disintegration. In the same year Adele Schreiber joined the SPD .
Commitment to the protection of children and mothers
An essential area of their social and political commitment was the protection of children and mothers. Here she campaigned especially for single mothers and saw child colonies based on the American, English and French models as a suitable way of providing for them. She had already worked on the “Committee for Infant Homes ” in Berlin since 1902 . With Helene Stöcker , Ruth Bré , Lily Braun , Henriette Fürth and Alfred Ploetz , she founded the Berlin Association of the Association for Maternity Protection , of which she was a member. In 1908 she published the book Der Bund für Mutterschutz und seine opponents . At the end of 1909 she gave up her position on the board. The arguments with Helene Stöcker, which were later continued in mutual private lawsuits, played a role in this. Adele Schreiber left the Bund für Mutterschutz and founded the "German Society for Mother and Child Rights" on May 28, 1910, whose work was supported by Lily Braun, Minna Cauer , Regine Deutsch , Hedwig Dohm , Walther Borgius and others. She devoted herself to practical work for “legitimate and illegitimate mothers and their children”, with the aim of improving the situation of “pregnant women, giving birth and those who have recently given birth”, and implementing socio-political and legislative reforms.
From 1909 Adele Schreiber published the magazine “Frauen-progress”, which was discontinued after a short time. The last edition appeared on July 27, 1911.
Member of the Reichstag
From 1920 to 1924 and from 1928 to 1933 Adele Schreiber was a social democratic member of the Reichstag .
emigration
Adele Schreiber emigrated due to the seizure of power of the Nazis in 1933 in Switzerland. After her German citizenship was revoked in 1939, she traveled on to Great Britain, where she gave democracy classes to German prisoners of war on behalf of the British government. She also became a member of the Labor Party . Only after the end of the Second World War did she return to Switzerland in 1947, where she died in 1957.
Marriage to Richard Krieger
Adele Schreiber met the school doctor Richard Krieger through her work on the board. They married in November 1909. They used the name Schreiber-Krieger until emigrating to Switzerland. Her husband stayed in Germany. They met in Iceland in 1939; he initially followed her to Great Britain, but returned to Germany in 1945. He later visited her regularly in Switzerland. It is not known whether the marriage ended in divorce.
Her 60th birthday in 1932 gave the Vossische Zeitung the opportunity to report on her.
Honors
In the government district in Berlin-Mitte, the northern avenue between Schiffbauerdamm and Luisenstrasse was renamed Adele-Schreiber-Krieger-Strasse in 2005. In Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, a memorial plaque on the house at Ahornallee 50 has been commemorating her since 1995.
Fonts (selection)
- Settlements. (One way to social understanding). Felix Dietrich, Leipzig 1904.
- Das Buch vom Kinde: a compilation of the most important questions of childhood with the collaboration of numerous experts. BGTeubner, Leipzig 1907.
- The Federation for Maternity Protection and its opponents. Felix Dietrich, Leipzig 1909.
- (Ed.): Motherhood: a compilation for the problems of women as a mother. Introduction by Lily Braun . Langen, Munich 1912.
- Hedwig Dohm as a pioneer and pioneer of new women's ideals. 1914.
- Small monographs on the question of women. 1914.
- Women! Learn to choose! - Revolution and women's rights . Berlin 1918.
- The question of women in the light of socialism . Dresden 1930, together with Anna Geyer, Anna Blos and Louise Schroeder.
literature
- Adele Schreiber-Warrior . In: Franz Osterroth : Biographical Lexicon of Socialism . Volume 1: Deceased Personalities. Verlag JHW Dietz Nachf. GmbH, Hanover 1960, p. 271.
- Daniela Weiland: History of women's emancipation in Germany and Austria. Econ, Düsseldorf 1983.
- Ann Taylor Allen: Mothers of the New Generation: Adele Schreiber, Helene Stocker, and the Evolution of a German Idea of Motherhood, 1900-1914. In: Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. Volume 10/3, University of Chicago Press, 1985.
- Christl Wickert : socialist, parliamentarian, Jewish. The examples Käthe Frankenthal, Berta Jourdan , Adele Schreiber-Krieger, Toni Sender and Hedwig Wachenheim. In: Ludger Heid , Arnold Paucker (ed.): Jews and German workers' movement until 1933. Mohr Siebeck, 1992.
- Asja Braune: Consistently taken the uncomfortable path - Adele Schreiber (1872–1957) politician, women's rights activist, journalist. Dissertation, Berlin 2003.
- Martin Schumacher (Hrsg.): MdR The Reichstag members of the Weimar Republic in the time of National Socialism. Political persecution, emigration and expatriation, 1933–1945. A biographical documentation . 3rd, considerably expanded and revised edition. Droste, Düsseldorf 1994, ISBN 3-7700-5183-1 .
- Manfred Berger : Schreiber-Krieger, Adele , in: Hugo Maier (Ed.): Who is who of social work . Freiburg: Lambertus, 1998 ISBN 3-7841-1036-3 , pp. 533f.
- Ilse Fischer: Schreiber-Krieger, Adele, née Schreiber. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 23, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-428-11204-3 , p. 535 f. ( Digitized version ).
Web links
- Literature by and about Adele Schreiber in the catalog of the German National Library
- Adele Schreiber in the database of members of the Reichstag
- Asja Braune: Consistently taken the uncomfortable path - Adele Schreiber (1872–1957) politician, women's rights activist, journalist . Dissertation, Berlin 2003 (PDF, 592 pages; 2.41 MB)
- Adele Schreiber-Krieger in the database Women in Motion 1848–1938 of the Austrian National Library
Individual evidence
- ^ Nachlass Bundesarchiv Koblenz, Folder 1, Sheet 23, Article by Grete Driesch about Adele Schreiber, after 1924
- ↑ a b c estate of the Federal Archives Koblenz, folder 1, handwritten memories
- ↑ Nachlass BA Koblenz, Folder 73, about 1902, On the study of women at the Berlin University , (no date)
- ^ Nachlass BA Koblenz, Folder 70, May 3, 1909, With the Suffragettes through London , in: BZ am Mittag
- ↑ Street names in the Mitte district on berlin.de
- ↑ Adele Schreiber-Krieger memorial plaque on berlin.de
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Clerk, Adele |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Scribe-Warrior, Adele Georgine |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Austrian-German women's rights activist, politician (SPD), Member of the Parliament, journalist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | April 29, 1872 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Vienna |
| DATE OF DEATH | February 18, 1957 |
| Place of death | Herrliberg |