as-Samu

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
السموع
as-Samu
as-Samu (Palestinian Territories)
as-Samu
as-Samu
Coordinates 31 ° 24 '  N , 35 ° 4'  E Coordinates: 31 ° 24 '  N , 35 ° 4'  E
Basic data
Country State of Palestine

Governorate

Hebron
ISO 3166-2 PS-HBN
height 719 m
surface 217 km²
Residents 26,011 (2017)
density 119.9  Ew. / km²
as-Samu in 2007
as-Samu in 2007

As-samu or es-samu ( Arabic السموع, DMG as-Samūʿ ) is a city in the Hebron Governorate of the West Bank , Palestine , 22 kilometers south of the city of Hebron and 60 kilometers southwest of Jerusalem .

geography

The area is a hilly, rocky area with several wadis running through it. The Armistice Demarcation Line (ADL, green line) runs roughly five kilometers south of Samu from east to west. The city of as-Samu lies on two hills between which there is a shallow to deep wadi. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the city had a population of 26,011 in 2017.

The annual rainfall is 306 mm, the average annual temperature is 18 ° C and the average humidity is 61%.

Since the beginning of the Second Intifada , around 300 hectares (3,000 dunams) of urban land had been confiscated by the Israeli forces.

history

Roman and Byzantine times

During the Roman and Byzantine times , Eshtemoa (German: obedience), which is believed to be as-Samu, was described as a large Jewish village.

The Jerusalem Talmud mentions Eshtemoa and an Amora by the name Hasa of Eshtemoa who was active in the city in the 4th century.

middle Ages

What was previously identified as part of a 12th century crusader tower turned out to be a 4th century synagogue , traditionally converted into a mosque at the time of Saladin .

Ottoman era

As-Samu was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 and in the 1596 census the village appeared as Nahiya of al-Khalil of the Liwa of al-Quds . It had a population of 16 households, all of them Muslim. They paid a fixed tax rate of 1/3 (33.3%) on agricultural products, including wheat , barley , vineyards and fruit trees , in addition to the occasional income, goats and beehives ; a total of 3000 Akçe .

In 1838, Edward Robinson identified the city of as-Samu as the biblical Eshtemoa . He described as-Samu as a "sizeable" village full of flocks and flocks, all in good order. "He also found remains of walls made of very large stones, some of which were over 3 meters (10 feet) long in 1863 the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the place.

An Ottoman village list from around 1870 showed that as-Samu only had 298 residents in 77 houses at the time and that the population consisted only of men.

1883, the book described Survey of Western Palestine the Palestine Exploration Fund as-Samu as "a village of medium size, which is dominant." There is an open valley to the north, and the modern buildings extend along a spur leading west from the catchment area. On the hills, the ground is rocky, but the valleys are farmland. In the village there are remains of an old castle and other fragments. There is said to have been a church here once, the ruins to the west show that the city was once much larger. In the south there are olive trees in the valley. In the north there are rock tombs on the mountain side; the water is supplied via cisterns . The population is around 400 to 500 people.

British mandate period

In the 1922 census carried out by the British Mandate Authorities, as-Samu (called: AI Samu) had an all-Muslim population of 1,600. In the 1931 census, as-Samu, along with Khirbat al-Simia and Kh. Rafat, had a total of 1,882 Muslims in 372 houses. In 1934, remains of the city's old synagogue were discovered and the site was excavated by Ze'ev Yeivin in 1969 .

In the 1945 statistics, the population of as-Samu was 2,520, all Muslims who owned 138,872 dunams according to an official land and population survey . 30 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 40,398 dunams were occupied by grain, while 165 dunams were cultivated.

Jordanian era

After the Arab-Israeli war in 1948 and the armistice agreement in 1949 , as-Samu came under Jordanian rule.

In 1961 the population of as-Samu was 3,103.

In 1966, Israel launched a major military operation against the city, killing 15 Jordanian soldiers and three Jordanian civilians; 54 other soldiers were wounded. 96 civilians were wounded. According to David Dean Shulman , the villagers were unrelated to the incident that sparked the retaliation. Much of the village was destroyed. The commander of the Israeli Paratrooper Battalion, Colonel Yoav Shaham , was killed and ten other Israeli soldiers were wounded.

Israeli occupation

As a result of the Six Day War in 1967 , as-Samu came under Israeli occupation. At the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities, the population was 3,784. It was reported in 2005 that 10,000 dunams of land in the cities of as-Samu, Yatta and al-Dhahiriya near Hebron were to be confiscated by the Israeli forces for the construction of a separation wall. Palestinian sources claim that settler violence from the nearby Israeli settlements of Ma'on and Asa'el prevented them from accessing their fields.

Demographics

According to the Palestinian Central Statistical Office, the total population of as-Samu in 2007 was 19,649, of which 9,963 were men and 9,686 women. There were 2,950 households living in 3,220 residential units at the time.

The 2007 census data also show that 45.7% of the population were less than 15 years old, 50.7% are between 15 and 64 years old, and 2.7% are 65 years old or older. In 2007 the gender ratio in the city was 103 men for every 100 women; Men made up 50.7% of the population while women made up 49.3% of the population.

The population of as-Samu consists of eight main families.

education

According to the 2007 census, 10.3% of the population were illiterate . The majority of them (74%) were women. Within the educated population 16.5% of the population could read and write, 27.5% have completed primary school, 23.8% have secondary school completed, 13.5% have secondary school completed, 2.4% have a training made and 6% received academic degrees.

The 2007 study found that there were 15 government and private schools in 2007. Of the 15 schools, six are for men, five are for women and four schools are co-educational .

In 2007, five kindergartens in the city had 498 children pre-school.

Although there has been great advances in education in as-Samu, the city continues to face obstacles in its development. For example, there is a shortage of classrooms and schools in the city due to the increasing number of students. In addition, some schools are rented and not owned by the Department of Higher Education .

health

The health system in as-Samu is well developed compared to the surrounding cities. There are many private, government, and not-for-profit health facilities in the city. There are also six pharmacies for dispensing medicines and an ambulance. In an emergency or for medical care not available in town, residents travel to Hebron (22 km) or Yatta (8 km) for health care and treatment.

Despite the health facilities in the city, the health system still lacks specialist hospitals and as-Samu does not provide adequate medical care.

economy

The most important industrial facilities in the city include a meat factory, stonecutter factories and workshops for brick production. In addition, there are around 120 grocery stores, seven clothing stores, two butchers , nine blacksmiths , seven carpenters and 10 service companies.

Unemployment was around 71% in 2007. 91.2% of the employed were men and 8.8% women.

Agriculture

While agriculture plays a major role in rural Palestine, it contributes only to a limited extent to the economy in as-Samu. The lack of water, lack of capital, and lack of a good economic feasibility study are some of the problems that stand in the way of agricultural development in the city. As-Samu has about 3100 hectares (31,000 dunams) of arable land, of which about 1700 hectares (17,000 dunams) are cultivated . 30 greenhouses are used in as-Samu for growing cucumbers and tomatoes . The most commonly grown crops include cereals , especially wheat and barley . In addition, 237 hectares (2367 dunams) are planted with olive trees. Furthermore, cattle and chicken breeding are operated.

In as-Samu there are about 15 km of agricultural roads that are insufficient and only suitable for tractors and other agricultural machines.

Infrastructure

Status: 2007

About 80% of the residential units in as-Samu are connected to the telecommunications network. Almost 70% of the residential units are connected to the water network that has existed since 1973. Cisterns like the Simiya Well, local water tanker with a capacity of 4 cubic meters, and the urban water tanker with a capacity of 15 cubic meters are alternative water resources. The city also has a water reservoir with a capacity of 200 cubic meters. The main problem facing the city's water supply is the persistent shortage of water from the springs and insufficient rainfall.

Around 85% of the residential units are connected to the power grid. The electricity supply is insufficient due to the old network and insufficient maintenance. There is no sewage network, most of the water is channeled into pits.

Mosque in as-Samu

Culture and religion

A headgear or "money hat" (wuqayat al-darahem) from as-Samu (around 1840s, with later additions) is on display in the British Museum . The caption indicates that the headdress was worn during the wedding ceremony in the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly for the "going out to the well" ceremony, where the bride first appeared in public as a married woman. In general, the headdress was considered to be one of the most important parts of the Palestinian costume.

As-Samu is also known for its hand-woven kilims .

There are 21 mosques in as-Samu. As-Samu is also of historical and archaeological importance with an old Romanian church and the ruins of a historical prison, both of which are used for recreational and tourism purposes.

Web links

Commons : As-Samu  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ As-Samu '(Al-Khalil, West Bank, Palestinian Territories) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information. Retrieved March 7, 2019 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g As Samu 'Town Profile. (PDF) In: Palestinian Localities Study. Hebron Governorate, 2008, accessed March 8, 2019 .
  3. ↑ Ashtemoa. Retrieved March 7, 2019 .
  4. ↑ Ben Tsiyon Rozenfeld: Torah Centers and Rabbinic Activity in Palestine, 70-400 CE: History and Geographic Distribution . BRILL, 2010, ISBN 978-90-04-17838-0 , pp. 81 ( google.de [accessed March 7, 2019]).
  5. ^ Robarts - University of Toronto: The survey of western Palestine: memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography, and archeology . London: Committee of the Palestine exploration fund, 1881 ( archive.org [accessed March 7, 2019]).
  6. ↑ Denys Pringle, Professor Denys Pringle: Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: An Archaeological Gazetteer . Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-521-46010-1 , pp. 118 ( google.de [accessed March 7, 2019]).
  7. ↑ Wolf Dieter Hütteroth, Kamal Abdulfattah: Historical geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the late 16th century . Ed .: Franconian Geographical Society. ISBN 978-3-920405-41-4 , pp. 123 (English).
  8. ↑ Harvard University: Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the ... Crocker & Brewster, 1841, p. 194 ( archive.org [accessed March 7, 2019]).
  9. ↑ Harvard University: Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the ... Crocker & Brewster, 1841, p. 626 ( archive.org [accessed March 7, 2019]).
  10. ^ Harvard University: Description geographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine . Paris, Imprimé par autorisation de l'empereur à l'Impr. impériale, 1868, p. 173–176, 196 ( archive.org [accessed March 7, 2019]).
  11. ^ Getty Research Institute: Journal of the German Palestine Association . Leipzig: K. Baedeker, 1878, p. 154 ( archive.org [accessed March 7, 2019]).
  12. ↑ unknown library: Journal of the German Palestine Association . Leipzig: K. Baedeker, 1878, p. 142 ( archive.org [accessed March 7, 2019]).
  13. ^ Robarts - University of Toronto: The survey of western Palestine: memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography, and archeology . London: Committee of the Palestine exploration fund, 1881, p. 403 ( archive.org [accessed March 7, 2019]).
  14. ^ Palestine Census (1922). P. 10 , accessed March 7, 2019 .
  15. ^ E. Mills: Census of Palestine 1931. Population of villages, towns and administrative areas . 1932, p. 33 ( archive.org [accessed March 8, 2019]).
  16. ↑ שם המאמר: על מקור תוכניותיהם של בתי-הכנסת בדרום הר-יהודה. December 5, 2000, accessed March 8, 2019 .
  17. ↑ Village Statistics - 1945. p. 23 , accessed March 8, 2019 (English).
  18. ^ Population and total land areas. Retrieved March 8, 2019 .
  19. ↑ Cultivatable land. In: palestineremembered.com. P. 94 , accessed on March 8, 2019 (English).
  20. ^ Built-up areas and non-cultivatable land. In: palestineremembered.com. P. 114 , accessed on March 8, 2019 (English).
  21. ↑ JordanCensus1961. (PDF) 1961, p. 14 , accessed on March 8, 2019 (English).
  22. ↑ David Dean Shulman: On Being Unfree: Fences, Roadblocks and the Iron Cage of Palestine . Manoa Vol . 20, No. 2 , 2008, p. 13-32 (English).
  23. ↑ HOUSEHOLDS AND PERSONS, BY RESIDENCE, SEX, AGE AND ORIGIN FROM ISRAEL TERRITORY AND BY LOCALITY. (PDF) In: levyinstitute.org. Retrieved March 8, 2019 .
  24. ↑ oPt: Protection of civilians weekly report 02 - 08 Jul 2008 - occupied Palestinian territory. Retrieved March 8, 2019 .
  25. ↑ Married woman's hat or bridal headdress. Retrieved March 8, 2019 .
  26. ↑ Hamdan Taha: Samou'a Kilims . ( academia.edu [accessed March 8, 2019]).