Aralia (genus)

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Aralia
Aralia cordata

Aralia cordata

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids II
Order : Umbelliferae (Apiales)
Family : Araliaceae (Araliaceae)
Subfamily : Aralioideae
Genre : Aralia
Scientific name
Aralia
L.

The plant genus Aralia belongs to the family of the Araliaceae (Araliaceae). The 71 or so species are found mainly in Southeast Asia and China and some species in the New World . Few species are used as ornamental plants.

description

Dimorphanthus section : Aralia spinosa trunk reinforced with spikes
Aralia section : pinnate leaves of Aralia cordata
Section Aralia : Illustration by Aralia cordata
Section Nanae : seeds of Aralia nudicaulis

Appearance

Aralia species grow as mostly deciduous shrubs to small trees or often as perennial herbaceous plants with rhizomes as persistence organs, rarely as lianas . In the Pentapanax section , several species thrive as epiphytes , the other species grow terrestrially. The trunk and branches are only reinforced with spines in the Dimorphanthus section .

Deciduous leaves and stipules

The alternate leaves are large and divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The composite leaf blades are simple to fourfold (in the other genera they are not pinnate, but at most palmate lobes to divided). The plumage of the second or third order is often tripartite (for example Aralia racemosa ). The sheet rhachis is articulated. The three to twenty leaflets have smooth to serrate, notched or wavy leaf margins.

The hairiness of the leaflets is an important determinant, as there are very different trichomes . The leaf margins can be ciliated with soft hair. The upper side of the leaf of Aralia atropurpurea , for example, can be hairy with short, stiff, white trichomes, which usually have a swollen base. The underside of the leaf can be sparsely soft or downy, short (for example Aralia thomsonii ) or densely woolly, softly haired (for example Aralia dasyphylloides ). The trichomes can be branched (for example Aralia humilis ), long and soft (for example Aralia nudicaulis ), two-celled (for example Aralia racemosa , Aralia cordata ) or multicellular (for example Aralia elata ).

There are usually two stipules that can be fused with the base of the petiole.

Inflorescences / fruit clusters and pedicels

The terminal or lateral on an inflorescence stem, mostly branched, that is, composite, panicle , umbrella-spike or umbel -like total inflorescences are composed of umbel, capitate or racemose partial inflorescences and contain many flowers; a simple, umbellate inflorescence is rarely formed. There are supporting (bracts) and cover sheets (Brakteolen) available. The flower stalks are usually divided below the ovary; they are not structured in the closely related species Aralia excelsa and Aralia bahiana .

blossoms

The flowers are mostly hermaphroditic. In some species there is andromonöcia , so there are functionally male flowers in addition to the hermaphrodite flowers. In the only dioecious, dioecious ( dioecious ) species Aralia nudicaulis , the male flowers have significantly longer stamens than the functional female flowers.

The radial symmetry flowers are usually five-fold, or less often six to twelve-fold, with a double flower envelope . The mostly five, more rarely up to twelve sepals form a wreath with five, more rarely up to twelve triangular to rounded, mostly tiny calyx teeth. The five, more rarely up to twelve petals are more or less egg-shaped and overlap like roof tiles. There is only a circle with five, more rarely up to twelve stamens , which are curved back in the flower bud. The pollen grains are triangular to rounded in polar view and are dreicolporat. Most five, rarely three or six to twelve fruit leaves are a constant among three to zwölfkammerigen ovary grown. Depending on the species, there is a protruding to flat discus . The usually five, rarely three or six to twelve styles are completely free (for example Aralia nudicaulis ) or almost completely fused at their base (for example Aralia excelsa ).

Fruits and seeds

The more or less spherical, berry-like stone fruits , which are also interpreted as berries (Wen 2011), are five to twelve-chambered, sometimes three to five-sided. The fruits usually turn dark purple to black when ripe, only with Aralia henryi they turn bright red.

The laterally flattened seeds contain endosperm ; the seed surface is smooth (in the case of the genus Panax it is rough).

Sets of chromosomes

The basic chromosome number is x = 12. In the sections Aralia and Nanae, there are diploid as well as tetraploid chromosome sets ( polyploidy ).

Systematics and distribution

The genus Aralia was set up in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , Volume 1, pages 273-274. As Lectotypusart was Aralia racemosa L. fixed. The generic name Aralia was " apparently derived from a Canadian plant name ", so the view is taken: Aralia is derived from the name aralie , which is French-Canadian or American-Indian, possibly also Iroquois origin.

Synonyms for Aralia L. are: Acanthophora Merr. , Coemansia Marchal , Coudenbergia Marchal , Cwangayana Rauschert , Dimorphanthus Miq. non Dimorphanthes Cass. , Hunaniopanax C.J.Qi & TRCao , Megalopanax Ekman , Neoacanthophora Bennet , Parapentapanax Hutch. , Pentapanax Seem. and Sciadodendron Griseb.

The 71 or so species occur mainly in Asia, especially in Southeast Asia and China , and only about 14 in the New World .

The genus Aralia belongs to the subfamily Aralioideae within the family Araliaceae . With around 71 species, it is the fifth most species-rich genus in the Araliaceae family.

The extent of the genus has been controversially discussed, especially whether the 18 to 22 species of the genus Pentapanax are to be placed as Aralia . Several works by Jun Wen, most recently in 2011, clarified the scope of the genus Aralia . According to phylogenetic studies, Jun Wen divided the genus Aralia into six sections:

Aralia section : habit, pinnate leaves and branched inflorescences of Aralia californica
Aralia section : habit, pinnate leaves and budding inflorescence of Aralia cordata
Aralia section : habit, pinnate leaves and budding inflorescences of Aralia continentalis
Aralia section : Habitus, pinnate leaves and branched inflorescence / fruit cluster of Aralia racemosa
Dimorphanthus section : habit and pinnate leaves of Aralia chinensis
Section Dimorphanthus : Fruit clusters of Japanese Aralia ( Aralia elata )
Dimorphanthus section : Habitus, pinnate leaves and fruit heads of Aralia hispida
Dimorphanthus section : Aralia spinosa
Section Nanae : habitus and pinnate leaves of Aralia nudicaulis
Sciadodendron section : Aralia rex grows as a tree in Cuba
  • Aralia section : ( Aralia sect. Aralia , Syn .: Aralia sect. Anomalae Harms , Aralia sect. Genuinae Harms , type species is Aralia racemosa L. ): They are branched, perennial herbaceous plants with simple rhizomes. They have a well-developed root system. The trichomes are simple. The leaf blades are two or three pinnate on the lower part of the stem and one or two pinnate on the upper part. The umbellate partial inflorescences stand together in terminal or lateral, robust, umbilical or paniculate total inflorescences. There are stipules present. The small flowers with a diameter of 1 to 2 millimeters are five-fold. The fruits turn dark purple or sometimes red when ripe. The approximately 14 species are distributed in eastern Asia , the Himalayas , and eastern and western North America :
    • Aralia apioides Hand .-- Mazz. : It thrives in shady and humid locations in spruce forests, in laurel and mixed coniferous forests at altitudes of 3000 to 3600 meters in southeastern Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of northwestern Yunnan and western Sichuan .
    • Aralia atropurpurea Franch. (Syn .: Panax atropurpureus (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. , Aralia yunnanensis Franch. , Aralia fargesii Franch. Var. Yunnanensis (Franch.) HLLi , Aralia melanocarpa (H.Lév.) Lauener , Eleutherococcus melanocarpus H.Lév. , Aralia dumetorum Hand.-Mazz. ): It thrives in laurel, mixed coniferous or evergreen forests at altitudes of 1,800 to 3,300 meters in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
    • Aralia bicrenata Wooton & Standl. : Home are the southwest USA and northern Mexico .
    • Aralia cachemirica Decne. : It thrives at altitudes of 1700 to 4700 meters in the northwestern Himalayas .
    • Aralia californica S. Watson : Home is California and Oregon .
    • Aralia continentalis Kitag. : Home is China, Korea and Russia's Far East.
    • Aralia cordata Thunb. (Syn .: Aralia schmidtii Pojark. , Aralia taiwaniana Y.C.Liu & FYLu ): It occurs from Sakhalin to China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan.
    • Aralia fargesii Franch. (Syn .: Aralia kansuensis G.Hoo ): It thrives at altitudes of 1750 to 3400 meters in the Chinese provinces of Hubei, Chongqing, Gansu, Sichuan, Shaanxi and Qinghai.
    • Aralia glabra Matsum. : This endemic occurs only in the central and southwestern area of ​​the Japanese island of Honshū at altitudes of 1430 to 1810 meters, where it thrives in shady locations in Abies or Tsuga forests.
    • Aralia henryi Harms (Syn .: Aralia pilosa Franch. ): It thrives in shady locations in forests at altitudes of 1000 to 2300 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan.
    • Aralia racemosa L .: Home is eastern Canada and the north-central and eastern United States.
    • Aralia tibetana G.Hoo : Home is Tibet and the central and eastern Himalayas.
  • Section Dimorphanthus (Miq.) Miq. ( Aralia sect. Dimorphanthus (Miq.) Miq. , Syn .: Aralia sect. Arborescentes Harms , Aralia sect. Capituligerae Harms , Aralia sect. Digitatipanicula Hoo in Hoo & Tseng . Type species Aralia elata (Miq.) Miq. ): There are unreinforced subshrubs, shrubs and trees, sometimes lianas. The leaf blades are pinnate two or sometimes three to four times (for example Aralia armata , Aralia finlaysoniana , Aralia ferox ). There are stipules and simple trichomes. They are andromonocial or hermaphrodite. The many umbellate partial inflorescences are arranged in terminal, large, 20 to 150 centimeters long panic or umbellate total inflorescences. The flowers are five-fold. The styles are free or fused at their base. The fruits turn dark purple to black when ripe. The approximately 29 species occur in a disjoint area in temperate to tropical Asia and eastern North America:
    • Aralia armata (Wall. Ex Don) Seem. : It occurs from the eastern Himalayas to eastern India and to Indochina.
    • Aralia bipinnata Blanco : There are two varieties:
      • Aralia bipinnata Blanco var. Bipinnata : Home to the Philippines , Taiwan and western New Guinea.
      • Aralia bipinnata Blanco var. Apoensis (Elmer) J.Wen : This endemic occurs only on Mount Apo in Mindanao .
    • Aralia chinensis L .: It occurs from southern China to Hainan, also on Borneo. There are two varieties.
    • Aralia dasyphylla Miq. : Home is western Malesia.
    • Aralia dasyphylloides (Hand.-Mazz.) J.Wen : Home is southern China.
    • Aralia debilis J.Wen : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi.
    • Aralia decaisneana Hance : Home is Taiwan.
    • Aralia echinocaulis Hand.-Mazz. : Home is central and southeastern China.
    • Japanese Aralia ( Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. ): There are four varieties:
      • Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. var. elata : It occurs in China, southern Sakhalin, Japan and southern Korea.
      • Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. var. inermis (Yanagita) J.Wen : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese Izu Islands .
      • Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. var. mandshurica (Rupr. & Maxim.) J.Wen : Home is northern China, Korea and Russia's Far East.
      • Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. var. ryukyuensis J.Wen : It occurs from the Nansei Islands to northwestern Taiwan.
    • Aralia ferox Miq. : It occurs from Sumatra to western Java.
    • Aralia finlaysoniana (Wall. Ex Don) Seem. : It occurs in southern China, Thailand and Vietnam.
    • Aralia foliolosa Seem. ex CBClarke : It occurs from the eastern Himalayas to southern and central China.
    • Aralia frodiniana J.Wen : This endemic occurs only in southwest Sulawesi .
    • Aralia gintungensis C.Y.Wu : It occurs from Yunnan to northern Myanmar. There are two varieties.
    • Aralia hiepiana J. Wen & Lowry : Home is Vietnam.
    • Aralia hispida Vent. : Homeland is eastern and central Canada and the northern and eastern United States.
    • Aralia malabarica Bedd. : Home is southern India.
    • Aralia merrillii C.B.Shang : It occurs from southern Indochina to western and central Malesia.
    • Aralia montana flower : It occurs in Sumatra and Java.
    • Aralia officinalis Z.Z.Wang : Home is central China.
    • Aralia scaberula G.Hoo : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Fujian and Jiangxi.
    • Aralia searelliana Dunn : It occurs from southern Yunnan to Myanmar and Vietnam.
    • Aralia spinifolia Merr. : It occurs in Taiwan and southeast China.
    • Aralia spinosa L .: Home to the central and eastern United States.
    • Aralia stipulata Franch. : Home is central China.
    • Aralia thomsonii Seem. ex CBClarke : It occurs in southeastern India and from the eastern Himalayas to China and the Malay Peninsula.
    • Aralia undulata Hand.-Mazz. : It occurs in northern Vietnam and in central and southern China.
    • Aralia urticifolia Miq. : Home is western Java.
    • Aralia vietnamensis T.-D.Ha : It occurs in northern Vietnam and southern China.
  • Humiles Harms section ( Aralia sect. Humiles Harms , type species Aralia humilis Cav. ): They are unreinforced shrubs. The leaf blades are pinnate one or two ( Aralia reguliana ). There are stipules present. The trichomes on the underside of the leaf are branched. There are stomata on both leaf surfaces. The flowers are usually five, rarely six. The fruits turn dark purple in color when ripe. Five to fifteen umbilical partial inflorescences are grouped together in a terminal, loose, paniculate overall inflorescence. The only three types are common in Central and North America:
  • Section Nanae Harms ( Aralia sect. Nanae Harms , type species Aralia nudicaulis L. ): It contains only one species:
    • Aralia nudicaulis L .: It is widespread in North America from Newfoundland to northern Alberta and north-central British Columbia, south to northern Georgia in the eastern mountain range and Colorado, and in eastern Washington in the western mountain range at altitudes between 50 and 2700 meters in different habitats. It is a stemless, perennial herbaceous plant with long horizontal rhizomes that can lignify. The trichomes are simple and narrow, rarely branched at their tip. It is dioecious separate sexes ( diocesan ). A single, bundle total inflorescence is formed, standing over a long, basal inflorescence stem, which is usually composed of three (two to seven) dold-like partial inflorescences. The flowers are usually five, rarely six. The usually five, rarely six styles are free. The fruits turn blackish purple when ripe.
  • Section Pentapanax (Seem.) J.Wen ( Aralia sect. Pentapanax (Seem.) J.Wen , type species Aralia leschenaultii (Seem.) J.Wen , syn .: Pentapanax Seem. , Type species Pentapanax leschenaultii (DC.) Seem. , Parapentapanax Hutch. , Type species Parapentapanax racemosus (Seem.) Hutch. ): They are unreinforced, branched shrubs and trees. They are bald or have simple trichomes. Stipules may be missing. The leaf blades are usually simple, rarely two or three pinnate ( Aralia wilsonii and Aralia plumosa ). The umbilical or sometimes racemose ( Aralia gigantea , Aralia lihengiana , and Aralia subcordata ) partial inflorescences are grouped together in terminal, paniculate or umbilical total inflorescences . The inflorescences stand over durable bracts. The flowers are five-fold. The styles are completely or fused at their base or rarely free. The fruits turn dark purple in color when ripe. The 19 or so species are widespread in Asia, especially in the Sino-Himalaya region, for example in northern India , Nepal and western China; The occurrences also extend to Java , in northern Thailand and northern Vietnam :
  • Section Sciadodendron (Griseb.) J.Wen (Aralia sect. Sciadodendron (Griseb.) J.Wen , type species Aralia excelsa (Griseb.) J.Wen , syn .: Sciadodendron Griseb. , Type species Sciadodendron excelsum Griseb. , Coudenbergia Marchal , type species Coudenbergia warmingiana (Marchal) Marchal , Megalopanax Ekman ex Harms , type species Megalopanax rex Ekman ex Harms ): They are unreinforced, bare trees or large, branched shrubs. The leaf blades are pinnate two, three or four times. The umbellate partial inflorescences are arranged in paniculate overall inflorescences, some inflorescences are usually located at the tip of the shoot. The inflorescences are above bracts. The flowers are five, six to ten or rarely twelve. The styles are free or fused at their base. The fruits turn dark purple in color when ripe. The five or so species are common in Central and South America and Cuba:
Japanese aralia ( Aralia elata ) in Korean cuisine

use

Some species (especially Aralia elata ) are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens.

The young leaves of some species are cooked and used as aromatic herbs. Furthermore, the raw and cooked leaves and pieces of stem axis of some species are eaten as salad or vegetables. Few types of fruit are eaten raw or cooked. For example, Aralia hispida and Aralia racemosa are used in root beer . A tea is prepared from the subterranean plant parts of Aralia nudicaulis . Many species have been studied for their medicinal effects.

swell

  • Qibai Xiang, Porter P. Lowry: Araliaceae. : Aralia , p. 480 and Pentapanax , p. 475 - the same text as the printed work online , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 13: Clusiaceae through Araliaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 . (Sections Description, System and Occurrence)
  • Jun Wen: Systematics and Biogeography of Aralia L. (Araliaceae): Revision of Aralia Sects. Aralia, Humiles, Nanae, and Sciadodendron , In: Contributions from the United States National Herbarium , Volume 57, 2011, pp. 1-172: PDF . (Sections Description, System and Occurrence)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  2. ^ Aralia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  3. ^ Franz Boerner: Pocket dictionary of botanical plant names for gardeners, garden and plant friends , farmers and foresters , Parey, 4th edition, 1989. ISBN 3-489-65822-1
  4. ↑ Umberto Quattrocchi: CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. A-C. (=  I. ). CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton 2000, ISBN 0-8493-2673-7 , pp. 181 .
  5. ^ A b Aralia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Aralia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  7. ↑ a b c d e Qibai Xiang, Porter P. Lowry: Araliaceae. : Aralia , p. 480 and Pentapanax , p. 475 - the same text as the printed work online , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 13: Clusiaceae through Araliaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 .
  8. ↑ Jun Wen: Systematics and Biogeography of Aralia L. (Araliaceae): Revision of Aralia Sects. Aralia, Humiles, Nanae, and Sciadodendron. In: Contributions from the United States National Herbarium , Volume 57, 2011, pp. 1-172.
  9. ↑ Aralia chinensis , Aralia continentalis , Aralia cordata , Aralia alata , Aralia hispida , Aralia manschurica , Aralia nudicaulis , Aralia racemosa , Aralia cordata var. Sachalinensis and Aralia spinosa at PFAF = Plants for A Future .

Web links

Commons : Aralia  - collection of images, videos and audio files