Stalk grass

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Stalk grass
Common stork grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum)

Common stork grass ( Anthoxanthum odoratum )

Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Pooideae
Genre : Stalk grass
Scientific name
Anthoxanthum
L.

The anthoxanthum ( Anthoxanthum ) are a genus within the family of the sweet grasses (Poaceae). The species contain coumarin .

Description and ecology

Illustration from Flora Batava , Volume 14 of the awning stench grass ( Anthoxanthum aristatum )
Illustration from Species Graminum , Volume 3 by Anthoxanthum gracile

Vegetative characteristics

The stench grass species are annual to perennial plants . Annuals grow in tufts, persistent ones form a short rhizome on which numerous renewal shoots arise. The leaf sheaths are open to the base. Their surface is rough, hair may be present, with long tufts of hair usually sitting at the opening of the vagina. The ligula is a membranous border.

Generative characteristics

The spike-like inflorescence is egg-shaped or elongated, contracted, dense and contains many flowers. The spikelets have two stunted sterile florets and a fertile floret above them . They do not have axial extensions. When the fruit ripens, the three florets fall together from the remaining glumes , thus forming a spreading unit ( diaspore ). There are two glumes. The apparent number of four results from the lemmas of the two sterile florets. The glumes are pointed and very unequal: the lower one is one-nerved and half as long as the spikelet; the lower one is three-veined and the same length as the spikelet. It completely encloses the flower. The lemmas of the sterile florets are brownish, hairy on the whole or only on the back and bear an awn . The palea occurs only in the fertile florets and is single-nerved. The number of stamens is two. The ovary is glabrous and has two terminal, long styles . The scars are long and feathery. They protrude from the tip of the spikelet.

The fruit is enclosed by the hardened outer husks and palea. The embryo is a quarter to half as long as the fruit. The navel (hilum) is point-shaped and is located at the lower end. The spread of the fruits occurs through epizoochory , anemochory or hemerochory .

ingredients

A coumarin odor often develops after being wounded or while drying . The coumarin probably arises from a glucoside of o- coumaric acid .

Systematics and distribution

Awn stork ( Anthoxanthum aristatum )
Fragrant Mariengrass ( Anthoxanthum nitens )
Common stork grass ( Anthoxanthum odoratum )

The genus Anthoxanthum was established by Carl von Linné in 1753 . The scientific generic name Anthoxanthum is the Latinized compound of the Greek words ἀνθος for flower and ξανθός for yellow, ie "yellow flower"; this name is derived from the yellowish color of the inflorescences of the species Anthoxanthum odoratum after blooming.

The genus Anthoxanthum belongs to the subtribe Phalaridinae from the tribe Aveneae in the subfamily Pooideae within the family Poaceae . Some editors, such as the authors of the Flora of China 2006, also classify the species of the genus Hierochloe as Anthoxanthum .

The stalk grass species are common in the temperate areas of Eurasia . They are also found in the highlands of tropical Africa and Asia, as well as in South Africa. In the New World, the stench grass species are neophytes . Six species occur in Europe. There are six species in Central Europe: Awn stork ( Anthoxanthum aristatum ), southern stork grass ( Anthoxanthum australe ), alpine stalk grass ( Anthoxanthum nipponicum ), fragrant stork grass ( Anthoxanthum nitens ), common stalk grass ( Anthoxanthum odoratum ), anthoxanthum repens .

According to some authors, the genus includes around 18 species. But if Hierochloe is included in Anthoxanthum , the genus includes about 52 species:

  • Anthoxanthum aethiopicum I. Hedberg : The home is Ethiopia .
  • Anthoxanthum amarum bread. : It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula only from northwestern Spain to northern and central Portugal .
  • Anthoxanthum arcticum Veldkamp : It occurs from the subarctic south to eastern and central Canada.
  • Awn stench grass ( Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss. , Syn .: Anthoxanthum puelii Lecoq & Lamotte ): occurs in the Mediterranean area and on the Canaries and Madeira. It is a neophyte in Central Europe, North America, and New Zealand.
  • Southern Mariengras ( Anthoxanthum australe (Schrad.) Veldkamp , Syn .: Hierochloe australis (Schrad.) Roem. & Schult. ): It occurs in Europe.
  • Anthoxanthum borii S.K. Jain & Pal : The home is India .
  • Anthoxanthum brevifolium Stapf : It is only known from the type material that wascollectedat Ben MacDhui in the Drakensberg in the South African province of Eastern Cape . It is probably a synonym of Anthoxanthum ecklonii .
  • Anthoxanthum davidsei (RWPohl) Veldkamp (Syn .: Hierochloe davidsei R.W. Pohl ): It occurs in Costa Rica and from Colombia to northwestern Venezuela.
  • Anthoxanthum dregeanum (Nees ex Trin.) Stapf : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape .
  • Anthoxanthum ecklonii (Nees ex Trin.) Stapf : The distribution area extends from Malawi to southern Africa . With two subspecies, one of which, Anthoxanthum ecklonii subsp. natalense Mashau was first described in 2016.
  • Anthoxanthum flexuosum (Hook. F.) Veldkamp (Syn .: Hierochloe flexuosa Hook.f. ): It occurs in the central and eastern Himalayas.
  • Anthoxanthum glabrum (Trin.) Veldkamp : It iswidespreadin Russia, Kazakhstan , Mongolia and in many Chinese provinces.
  • Anthoxanthum gracile Biv. : It occurs in the central to eastern Mediterranean and in north-west Africa .
  • Anthoxanthum gunckelii (Parodi) Veldkamp (Syn .: Hierochloe gunckelii Parodi ): It occurs from Chile to southern Argentina.
  • Anthoxanthum hookeri (Griseb.) Rendle : The range extends from the Himalayas (northeastern India, Bhutan , Nepal ) and northern Myanmar to Tibet and the Chinese provinces of Sichuan , Guizhou and Yunnan .
  • Anthoxanthum horsfieldii (Kunth ex Benn.) Shipowner : The distribution area extends from Assam and the Chinese province of Guizhou via Taiwan to Japan and from Thailand via Malaysia and the Philippines to New Guinea .
  • Anthoxanthum japonicum (Maxim.) Hack. ex Matsum. : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese island of Honshu .
  • Anthoxanthum juncifolium (Hack.) Veldkamp (Syn .: Hierochloe juncifolia (Hack.) Parodi ): It occurs from Chile to southern Argentina.
  • Anthoxanthum khasianum (CBClarke ex Hook.f.) Ohwi (Syn .: Hierochloe khasiana C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f. ): It occurs in Assam .
  • Anthoxanthum laxum (Hook.f.) Veldkamp (Syn .: Hierochloe laxa Hook.f. ): It occurs from Afghanistan to Nepal.
  • Anthoxanthum madagascariense Stapf : The home is Madagascar.
  • Anthoxanthum mexicanum (Rupr. Ex E. Fourn.) Mez : It occurs from the Mexican states of Puebla, Oaxaca and Chiapas to Guatemala and Venezuela.
  • Anthoxanthum monticola (Bigelow) Veldkamp : It is widespread in the northern hemisphere in northern Europe, Russia, Mongolia, Korea, northeastern China, Japan and North America.
  • Alpine sweet vernal grass ( Anthoxanthum nipponicum Honda , Syn .: Anthoxanthum odoratum subsp. Nipponicum (Honda) Tzvelev , Anthoxanthum odoratum var. Nipponicum (Honda) Tzvelev , Anthoxanthum odoratum var. Alpinum Gray , Anthoxanthum odoratum var. Alpinum Uechtr. Nom. Illeg., Anthoxanthum odoratum var. glaberrimum Schur , Anthoxanthum odoratum var. glabrescens Celak. , Anthoxanthum odoratum var. longiaristatum Celak. , Anthoxanthum nipponicum var. furumii Honda , Anthoxanthum odoratum var. furumii (Honda) Ohwi , Anthoxanthum alpinum Á.Löve & D.Löve , Anthoxanthum odoratum subsp. Alpinum (Á.Löve & D.Löve) BMGJones & Melderis nom. Illeg., Anthoxanthum odoratum subsp. Furumii (Honda) T.Koyama ): It occurs from Europe to Japan. Some authors put it as a subspecies to Anthoxanthum odoratum .
  • Fragrant Mariengras ( Anthoxanthum nitens (Weber) Y.Schouten & Veldkamp , Syn .: Hierochloe odorata (L.) P.Beauv. , Hierochloe hirta (closet) Borbás , Hierochloe arctica J.Presl ): It is from subarctic to temperate areas of the Northern hemisphere widespread.
  • Anthoxanthum nivale K.Schum. : The distribution area extends from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to tropical East Africa.
  • Anthoxanthum occidentale (Buckley) Veldkamp : It occurs in Oregon, Washington and California.
  • Common stork grass ( Anthoxanthum odoratum L. ): It is widespread in the Old World from Europe to Mongolia , in northwest Africa and Macaronesia . It is a neophyte in Greenland and the New World, in Australia and Tasmania and other countries .: The Flora of China 2006 gives two subspecies:
    • Anthoxanthum odoratum subsp. alpinum (Á.Löve & D.Löve) Tzvelev non (Á.Löve & D.Löve) BMGJones & Melderis nom. illegal .: It occurs in Europe, Russia, Korea, Japan and Xinjiang . This subspecies is considered by some authors as a separate species: Anthoxanthum nipponicum Honda .
    • Anthoxanthum odoratum L. subsp. odoratum : It occurs in Europe, Russia, Taiwan and in the Lu Shan in Jiangxi.
  • Anthoxanthum ovatum Lag . : It occurs in the Mediterranean area.
  • Anthoxanthum pallidum (Hand.-Mazz.) Tzvelev :: It thrives in moist meadows, on mountain slopes at altitudes of around 2700 meters in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and northeastern Yunnan.
  • Anthoxanthum pluriflorum (Koidz.) Veldkamp (Syn .: Hierochloe pluriflora Koidz. ): It occurs in Japan.
  • Anthoxanthum potaninii (Tzvelev) SMPhillips & ZLWu : It thrives at altitudes of 2500 to 3000 meters in the Chinese provinces of southern Gansu and western Sichuan.
  • Anthoxanthum pusillum (Hack.) Veldkamp (Syn .: Hierochloe pusilla Hack. ): It occurs from southern Chile to southern Argentina.
  • Anthoxanthum rariflorum (Hook. F.) Veldkamp (Syn .: Hierochloe rariflora Hook.f. ): It occurs from south-eastern Queensland to eastern Tasmania.
  • Anthoxanthum redolens (Vahl) P.Royen (Syn .: Hierochloe redolens (Vahl) Roem. & Schult. ): It occurs from Ecuador to southern South America, on the Falkland Islands , in New Zealand, New Guinea and in southeastern Australia.
  • Anthoxanthum repens (Host) Veldkamp (Syn .: Hierochloe repens (Host) P.Beauv. ): It is distributed from eastern Central Europe and Southeastern Europe to southwestern Siberia and the northern Caucasus .
  • Anthoxanthum sikkimense (Maxim.) Ohwi : It occurs in Nepal , Sikkim and Yunnan (only in Kunming and Chengjiang).
  • Anthoxanthum spicatum (Parodi) Veldkamp (Syn .: Hierochloe spicata Parodi ): It occurs in southern Chile.
  • Anthoxanthum submuticum (F.Muell.) Veldkamp (Syn .: Hierochloe submutica F.Muell. ): It occurs in southeastern Australia.
  • Anthoxanthum tibeticum (Bor) Veldkamp : It only thrives on exposed mountain ridges and slopes at altitudes of around 5000 meters in Tibet .
  • Anthoxanthum tongo (Trin.) Stapf : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape .
  • Anthoxanthum utriculatum (Ruiz & Pav.) Y.Schouten & Veldkamp (Syn .: Hierochloe utriculata (Ruiz & Pav.) Kunth ): It occurs from Chile to southern Argentina.
  • Anthoxanthum wendelboi (G.Weim.) Veldkamp (Syn .: Hierochloe wendelboi G.Weim. ): It occurs in Pakistan.

supporting documents

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Manfred A. Fischer , Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Zhen-lan Wu, Sylvia M. Phillips: Anthoxanthum , pp. 336-338 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven , Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 22: Poaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2006, ISBN 1-930723-50-4 .
  3. ↑ at eFloras and Anthoxanthum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Anthoxanthum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  5. ↑ a b c Species list for Anthoxanthum in the Red List of South African Plants

Web links

Commons : Stench grasses ( Anthoxanthum )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

further reading

  • AC Mashau: A synopsis of Anthoxanthum (Poaceae: Pooideae: Poeae) in southern Africa and description of a new subspecies. In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 71, Issue 18, 2016, pp. 1–5.