Citizen Science

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Citizen Science ( citizen science ) is a form of open science , by interested in the projects with the assistance of or completely layman be performed. They report observations, carry out measurements or evaluate data.

definition

A collapsed natural arch on the Twelve Apostles Marine National Park , Australia
Camera mount (Fluker Post MP02) to record the collapse of the arch

The term Citizen Science (CS) has several origins and different concepts. Rick Bonney in the USA and Alan Irwin in the UK defined it independently in the mid-1990s. Alan Irwin defines CS in terms of "his development of concepts of scientific citizenship that emphasize the need to open science and science policy to society". Rick Bonney defines CS in terms of “social participation and science communication projects ”.

The terms Citizen Science and Citizen Scientists found their way into the Oxford English Dictionary in 2014 . Citizen science is defined herein as "scientific work undertaken by members of the general public, often in collaboration with or under the direction of professional scientists or scientific institutions." The citizen scientist is defined, in the modern sense, as "scientist whose Work is characterized by a sense of responsibility to serve the general public's interest ”or as“ a member of society who participates in scientific work, often in collaboration with or under the direction of professional scientists or scientific institutions ”.

Before the term was included in the Oxford English Dictionary, the Green Paper on Citizen Science was published. In this, the term Citizen Science is defined as “active participation of the population in scientific research in the form of intellectual collaboration, contribution of local knowledge or provision of the means and resources available to them. Participants make data and facilities available to professional scientists, ask new questions and help shape a new scientific culture. During this process the citizen scientists acquire new knowledge or skills or a deeper understanding of scientific work in a stimulating way. As a result of this open, networked and transdisciplinary scenario, interactions between science, society and politics are improved. They lead to more democratic research based on in-depth knowledge of how scientific research is carried out either in whole or in part through participation with non-professional researchers. "

Citizen Science can be done by volunteer individuals, groups, or networks. Citizen scientists mostly work with professional scientists to achieve common goals. Large networks of volunteers enable scientists to complete tasks that would be too expensive or time-consuming using traditional methods.

Many citizen science projects have educational goals. These projects are designed for a formal setting in the classroom or in an informal setting such as a museum. Citizen Science has evolved over the past 40 years. Current projects focus more on science-based methodologies and measurable goals of public education. Modern Citizen Science differs from Citizen Science, as it was carried out in the past, mainly through the different possibilities of public participation; Technological progress in particular is blamed for the increasing popularity of citizen science activities. Numerous projects are related to environmental policy .

Alternative definitions

Other definitions for citizen science have also been suggested. Bruce Lewenstein of the Communication and S&TS Department at Cornell University describes three possible definitions: the participation of non-scientists in data collection according to a specific, scientific protocol on the one hand, and in the analysis and interpretation of the data on the other. The involvement of non-scientists in decision-making in political processes that have technical or scientific components. The engagement of scientists in democratic and political processes.

Scholars and scholars who used other definitions included Frank von Hippel , Stephen Schneider , Neal Lane, and Jon Beckwith . Other alternative terminology would be “citizen science” or “citizen scientist”.

In the following, Muki Haklay offers an overview of the forms of civic participation in Citizen Science. These range from “crowdsourcing” (level 1), in which citizens serve as sensors, to “distributed intelligence” (level 2), in which citizens are used for pattern recognition, to “participatory science” (level 3), in which citizens participate Participate in the definition of the question and the data collection, right up to "extreme citizen science", which includes the collaboration between citizens and scientists in the definition of the question, data collection and data analysis.

An article published in Mashable in 2014 defines Citizen Scientists as: "Anyone who voluntarily devotes time and resources to scientific research in partnership with professional scientists."

Related areas

Volunteer computing projects use the Internet to take advantage of distributed systems. These projects are generally passive. The computing power is provided by computers provided voluntarily and requires little cooperation, apart from the one-time installation. There are differences in how such projects can be described as Citizen Science. Astrophysicist and Galaxy Zoo founder Kevin Schawinski says: “We prefer to call [Galaxy Zoo] Citizen Science because it's a better description of what you do; you are a normal citizen, but you do science. Crowd sourcing sounds a bit like, you're just part of a crowd and you're not, you're an employee. Participation means that you are proactively involved in the scientific process. "

Limits of Citizen Science

In a research report published by the US National Park Service in 2008, Brett Amy Thelen and Rachel K. Thiet express concerns previously mentioned in the literature about the power of volunteer-collected data.

Certain projects may not be suitable for volunteers, for example when complex research methods are used or when tedious or repetitive work is required.

If volunteers are not briefed on research and monitoring protocols, they run the risk of skewing the data. Volunteers can falsify data. This risk is particularly great when bonuses are offered as an incentive to participate. In particular, the question of the accuracy of the data remains unanswered. The founder of the Lost Ladybug Citizen Science Project, John Losey, argues that the cost-effectiveness of citizen science data outweighs the quality concerns when the latter is handled properly. Graber & Graber presented the medical ethics of crowdsourcing on the Internet in the Journal of Medical Ethics. in question. You have analyzed the effects of games in the Foldit crowdsourcing project. They conclude: "Games can have potential negative effects and manipulate the user into participation." In March 2015, the State of Wyoming passed new laws (Senate Files 12 and 80) that make collecting environmental data on behalf of the US government a criminal offense.

history

Interview by Tim Pritlove with science theorist Peter Finke about Citizen Science.

Until the specialization of Sciences late 18th century, the advent of technical universities and the formation of a modern scientific enterprise that was Citizen Science even the rule of Francis Bacon about Isaac Newton and Leibniz to Benjamin Franklin , Charles Darwin and Karl Marx . In the 19th century, civic scientific associations emerged. B. on natural history . The independent research associations could follow self-determined research programs and promote a different type of knowledge than that taught at universities. But they also provided an intellectual and institutional basis for the establishment of new universities such as B. the University of Frankfurt . From socialist movements z. B. Workers' education associations emerge, which developed their own ways of research, especially in the areas of society, economy and politics and which in turn new research fields for universities z. B. Sociology opened.

In the 20th century, Citizen Science was mainly practiced in the humanities , whose research is less dependent on complex and expensive technical equipment than scientific research. In view of the technical and social changes brought about by industrialization, interested citizens, e.g. Organized in initiatives ( New Social Movements ), for example , socially relevant questions in areas such as environmental pollution and nature conservation or local history and everyday culture were raised, to which, among other things, civic history associations and workshops turned their attention.

In the course of communicative networking through the Internet , the increase in social networks, pervasive computing and the development and spread of microelectronics , practicing citizen science is becoming ever easier: the more mobile and smaller the technical devices become (IR spectrometers, microscopes, tomographs, quickly available maps and aerial photos etc.), the easier it is for citizens to handle them.

Advocates of citizen science or the “democratization of science” were Paul Feyerabend and Erwin Chargaff , who had criticized the financially strong, technocratic-bureaucratic science, which was dependent on government grants, since 1950 and again pleaded for an “amateur science”, i.e. a science that was not practiced by universities and experts, but by middle-class “amateurs” who literally conduct research “lovingly” or out of personal inclination.

Whether citizen science is a viable alternative that can ensure more transparency and democratic control in the sciences is a very controversial issue.

“The fact that the citizen researchers set new epistemic standards, although Peter Finkes [propagated] 'citizen scientists' have long been helpful in routine scientific work since the Enlightenment, was neither conceivable for Thomas S. Kuhn nor for Karl Popper or the scientific democrat par excellence, Ludwik Fleck . It would probably also be a step backwards in times when science was forced to defend its authority and successes against all kinds of pseudosciences. "

In a broader sense, the authorship in Wikipedia is often a form of Citizen Science, because factual articles on scientific topics are often written by non-specialist authors. However, Wikipedia does not include the research aspect of citizen science, as it is an encyclopedia which only presents reliable knowledge. The situation is different with the Wikiversity project, which has also been starred by the Wikimedia Foundation . In addition to creating and editing free learning and learning materials, research will also take place there.

Austria

Since the middle of the 19th century, phenological observations have been carried out with the help of the population at the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics . A decades-long tradition of involving citizens can also be found in ornithology , from which, for example, the Austrian breeding bird atlas was created. In 2006 the platform naturbeobachtung.at went online, where data on species diversity in Austria can be entered.

In 2014 the first Austrian citizen science online platform “Österreich forscht” was founded by the Citizen Science working group at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna. Its task is to give an overview of Citizen Science projects in Austria, to network the Austrian actors and to host the annual Austrian Citizen Science Conference. The topic of Citizen Science has also been firmly anchored at the annual conference of the Society for Ecology for Germany, Austria and Switzerland since 2014 . In the first year there was a workshop on Citizen Science and since 2015 there has also been a special session on Citizen Science in Ecology, at which topics such as data quality, biodiversity monitoring and science communication were presented and discussed. In June 2015, the Federal Ministry for Science, Research and Economy (BMWFW) set up the Center for Citizen Science at OeAD-GmbH . The center is a service and information point for Citizen Science, Open Innovation and Responsible Science, whose task it is to inform, advise and network researchers and citizens about projects, tools, news and events. Furthermore, the center is the program carrier for the funding initiative Top Citizen Science, which was initiated by the BMWFW, the Science Fund FWF and the OeAD, and has been awarding citizen science awards to committed citizens annually since 2015 together with Austrian citizen science projects.

Since the summer semester of 2016, a course on Citizen Science in Ecology has been offered at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna . Here, students should learn how a Citizen Science project is designed, the results of which can be published in scientific publications. A list of other courses on the subject of Citizen Science in Austria can be found on the “Österreich forscht” platform.

Switzerland

In 1815, the Swiss Natural Research Society (now the Swiss Academy of Sciences ) was founded in Mornex . In its beginnings, it saw itself as an open organization in which many citizens were involved in exploring nature. For example, in 1863, with the support of the federal government, a nationwide meteorological observation network was set up in which many volunteers were involved - in the early days more than half of them were teachers and pastors. MeteoSwiss is still busy today digitizing and integrating data from these origins of modern weather measurement . Even nowadays, volunteers can take part in the collection of data used by MeteoSwiss. Phenological observations with the participation of Citizen Science have shown that the hazel flowers on average 13 days earlier than in 1951.

The bird monitoring system initiated by the Swiss Ornithological Institute in Sempach in 1960 is one of the oldest projects that has been ongoing to this day. The Swiss Breeding Bird Atlas 2013–2016 is a product of the observations.

Due to the increasing number of citizen science projects - also outside of phenology, meteorology and species identification - the Science et Cité Foundation published an analysis of citizen science in Switzerland supported by the Federal Office for the Environment in 2015 , which documents some projects that have been ongoing for some time. The Swiss research platform that was launched at the time currently unites over 50 projects, some of which are active and some of which have already been completed. The Citizen Science Network Switzerland currently has over 270 interested and committed members.

Examples

While most of the known projects are based on the Citizen Science light variant, i. H. limit themselves to the collaboration of laypeople only in the data collection, laypeople can also use distributed calculations e.g. B. participate in the discovery of pulsars as part of Einstein @ home . In the online game “ Foldit ”, for example, laypeople can design protein folding structures themselves and even find more stable forms (e.g. of fibronectin ), which in turn can be synthesized in cost-intensive laboratories at universities (Hand, 2010).

United States

The long-running project is the National Audubon Society's bird counting project , Christmas Bird Count , which began in 1900. Other well-known examples are the "World Water Monitoring Day" project, NASA's Stardust @ home and Clickworkers and the Galaxy Zoo project , a variety of projects by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology , such as Ebird , NestWatch , Project FeederWatch and Celebrate Urban Birds . At the Old Weather Project , laypeople help transcribe climate data from US ship logs from the mid-19th century. With the help of this data, better climate models will be created.

Citizen Science plays an important role in the detection and monitoring of biological invasions . Not only are introduced species mostly discovered by citizens, they often also help with their monitoring. Since invasive species can spread rapidly over large areas, monitoring of this spread is only possible with the help of residents. On the one hand, the study can be carried out cost-effectively in this way (this is also a major criticism of Citizen Science; tasks that should be carried out by authorities are carried out by citizens for free), on the other hand, the knowledge of local people about their environment is also incorporated know and thus provide better data. A well-documented example of this would be monitoring of two introduced species of crab on the east coast of the United States.

Germany

Examples from Germany are the naturgucker.de or mosquito Atlas . Another is the “Butterfly Monitoring Germany” project, which has been carried out since 2005, with around 500 participants. An example of a locally focused Citizen Science project are the “District Historians” in Frankfurt am Main with 120 participants since 2007. Blitzortung.org is a project with a global reach , which sets up and operates a global network of measuring stations to locate lightning strikes. An overview of ongoing projects in Germany can be found on the “Citizens create knowledge” platform. On August 1, 2016, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research launched a program to promote citizen science projects.

Austria

Examples from Austria are the biological projects "naturbeobachtung.at", "ornitho.at" and hour of the winter birds that biodiversity monitoring with farmers reporting platform of amphibians and reptiles as well as the Sparkling Science projects "Much-Falter" and "Hidden world of bacteria ".

The Viel-Falter project deals with the question of whether and how data collected by schoolchildren about the occurrence of butterflies can be used to support a permanent biodiversity monitoring in Austria. It turned out that the data collected by the school classes on the occurrence of certain groups of butterflies - despite the lack of species identification - provide important information about the quality of the butterfly habitats examined. These positive results prompted the team to continue the project with volunteer butterfly observers as part of the Top Citizen Science Initiative.

The “Hidden World of Bacteria” project is dedicated to the discovery of new types of bacteria and to introducing students to the hidden microbial world. New species were discovered and scientifically described in close cooperation between employees of the Research Institute for Limnology and school classes from five high schools in the state of Salzburg. The scientific descriptions of three new genera and eight new bacterial species have so far emerged from this successful project . Schoolchildren were involved in the isolation of the bacteria , their characterization, description and naming .

The Roadkill project focuses on the detection and future avoidance of vertebrates killed in traffic .

Social sciences and humanities projects are also represented in Austria, such as the top citizen science projects “The Participation Radar” and “Our Displaced Neighbors”. The former collects political participation offers (e.g. petitions or public meetings) in order to compile a comprehensive inventory of participation offers in Austria, both online and offline. The second researches the life and fate of the Jewish population in Lower Austria before, during and after the Nazi era.

Switzerland

The office for Citizen Science in Switzerland, which Science et Cité is responsible for, operates the Schweiz Forscht platform , which provides an overview of various current projects. Various disciplines from the humanities and natural sciences are represented on the website. Almost half of the projects are in the field of plant, fungus and animal observation. Typical representatives of these are PhaenoNet, StadtWildTiere, Info Flora and various monitoring projects of the coordination center for amphibian and reptile protection in Switzerland (karch).

Many projects are also represented in the areas of language (e.g. the DialäktÄpp or Categories to Come) and health (e.g. the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Register of the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society or Food & You).

One of the largest citizen science projects is the Swiss Litter Report , a survey of littering waste in the most important bodies of water in Switzerland carried out from 2017 to 2018 . The University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich are jointly responsible for the Citizen Science Center Zurich , which carries out a number of especially local Citizen Science projects.

See also

literature

Broadcast contributions

Web links

Commons : Citizen science  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Citizen science  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

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