Antonio Perez

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Portrait of Antonio Pérez 'by Antonio Ponz , El Escorial Monastery

Antonio Pérez (* around 1540 , perhaps in Madrid ; † November 3, 1611 in Paris ) was a Spanish statesman . He held the post of State Secretary of King Philip II from 1567 and had great influence in this position. In contrast to the Duke of Alba and Juan de Austria , he represented a policy of peace. Because of his involvement in the murder of Juan de Escobedo, the secretary of Juans de Austria (1578), he fell out of favor and had to face years of trial. In 1590 he escaped to Aragon , whereupon Philip II had him indicted by the Spanish Inquisition . After his liberation through popular turmoil at the end of 1591, he fled to France, where he lived in exile as well as temporarily in England and intrigued against Philip II. After Philip II concluded peace with France in 1598, Pérez was abandoned by the foreign powers and died in Paris in 1611, forgotten.

Life

Origin and early life

Antonio Pérez was probably an illegitimate son of the cleric Gonzalo Pérez and the Juana Escobar y Tobar. Gonzalo Pérez held the post of secretary to Emperor Charles V and King Philip II and wrote a Spanish translation of Homer's Odyssey ( La Ulyxea de Homero , Antwerp 1556). On April 4, 1542 Antonio Pérez was legitimized as the son of Gonzalo Pérez by an imperial diploma issued in Valladolid . But there was also a rumor that he was actually a son of Philip's minister Ruy Gómez de Silva , Prince of Eboli.

Antonio Pérez spent his youth in the village of Val de Concha near Pastrana in the province of Guadalajara , which belonged to the lands of the Prince of Eboli. Gonzalo Pérez let him study at the University of Alcalá , then at renowned foreign universities in Leuven , Venice and Padua and finally again in Spain at the University of Salamanca .

State Secretary Philip II; Involvement in the Escobedo assassination

Antonio Pérez was then introduced by his father to the handling of government affairs and belonged to the party of the Prince of Eboli, which was hostile to the Duke of Alba and pursued a policy of peace towards neighboring countries and reconciliation with rebel subjects. After the death of Gonzalo Pérez in April 1566 was Antonio Pérez interim secretary of state, his official appointment as Secretary of State received but only on 17 July 1567. Since King Philip II. This formerly held by Gonzalo Pérez government office now on Antonio Perez and de Gabriel Zayas aufteilte , as State Secretary, the former was only responsible for Italy, where he was responsible, among other things, for handling correspondence with the Papal States. Gabriel de Zayas, who belonged to the party of the Duke of Alba, became State Secretary for the North and, among other things, handled correspondence with the states north of the Pyrenees and Alps . On January 3, 1568, Pérez married Juana Coello , with whom he had several children, not without external pressure .

Despite these initial difficulties, Pérez gained significant influence with Philip II through his extraordinary business acumen and winning manner. After the death of the Prince of Eboli (1573), he took over the leadership of his party. He had numerous enemies among the Spanish grandees. He was, however, more closely associated with another royal secretary, Juan de Escobedo , whom he protected. When the ambitious half-brother of Philip II, Don Juan de Austria , tried to become king of this city after his conquest of Tunis (1573), Pérez advised the Spanish king to appoint Escobedo as Don Juan's secretary. Escobedo was supposed to act as a spy and leak information about don Juan's activities to Pérez. Philip II agreed to Perez's plan. However, Escobedo allowed himself to be won over by don Juan and from then on stood loyally by his side. Meanwhile, Pérez was able to gain insight into don Juan's intentions by checking his correspondence. Even after the prince left for the Netherlands, where he held the position of governor general from 1576, his correspondence continued to flow through Pérez.

Don Juan planned to invade England, ruled by Queen Elizabeth I , to free and marry the Scottish Queen Maria Stuart , who had been imprisoned there, and to ascend the English throne with her. Meanwhile, Pérez continued to object to don Juan's behavior, undermining the Spanish king's trust in his half-brother. Escobedo, who had traveled to Madrid in 1577 on behalf of Don Juan to explain his war policy, took the counterinitiative and pointed out to Philip II that Pérez made money in his own pockets when the king did business with Genoese bankers, including with the widowed princess of Eboli had secretly sold public offices and state secrets. Pérez then presented don Juan as disloyal; because of his great ambition, the latter endangered even Philip's royal position of power. But Escobedo incited don Juan to his plans and was therefore to be eliminated. Philip II was likely to have been convinced by Pérez that Escobedo was a threat, and he probably agreed to his murder, since Escobedo might have revealed unpleasant things in a court case. After several unsuccessful attempts at poisoning, Escobedo was stabbed to death by several assassins in Madrid on March 31, 1578, and the general opinion immediately prevailed that Pérez was behind this act. Mere court rumors, however, are probably Pérez's alleged love affair with the Princess of Eboli, which Escobedo threatened to reveal, so that Pérez had also exercised an act of personal vengeance with his murder. On October 1st, 1578, Don Juan probably died of typhus near Namur at the age of 31 .

Detention and Trials

After Escobedo's death, Pérez enjoyed even greater influence with Philip II. Apparently he was abusing this great trust for his personal gain. He had already done this before in monetary transactions and the sale of state secrets, but now he took advantage of the unexplained Portuguese succession to the throne that had occurred after King Sebastian's unsuccessful campaign against Morocco and his death in the battle of Alcácer-Quibir (August 4, 1578). The Princess of Eboli arranged for the marriage of her youngest daughter to the ten-year-old Theodosius, Duke of Barçelos , who, like Philip II, could lay claim to the Portuguese throne, but had accompanied King Sebastian on his failed last campaign and into the captivity of the Moroccan Sultan's advised. The latter used the young prisoner as a bargaining chip in the negotiations with the Spanish king, and Pérez informed the Princess of Eboli Philipps of the strategies he had chosen.

When Philip II was able to read don Juan's private correspondence in full for the first time in early 1579, he found that his half-brother had always remained loyal to him and that Pérez's accusations proved to be baseless. Apparently the State Secretary had only wanted to instill distrust of don Juan in him for selfish reasons. So the king decided to arrest Pérez in the near future and for the time being to commission Mateo Vázquez de Leca to investigate Pérez's administration. Cardinal Granvelle was summoned from Rome and was supposed to lead foreign policy in place of Pérez. Vázquez gathered evidence of Perez's embezzlement and the sale of state secrets and got in touch with Escobedo's family, whom Pérez had long termed murderers and had already started a lawsuit against him. Only after Granvelle's arrival in Madrid did Philip II order the arrest of Pérez and the Princess of Eboli on July 28, 1579.

Pérez has now lost his office and has been questioned. Since Philip II was probably also involved in Escobedo's murder, he tried to avoid too much attention in this case. Pérez was allowed to live in his home again, albeit under house arrest, had a relatively large amount of freedom and even dealt with some correspondence concerning his State Secretariat. It was not until 1584 that a process was initiated against Pérez, in which his previous administration as State Secretary was thoroughly examined and in which Rodrigo Vázquez de Arce , a member of the Castilian council and opponent of Pérez, acted as judge. Among other things, Pérez was charged with arbitrarily changing the content of encrypted letters intended for the Spanish king and accepting bribes; he received 10,000 ducats from the Tuscan duke because of the fiefdom of Siena . To avoid arrest, he jumped out of the window on January 31, 1585 and came to the parish church of San Justo, where he sought protection from prosecution. But without taking care of the church asylum, Pérez was seized, taken to the Turégano fortress near Segovia and imprisoned there. On the following March 2nd, he learned of the verdict pronounced against him, according to which he had to pay a fine and was banned from public office for ten years. Of this period he was to spend two years as a state prisoner in a fortress and the other eight in exile from the court.

After a failed attempt at liberation by his followers, Pérez was chained and strictly imprisoned for three months on the orders of the castle captain of Turégano, Torres de Avila. His property was confiscated and his wife and children were imprisoned in Madrid. The guards were allowed to search his home for government papers. However, Philip II did not receive all of the papers he wanted, including papers that might incriminate him. Pérez wrote to his wife that she should hand over the writings dear to the king to the Count of Barajas, and two boxes were full of them, probably from the cabinet registry, but before that, in the opinion of the clerk, they were the ones King's most troubling papers have been removed. Philip II then tried to achieve by alternately milder and stricter treatment of Pérez that he gave him further documents. For example, in 1586, after his return to Madrid, he had his former secretary brought there, where Pérez received more lenient conditions of detention. In 1587, Escobedo's son ran an indictment from Pérez for the murder of his father. Pérez and Philip's confessor were finally able to persuade him to withdraw from the lawsuit against payment of a considerable sum of money. So the king did not have to fear any embarrassment in court.

However, Philip II decided in early 1590, some time after the defeat of the Armada in their failed invasion of England in 1588, to force Pérez to make a full confession and to explain the motives for the murder of Escobedo. The defendant was subjected to awkward questioning with the use of torture . The conduct of the proceedings was again entrusted to Rodrigo Vázquez, who only got a vague confession from Pérez. The latter now claimed that Escobedo had intensely encouraged don Juan to strive for a royal crown. He, Pérez, was only pressured to take drastic measures out of concern for the monarchy. Also, not he, but the now deceased Pedro Fajardo y Córdoba , 3rd Marquis of los Vélez, was the first to plead for the assassination attempt on Escobedo. The king mistrusted Pérez's account, as it was not supported by any evidence and was partially refutable on the basis of don Juan's papers. Therefore Philip II came to the conclusion that his former secretary had ordered the murder of Escobedo on his own initiative, without sufficient evidence and without an explicit royal directive.

Escape; Stay in Aragon

When Pérez realized that he was now in serious danger, he decided to leave for Aragon, an autonomous kingdom whose special judicial system protected him against any act of cabinet justice. There he was able to claim the rights of a subject from Aragon (his family came from the Aragonese municipality of Monreal de Ariza ) and invoke the Fuero de la Manifestación , according to which his trial in accordance with local laws before a public court of the Justicia de Aragón had to be negotiated. So he was safe from having to answer quietly before a Castilian court.

It was not without difficulty that Pérez first received permission to see his heavily pregnant wife and worked with her to draft the escape plan. On the evening of April 19, 1590, he was able to escape from his Madrid prison by putting on the women's clothes given by his wife and leaving the dungeon unhindered in this disguise. Outside, two relatives, Ensign Gil González and Gil de Mesa, were waiting for him with post horses, with whom he covered the distance to the Aragon border in one train, despite his poor health due to torture. To make any persecution more difficult, the Genoese Maggiorini, a friend of the fugitive, also took the mail a while later; he chose the same route as Pérez and tried to tire the horses as much as possible. Pérez also benefited from the fact that his escape was reported late and that the order to pursue him was given too late. After crossing the Aragonese border, he and his companions stopped briefly in the Santa María de Huerta monastery, 182 km from Madrid , where friends gave him fresh horses. He moved on to Bubierca , but then turned to Calatayud to avoid the pursuit of the Lord of Ariza . After he had rested there for ten hours, news arrived from Madrid that his wife and children had been imprisoned, as well as the order to arrest him and transfer him back to Madrid, dead or alive. The order was not addressed to the magistrate, but to the royal chamberlain Don Emanuel Zapata, a relative of the Count of Barajas. This circumstance enabled Pérez to escape to the Dominican monastery of Calatayud.

Zapata followed Pérez to the monastery and tried to persuade him to obey the king's orders. At the same time, Zapata surrounded the building with guards. While the negotiations were still in progress, Gil de Mesa came from Saragossa and brought with him the immediately approved act of appealing in Perez's name to the court of the Manifestación , so that Pérez could feel safe under the protection of Aragon's freedoms. But soon Alfonso Cerdan, equipped with royal powers, rushed to arrest Pérez again. Out of caution against the special rights of Aragon, Cerdan first sought the approval of the magistrate and then that of the citizens of Calatayud. After he had received a majority of these, he had Pérez, who appealed in vain to the Manifestación, and the Maggiorini seize and both carried off to Saragossa. They left Calatayud under the shout “Contra fuero!” And arrived on May 1, 1590 in Saragossa.

Immediately the viceroy for Aragon, appointed by Philip II, and the Justicia quarreled over the question of competence. On April 23, Philip II had initiated a new trial against Pérez, among other things for Escobedo's murder, in Aragón. In Saragossa, Pérez was taken to a Manifestación prison , where he was protected from the Castile trial, enjoyed great freedom, made friends and prepared his defense. He also distributed secret government papers that he had been able to bring to Aragon. On July 1, the judge Rodrigo Vázquez de Arce pronounced the death sentence against Pérez in Madrid without him knowing. In order to prevent any attempt to escape from Pérez, Íñigo de Mendoza y de la Cerda , Marquis of Almenara, a high-ranking deputy of the king in Aragon, had his own guards in front of the Manifestación prison . Pérez used this process to portray him as a violation of Aragonese sovereignty and thus to gain support from the Aragonese. He protested his innocence and spoke of his unjust persecution by Philip II, who was no less hostile to Aragon. It is also shameful to a free people to be ruled by a viceroy who was not born in the country. Such and similar assertions had an effect on the irritable people, and a public opinion hostile to Philip's government was formed, to which young, aspiring nobles also contributed.

Fearing Pérez's acquittal, the king withdrew his charges and a new, similar charge was brought. At the beginning of September 1590, Philip II, as King of Aragon, opened another trial against Pérez, in which the latter was accused of having served Philip very badly in matters relating to Aragon. Pérez defended himself that he had never worked for the king in such matters. When the proceedings progressed slowly, Philip II tried to bypass the Aragonese judiciary and used the Inquisition , whose legal ruling had priority, as a political instrument for this purpose . The Inquisition charged Pérez with heresy , blasphemy and sodomy , of which he was allegedly guilty. The request was made to the Justicia, as head of the Manifestación , to extradite Pérez. Pérez and Maggiorini were handed over to the servants of the Inquisition on May 24, 1591 and taken to the city palace of Zaragoza, the Aljafería , where the Inquisition prison was located.

News of the transfer of Pérez to the Aljafería spread rapidly and caused tumult, favored by nobles such as Diego de Heredia; The Aragonese saw this act as a violation of their laws (Fueros). A crowd of people stormed the house of the Marquis of Almenara, who, on behalf of the king, was to collect materials for the decision of the old dispute over the appointment of a viceroy who was not born in the kingdom, took him prisoner and dragged him to prison, where after 15 days as a result of the suffered abuse on June 8, 1591 died. Around 6,000 gunmen besieged the Aljafería and threatened to use violence. Jaime Jimeno de Lobera , Bishop of Teruel and Viceroy of Aragon, the Duke of Villahermosa and the Counts of Aranda and Morata hurried to calm the situation . These gentlemen used a break, which the rebels did not approve of, to persuade the inquisitors to hand over Pérez and his companion to the angry crowd in order to prevent greater misfortune. Two of the inquisitors, Mendoza and Morejon, were ready to give in, but their senior, licentiate Molina de Medrano, was firmly against it. Night fell over further negotiations and the armed men wanted to set fire to the Aljafería at four corners. At the sight of the measures taken, Molina also gave up his resistance, but insisted that the people should undertake to keep the two prisoners in custody in the name of the Holy Office until their return to the prison was ordered by the Inquisition. With the mediation of the nobles present, the rebels could finally be persuaded to accept this clause. The Count of Aranda escorted Pérez and Maggiorini back to the Manifestación prison .

Pérez now continued cleverly campaigning to arouse a hostile public sentiment against Philip II and the Inquisition. He found support from aristocratic autonomists, various clerics and peasants, among others. In order to completely evade the jurisdiction of the Inquisition, Pérez organized, through the mediation of Ludwig Marano, a consultation of 13 legal scholars, who unanimously recognized that the Inquisition had violated the Fueros because of Pérez's abduction from the Manifestación prison . The inquisitors censored this knowledge and set August 20, 1591 as the date for the return of Pérez and his companion to the prison of the Inquisition. The class decreed thereupon declared the censorships invalid because they were supposed to justify an act contrary to the Fueros. Pérez, for his part, appealed to the estates jurisdiction of the Seventeen, and they punished one of the vicariates of the Justicia, Juan Francisco Torralva, with the loss of his office and exile for declaring that the transfer of Pérez and his companion to the Inquisition prison would do nothing to the fueros Entry. Pérez files were made public so that he could free himself in an emergency. Likewise, rebellious Aragonese publicly announced their intention to take armed action against the possible application of new coercive measures against Pérez. Many noble citizens were very worried, the municipal syndici sought armed support from the king, the authorities held conferences on means of maintaining public order. The nobles loyal to the king, on the other hand, demanded that Pérez should be subject to the jurisdiction of the Inquisition and, in order to assist the authorities in their need, brought their followers and vassals into the city armed. An attempt to escape from Pérez was thwarted.

During this crisis, the elderly Justicia, Juan de Lanuza y Perellós , died on September 22nd, 1591. His wisdom and moderation had at least maintained the appearance of calm and order in the often turbulent city. He was succeeded by his son Juan de Lanuza y Urrea . Now, despite the protests of the Count of Aranda, at the repeated request of the Inquisition, September 24th was set as the day on which the prisoners were to be transferred to the Aljafería. Guards were posted at various points that day and the streets were blocked by guards. Then the viceroy went to the prison with his entourage to enforce his orders. Before his eyes, the two prisoners were handed over to the servants of the Inquisition by a vicarius des Justicia, an ordinance of the kingdom and a city jury. As they got into their designated car, a gang led by Martin de Lanuza, Gil de Mesa and Juan de Torrellas stormed into the market and drove out the various troops. After the arrival of further reinforcements, the crowd turned against the gentlemen of the viceroy's entourage, who, supported by numerous noble residents, resisted the agitation and repulsed repeated attacks before they gave way to the superior force. 50 dead, including Herr von Somanes, Juan Luis Moreno, Juan de Palacios, Juan de Lesola, Pedro Jerónimo Bardaji, de Zalmedina, and 150 injured remained behind. The rioters loosened the shackles of the prisoners and, accompanied by thousands of joyful people, Pérez and Maggiorini went to the house of Diego de Heredia.

But Pérez did not consider himself safe here and rode away that same evening. Accompanied by Mesa and three other people, he wandered around in the mountains for three days. But he soon came to believe that the atmosphere in this area was threatening for him. In order to avoid repeated harassment and since he was also ill, he returned to Saragossa, lived there with Martin de Lanuza, the brother of Justicia, and prepared himself for real resistance. Because King Philip II had already had a Castilian army, which should actually have fought against Henry of Navarre in France, take up position near Ágreda near the Aragon border. This army, consisting of 12,000 foot soldiers and 2,000 horsemen, was under the command of the general Alonso de Vargas . Many rebels fled to France, Catalonia and Valencia in the face of this danger ; but the more steadfast prepared for an armed conflict. In a meeting convened by the Justicia, the privilege granted by King John II in the Reichstag resolution of 1471 , according to which the Aragonese were entitled to oppose the influx of foreign war peoples, even if they were led by the king or heir to the throne, was discussed. The ruling of the congregation, though not universally endorsed by legal scholars, recognized the privilege's applicability to the present case. Accordingly, Martin de Lanuza was appointed military leader, circulars were issued to the communities to demand their cooperation in the defense of the prerogatives of the province; a notary should convey the Justicia's decision to Vargas.

With the exception of Teruel and Albarracín, the communities mentioned did not arm, but instead sent the letters they had sent to the ministry along with promises of inviolable loyalty. The Justicia and Juan de Luna led Aragonese troops against the advancing Castilian army commanded by Alonso de Vargas. However, the Aragonese army dispersed at the sight of the superior Castilian armed forces and Vargas was able to enter Saragossa on November 12, 1591 without resistance. Two days earlier, Pérez had fled in the company of Diego de Heredia and Manuel Lope. The Justicia Juan de Lanuza was executed on December 20, 1591; two other rebel leaders, Fernando de Gurrea y Aragón , Duke of Villahermosa, and the Count of Aranda died in prison.

Exile in France and England

Pérez, on whose head Vargas had put a price of 6,000 ducats, was meanwhile safe in Sallent, the outermost border town of Aragon, where he awaited the results of the efforts of Heredia and Ayerbe to instigate an insurrection in the Pyrenees . But soon they both lost their actions with their lives. Pérez now sent his faithful, Ensign Mesa, with a letter to Princess Catherine de Bourbon , sister of the French King Henry IV. On the night of November 23rd to 24th, 1591, he himself crossed the border and met on November 26th. November in Pau . His determined hostility to King Philip II secured him a favorable reception here by Princess Catherine. He received a pension of 4,000 thalers, which was later reduced by 1,000 thalers.

In early 1592 Pérez was sentenced to death as a heretic in absentia by the Spanish Inquisition and ordered the confiscation of his property. His portrait was burned during an autodafé held in Saragossa on October 20, 1592 , in which 79 people were killed. With other Spanish exiles, Pérez planned an invasion of Aragon in February 1592 with the help of a small army of a few hundred Huguenots made available to him by Henry IV . This attempt at invasion failed, however. Pérez then met Henry IV in Tours , from whom he was also graciously received. At the end of 1592, Philip II summoned the Aragonese Cortes in Tarazona to reformulate the Aragonese constitution according to his will.

At the beginning of 1593, Pérez visited England, stayed there in London , but made no impression on Queen Elizabeth I. He became a trusted friend of Francis Bacon and was often in the company of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex . In 1594 he published his memoirs titled Pedacos de Historia o Relaciones under the pseudonym Raphael Peregrino , which were dedicated to the Earl of Essex and which contributed significantly to the anti-Spanish propaganda and the "Black Legend" about Philip II. In the same year, Perez's writing was translated into Dutch and caused a sensation in Europe. Philip II was very angry about this, and the Spanish government initiated several unsuccessful attacks on Pérez. For example, in 1594 two Irishmen, Patrick O'Collun and John Annias, were arrested in England for an alleged conspiracy to kill the Queen, but initially they only confessed to wanting to murder Pérez. In August 1595 Pérez returned to France at the request of Henry IV and came to Paris on September 10 , where he was received favorably. He tried to persuade the English and French rulers to invade Spain through ever new projects.

In May 1596 Pérez was sent back to England to see Queen Elizabeth I, who was concerned about the military successes of the Spaniards in Flanders and decided to take a tougher course against Philip II. But since his friend and patron, the Earl of Essex, was not present, Pérez could not participate in the treaty of May 10, 1596, which laid down an Anglo-French defensive and offensive alliance. So Pérez stayed only briefly in England. Heinrich IV chose him as an important advisor and in January 1597 granted him further gratuities in addition to his pension. Pérez also called for two Swiss soldiers to take care of his protection. He tried hard to maintain cooperation with England. Sully was less favorable to the exiled Spaniard than the king. After the French conquered Amiens (September 1597), the 70-year-old Philip II sought a compromise with France and concluded the Treaty of Vervins (May 1598). This weakened the position of Pérez, who had often been indiscreet in his correspondence with his London friends. Since then, the French king has held the fugitive Spaniard suspicious, no longer met with him, no longer listened to his advice and accused him of discussing French state affairs in letters addressed to England. Pérez tried to justify himself, pretended to be sick and did not leave his apartment for two months. Dropped by France and England, he tried to create the conditions for his return to Spain by asking Henry IV to request a pardon from the Spanish king. However, Henry IV did not comply with this request.

After the death of Philip II in September 1598, Perez's wife and children, who were still imprisoned in Madrid, were released. Also in 1598, Pérez published the definitive version of his Relaciones . The new Spanish King Philip III. pardoned those Aragonians who had been involved in the unrest of 1591, and returned their confiscated property to the families concerned. Now Pérez also hoped his pardon from Philip III. to be able to return to his native land, but his efforts were unsuccessful. He was not forgiven for planning attacks on Spain and writing books against Philip II. He felt uncomfortable at the French court and complained, with good reason, that the pension granted by Henry IV was only paid out irregularly. The French king ordered Sully to transfer several thousand talers to Pérez, but the Spaniard was still in a financial embarrassment. When after the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 peace negotiations between her successor Jacob I and Philip III. began, Pérez believed an opportunity had come, and trusting his remaining London friends, he went to England in the hope of being able to serve Spanish interests. Unwise he had waived the pension granted to him by Henry IV, but had to learn in London that King Jacob displeased his officious mediation. The English monarch did not want to see him, and the unhappy Pérez returned to France and humbly but in vain asked for his pension to be restored.

Pérez wrote more and more letters asking for permission to return to Spain; all its resources are used up; but his request only met with refusal. He tried to distract himself by writing various scripts. In 1608 he received another visit from his eldest son. He spent his last years lonely and forgotten. He became frail and could not leave his house. He died in Paris in November 1611 at the age of about 72. His body was buried in a monastery that was destroyed during the French Revolution , after which his remains were nowhere to be found. In 1615, at the insistence of his wife and sons, his memory was rehabilitated in Spain and his conviction as a heretic was overturned. His children also got their status and rights as Spanish nobles back. Juana Coello died in 1615.

Pérez ' Obras y relaciones , which appeared in Paris in 1598, were reissued in 1624 in Paris and 1631 in Geneva. In the Obras , in addition to his life story, he also deals with various subjects from politics and political science. Some of his letters are addressed to his wife and children, and some to various friends. Dalibray provided a French translation of Pérez's works ( Œuvres amoureuses et politiques de Pérez , Paris 1641). The library in Paris keeps handwritten letters from Pérez to the Connétable Henri I de Montmorency . In the mid-19th century, the works of Bermudez de Castro ( Antonio Pérez secretario de estado del rey Felipe II , Madrid 1841) and François-Auguste Mignet ( Antonio Perez et Philippe II , Paris 1845) contributed significantly to illuminating the biography of Pérez at. Gregorio Marañón published a biography of Pérez in 1947 and the documentary work Los procesos de Castilla contra Antonio Pérez in the same year . Both books were reissued together in 1970 as the 6th volume of Marañón's complete works. These two works are arguably the most comprehensive account of Pérez's life and the legal proceedings against him after his fall.

reception

Karl Gutzkow used Pérez 'fate as the subject of his drama Philipp and Pérez , but this creates a false image of Pérez.

literature

Web links

  • Antonio Pérez in the Encyclopædia Britannica online
  • Antonio Pérez on mcnbiografias.com
  • José Antonio Escudero López: Antonio Pérez , in: Diccionario biográfico español , Madrid 2009–2013, online version

Remarks

  1. ↑ So Perez, Antonio , in: Encyclopædia Britannica , 11th edition, 1911, vol. 21, p. 139. In the article on Antonio Pérez in the Encyclopædia Britannica online and in some other reference works, 1534 is given as the year of birth.
  2. ^ Antonio Pérez in the Encyclopædia Britannica online.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Antonio Pérez on www.mcnbiografias.com.
  4. ↑ a b Perez, Antonio , in: Encyclopædia Britannica , 11th edition, 1911, vol. 21, p. 139.
  5. ↑ Peter Pierson, Philipp II. , P. 99.
  6. ↑ Peter Pierson, Philipp II. , P. 130.
  7. ↑ Peter Pierson, Philipp II. , P. 130 f.
  8. ↑ Peter Pierson, Philipp II. , P. 131 f.
  9. ↑ Peter Pierson, Philipp II. , P. 132 f.
  10. ↑ a b von Stramberg: Perez, Antonio , in: Johann Samuelansch , Johann Gottfried Gruber (Ed.): General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts , 3rd Section, 16th Part, 1842, pp. 332–339, here: p 335.
  11. ↑ Peter Pierson, Philipp II. , P. 133 f.
  12. ↑ Peter Pierson, Philipp II. , P. 134.
  13. ↑ Peter Pierson, Philipp II. , Pp. 134 and 157.
  14. ↑ a b c von Stramberg: Perez, Antonio , in: Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste , 3rd section, 16th part, 1842, p. 336.
  15. ↑ a b c Peter Pierson, Philipp II. , P. 157.
  16. ↑ a b c von Stramberg: Perez, Antonio , in: Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste , 3rd section, 16th part, 1842, p. 337.
  17. ↑ von Stramberg: Perez, Antonio , in: Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste , 3rd section, 16th part, 1842, p. 337 f.
  18. ↑ a b c von Stramberg: Perez, Antonio , in: Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste , 3rd section, 16th part, 1842, p. 338.
  19. ↑ a b Perez, Antonio , in: Louis Gabriel Michaud (Ed.): Biographie universelle , 2nd edition, 1843-65, Vol. 32, pp. 466–471, here: p. 469.
  20. ↑ Perez, Antonio , in: Biographie universelle , 2nd edition, vol. 32, p. 469 f.
  21. ↑ a b Perez, Antonio , in: Biographie universelle , 2nd edition, Vol. 32, p. 470.
  22. ↑ von Stramberg: Perez, Antonio , in: Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste , 3rd section, 16th part, 1842, p. 339.
  23. ↑ Perez, Antonio , in: Biographie universelle , 2nd edition, Vol. 32, p. 466.
  24. ↑ Perez, Antonio , in: Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon , 6th edition 1902-08, Vol. 15, p. 580.
personal data
SURNAME Perez, Antonio
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Spanish statesman
DATE OF BIRTH around 1540
PLACE OF BIRTH unsure: Madrid
DATE OF DEATH November 3, 1611
Place of death Paris