Brick Expressionism in Hanover

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The city ​​library as a typical representative of brick expressionism in Hanover ( location )

In the 1920s, numerous buildings in the style of brick expressionism were built in Hanover. In addition to representative office and factory buildings, many and sometimes extensive residential complexes were built. Large parts of the Südstadt date from this time. In Hanover , among others, the architects worked Karl Elkart , Fritz Höger , Hans Poelzig and Fritz Hartjenstein .

History and characteristics

Brick facade with excellent clinker brick rows on the stage workshop of the Lower Saxony State Theater ( location )

The Brick Expressionism was formed after World War I out and reached its peak in the 1920s. The North German brick Gothic , which had produced imposing cathedral and cathedral buildings , served as a model . In Hamburg, Fritz Schumacher was a strong advocate of brick expressionism. During his time as chief building director, expressionist office buildings (for example the Chilehaus ) were built. As a preferred building material served bricks (bricks) or clinker. They have a wide range of colors, from red to brown to blue and purple to almost black. Critics of this style complained that the clinker buildings looked “gloomy and depressing”. The expressionist architects, on the other hand, valued clinker brick because it could be used to create attractive facades . By cleverly arranging the stones, they created a play of light and shadow. From corresponding angles, bundles of lines emerge, the vanishing points of which extend beyond the building. Many buildings have a special ornamentation : Repeating decorative elements create endless lines . These lines are in contrast to the symmetry ideal of classicism . During the phase of brick expressionism, numerous brick buildings were built in Hanover as well as in Hamburg and the Ruhr area, their expressionistic character being differently pronounced. Outstanding examples are the Anzeiger high-rise by Fritz Höger and the former administration building of the Meyer company by Hans Poelzig .

High-rise buildings

Anzeiger high-rise by Fritz Höger ( location )

Four of the Expressionist high-rise buildings from the 1920s have been preserved. The Anzeiger high-rise is an office building designed by Fritz Höger . It was created in 1927-28 for the newspaper at the time, the Hannoversche Anzeiger , at the Steintor . The building is characterized by a striking domed roof, which used to be a planetarium. The facade of the Anzeiger high-rise has oriental-inspired clinker decoration. The triangle appears as the central geometric figure, this shape recurs in many places: in the spaces between pillars and pilaster strips , in the vertically running brick edges, in the decoration of the relief bands and in the stepped arches on the ground floor. The building has neither a ground floor plinth nor a cornice. As a result, the emphatically vertical rhythm of the facade is not disturbed and the block-shaped structure seems to rest on its stilts.

The Capitol high-rise is in the Linden-Mitte district , near the Schwarzer Bär square . The building was erected in 1930 under the architect Friedrich Hartjenstein , at the time it housed offices and a cinema. In Linden the building was the first and for a long time the only high-rise. It turns towards the center of Hanover and thus marks the entrance to Linden. The steel skeleton construction received a flat roof, it is faced with brown-purple bricks. In contrast to the Anzeiger high-rise, the façade of the Capitol high-rise is less elaborate. There are vertical elements on it, such as the wall templates and loopholes-like windows in the upper part. There are also horizontal elements such as the ribbon windows and the arcades on the ground floor. A characteristic feature of the building is the rounded corner tower. Hartjenstein thus oriented itself towards the masonry structures that were modern at the time.

The Günther skyscraper was built in 1927 on Stephansplatz in Südstadt . Fritz Höger designed the complex. It is very similar to another of Höger's residential buildings, which was built at the same time on Ohlsdorfer Strasse in Hamburg.

The Glückauf high-rise exceeds the Günther high-rise with its nine floors . It stands as an impressive entrance to a large apartment block on Geibelplatz in the south of the city. Wilhelm Ziegler was the architect of the building, which was built between 1926 and 1927.

Südstadt

St. Heinrich Church on Sallstrasse ( location )

In the southern part of the city, under the direction of city planning officer Karl Elkart, entire streets with closed building blocks were built. Using plaster models, the city planners first checked how the development looked spatially. In addition to the "three-dimensional integration", Elkart achieved a uniform appearance by stipulating clinker brick for the facades. With this building material he hoped to meet the "bitter North German character". Typical residential buildings from this period can be found, for example, on Spielhagenstrasse (architects Koelliker and Springer), on Bertha-von-Suttner-Platz and on Heinrich-Heine-Strasse. The houses show not only expressionist design elements, but also traditionalist ones . Hipped roofs were often chosen at the end of a block of flats , which gives the buildings a more conservative appearance. In rare cases, elements of the New Objectivity can also be assigned.

The former elementary school on Altenbekener Damm is architecturally “one of the best school buildings” in Hanover. It was built in 1928, at the same time as the surrounding residential buildings to which the school adapts harmoniously. Karl Elkart designed the reinforced concrete structure with a flat roof.

For the Catholic St. Heinrich Church , the city planners opted for a plot of land surrounded by residential buildings between Sallstrasse and Simrockstrasse. The striking tower has a block-like appearance, its width is 14 m and its height 30 m. The load-bearing elements of the church were made of reinforced concrete, while the exterior is clad with colorful clinker bricks and a little shell limestone. The architect, Eduard Endler , intends to set the building apart from the surrounding, more sober residential buildings with large areas and deeply incised arc slots. By choosing the same building material, Engler nevertheless achieved a strong unity of church and residential buildings.

The tower, built in 1931 for the city ​​library , was the first library tower in Germany. The interior of the ten-storey building contains a steel construction, which is indicated on the outer facade with pilaster strips. The upper part consists of magazine floors, which can be easily recognized from the outside by means of the vertical ribbon windows. Extension buildings adjoining the tower soften its high-rise character.

  • House on Spielhagenstrasse / Tiestestrasse ( location )

  • Residential building on Heinrich-Heine-Strasse / Stresemannallee ( location )

  • Residential house on Bertha-von-Suttner-Platz with tower construction ( location )

  • Former elementary school on Altenbekener Damm ( Lage )

  • Expressionist building part of the Henriettenstiftung on Sallstrasse ( location )

Cunning

De Haën Square

Subtle expressionist house on De-Haën-Platz ( location )

A striking residential complex can be found on De-Haën-Platz in the List , the development of which has remained almost unchanged. As early as 1911, planning began to build on the former site of the de Haën chemical factory . Because of the First World War, it took until 1927 before the project was realized. The rather reserved expressionist houses are nested around the square. It consists of two partial surfaces that are arranged at an angle of 90 ° to each other. This gives all streets leading to the square a visual finish. The houses at the road junctions often have one floor more than the others, and there are arcades that protrude from the building line. The square appears to be separated from the streets by gates. An angled corner tower, which sits on a house on the east side of the area, provides an accent. The apartment complex looks very homogeneous, although several architects and builders participated in its implementation. Balconies and bay windows were omitted in order to achieve a strictly cubic character. The city not only strictly prescribed the appearance of the settlements, the floor plans of the apartments also had to follow a given pattern if funding was to be received for the building project.

  • Angled corner tower on a house ( location )

  • Gate-like road junctions to the square ( location )

Settlement in the Kreuzkampe

Houses on Spannhagenstrasse in the west of the settlement ( location )

An impressive residential complex was built between 1927 and 1929 around the Im Kreuzkampe street . The plans come from the Siebrecht brothers, who emerged as the winners of a municipal architectural competition. The most symmetrical floor plans possible result in a clearly structured, complex settlement. It has the basic shape of an irregular trapezoid, which reaches up to Podbielskistraße at its southeast corner . Four four-wing systems, arranged in pairs, enclose wide, garden-like inner courtyards. In the center of the settlement is the street Im Kreuzkampe, which is designed as a wide avenue. In addition, the facility is divided by two further streets in a north-south direction, Adalbert-Stifter-Strasse and Anzengruberstrasse. Both are built over with gates at their northern end, which gives the streets a semi-public character. At the street corners there are cubic corner houses that are higher than the rest of the three-storey buildings. Symmetrical facades of the homogeneous flat roof houses support the closed character of the settlement. The buildings are decorated on the outside with ribbon-like wall reliefs, the staircases are laid out like pylon . Box-shaped or wedge-shaped oriels reinforce the plasticity of the building structure towards the surrounding streets . The houses on the east side of Dingelstedtstrasse were built a little later; they were only built in the 1930s.

  • At the north end of the built-up Adalbert-Stifter-Straße ( location )

  • Houses built later in Dingelstedtstrasse ( Lage )

Garden city of Kleefeld

Uniform development in the garden city of Kleefeld ( location )

The garden city of Kleefeld was built from winter 1927/28 on the site of the former Kleefeld manor . The area is divided by roads in a north-south direction. When planning, however, care was taken to cut the main street, Kirchröder Straße, running in an east-west direction as little as possible. To the north, a green belt along Senator-Bauer-Strasse separates the site from the railway line to Lehrte . The Hanoverian architects Koelliker and Springer carried out the project after they had emerged as the winner of a competition among 39 participants. In addition, the designs by Wilhelm Fricke were taken into account. Originally about 600 houses were planned, of which in the end only a quarter was built. The designs provided for three different basic types for the houses, all of which had at least five rooms and at least 150 m 2 of living space. The individual houses were grouped into groups of 2, 4 or 6, and building parts that protrude and recede soften the block effect. Brick arches between the houses gave the rows a spatial effect. Later, however, these arches were rebuilt at the rear in order to obtain more living space. As a result, it is no longer possible to look through the arches into the back gardens, which greatly disrupts the original design. The planners attached great importance to a uniform appearance of the buildings. The same building material (Heisterholzer smelted iron clinker brick), a uniform cornice, the same roof pitch and uniform window sizes were prescribed for all houses. The front gardens were just as uniform. The planting in front of the houses turned into the green of the street. The back gardens, often laid out purely as ornamental gardens, also followed typified designs by landscape architects. White window frames, colored gutters and house doors were supposed to enliven the facilities. Any changes to the building or property required the approval of the city. In the Deutsche Bauzeitung it is said about the garden city Kleefeld that the standardization has become an artistic means with the greatest diversity. The linear and sober spatial structure of the facilities corresponds to the New Objectivity , but the facades of the houses still show expressionist design elements.

  • Residential building on Münchhausenstrasse ( location )

  • Residential building on Wangenheimstrasse ( location )

  • House on Wallmodenstrasse ( location )

Former administration building of the Meyer company in Vinnhorst

View from the southwest ( location )

In the district of Vinnhorst , an administration building for the Meyer brothers was built between 1923 and 1924. The Berlin architect Hans Poelzig designed the house on Beneckeallee. Several sources see it as a model example of brick expressionism in Hanover. Poelzig originally planned the building with 19 window axes and a central entrance area. Since the Meyer company has since gone bankrupt, only the eight southern window axes including the entrance area were implemented. On the north-facing front side there is therefore only a smooth brick wall, while the other walls of the house have serrated pilaster strips as a wall template. The pilaster strips diverge at the level of the upper floor. The building has five floors, with the windows on the first floor being slightly higher than on the other floors. The top floor was designed as a mezzanine . In the 1950s, some structural changes were made to the house, in the course of which the western entrance area was also removed. Today you enter the building via a windscreen-protected entrance on the east side. As early as 1926, the city of Hanover used the building to build the Alten- u. To accommodate the nursing home of the municipal welfare office . From 1950 the house served as a refugee collective accommodation and then as a residential building. For this purpose, the city had more separate living spaces set up. The hall behind the central entrance was also converted into apartments, around 90 in total. Since the apartments no longer meet today's standards without their own sanitary facilities, most of them were empty in 2008.

At the time of its construction, the administration building was perceived by many as idiosyncratic and strange. Among other things, it was annoying that the building did not have a basement. The wall templates that open upwards also met with little approval. The architecture critic Julius Posener , who studied under Poelzig, later judged the building negatively:

“The administration building (...) is one of his weakest works: this time it is really a 'zigzag style' with which he decorates a simple brick building, you can't call it anything else. You can almost hear him asking: 'How do I make something out of the box?' "

- Julius Posener : Hans Poelzig. His life, his work (1994)

Although Hans Poelzig, a well-known architect, designed the building and placed it under monument protection, there was little information about it in the literature in 2008. The facts were also patchy and in some cases contradictory.

  • smooth north facade, today's entrance in the lower left corner

  • pilaster strips diverging upwards

  • former main entrance (at the level of the lower left window)

Further examples

Vahrenwald, Hainholz and Nordstadt

In the Vahrenwald district , new residential buildings were built along Philipsbornstrasse and Guts-Muths-Strasse. Construction work began as early as the First World War, and in the mid-1920s it was extended to the area up to the Hainhölzer Friedhof. While the older houses are more characterized by traditionalist elements, the later ones follow the design principles of the New Building . On some facades, however, there are also expressionist features. Residential complexes were built on Auf dem Dorn and Guts-Muths-Straße for the savings and construction association. Further examples can be found on Darwinstraße (corner of Heinrich-Kirchweger-Platz) or on Petersstraße, corner of Am Hopfengarten (the latter house is already in the Hainholz district ). The area is subject to historical preservation interest as it documents typical residential construction of the 1920s.

Franz Erich Kassbaum realized a building for the University of Hanover , which several institutes could move into in 1931 (including the Franzius Institute for Hydraulic Engineering). The 120 meter long, horizontally emphasized building has a monumental effect. The outer facade is divided into vertical stripes that have a certain similarity to Fritz Höger's Anzeiger high-rise . Nevertheless, the institute building cannot necessarily be assigned to Expressionism: The building magazine Deutsche Bauhütte found that the building belongs to the New Objectivity . The cubic structure and the flat roofs correspond more to the New Building , and the vertical stripes at their roof end are not exaggerated in an expressionistic way. On the other hand, the sloping pillars at the corners of the building created the typical crystalline hardness of Expressionist buildings.

Linden trees

In Linden-Nord , on the corner between Limmerstrasse and Fössestrasse, there is the department store at the kitchen garden . The building designed by Friedrich Hartjenstein in 1927 was planned as a large department store complex with apartments on the upper floors. Due to the global economic crisis , however, the funds ran out and the construction project had to be reduced. The house fits in well with the existing perimeter block development. The decoration on the facade was probably made by the sculptor Ludwig Vierthaler .

Five-story residential buildings with shops on the ground floors can be found on Stephanusstrasse. The houses clad with brown-red-violet clinker bricks border directly on the development of the Linden market square . Their windows were grouped together by cornice-like objects, which emphasizes the horizontal. A vertical component is provided by wedge-shaped bay windows , which are staggered one behind the other when viewed from the side. Terracotta figures in the area of ​​the lower floors act as additional decoration . The architect achieved a cubic appearance of the building by hiding the roof from the street. In fact, the houses have gable roofs and not flat roofs .

In the neighboring Minister-Stüve-Strasse, there were also expressionistically structured residential buildings with hidden saddle roofs. The windows are also grouped horizontally here while the stairwells dynamically emphasize the vertical.

  • Kaufhaus am Küchengarten ( location )

  • Residential and commercial buildings in Stephanusstraße with terracotta figures ( location )

  • Residential building on Minister-Stüve-Strasse ( location )

Ricklingen

The savings and construction association was also active in Ricklingen , where it had buildings built on Ricklinger Stadtweg and Friedrich-Ebert-Platz. In 1927–1929, a closed, four-story development was built there, similar to that in the southern part of the city. House no. 12 differs slightly from this, it has five floors and protrudes from the abdominal line. Its central staircase is adorned with clinker bricks arranged like a pilaster on the facade . As a special feature, the houses on Friedrich-Ebert-Platz have a zigzag pattern at the height of the windows. The windows on the ground floors are also striking, all of which have round arches. In contrast to Südstadt, however, the city planners planned the Ricklinger residential complexes for a lower-income population. The three-room apartments already had a bathroom and toilet, and the green inner courtyards were to be used for drying clothes and as playgrounds.

The portal-like house Gebrüder Krone is a little further south on Ricklinger Stadtweg. It is one of the most important individual structures of this type from the 1920s in Hanover. Two seven-story structures of the symmetrical house enclose a middle section that is set back slightly from the street. The middle part has six floors, of which the ground floor serves as a three-part passage. Loggias are in front of the upper floors above. A simple clinker masonry clad the outer buildings, only their attic floors are adorned with a circumferential zigzag band of raised clinker bricks. The design of the Krone house comes from the architects Schmidt and Niendecker.

  • Residential house on Ricklinger Stadtweg / Auf der Papenburg ( location )

  • Closed, four-story development on Friedrich-Ebert-Platz ( location )

  • House No. 12 on Friedrich-Ebert-Platz with a pilaster-like decoration of the stairwell ( location )

  • House Gebrüder Krone on Ricklinger Stadtweg ( location )

Döhren

In the Döhren district there are many expressionist building block buildings in the area between Hildesheimer Strasse and Landwehrstrasse, the Landwehrfeld. This also includes the mirror-symmetrical residential and commercial building on the corner of Ziegelstrasse and Borgentrickstrasse. It shows a clear vertical structure, which is emphasized by triangular wall templates. The wall templates run through to the main cornice on the third floor, above which there are high gables. In the middle sits a single-storey shop front, which is set back from the rest of the house. This arrangement creates a special tension in the corner.

The Helenenstrasse was the only one in Landwehrfeld to be closed in 1930. The houses were designed uniformly: They have all four floors and are symmetrical in relation to the middle of the street section. The corner buildings are individually designed, they protrude from the street. The corner houses on Fiedelerstraße have rows of shops on the ground floor, the facades are adorned with horizontal clinker strips. The house that ends on Landwehrstrasse is striking because of its strikingly rounded and decorated corner.

On the east side of Landwehrstrasse there was a vacant lot between Willmerstrasse and Wichmannstrasse, which was not closed until the end of the 1920s. A complex with two sub-assemblies was built here: one on Landwehrstrasse (No. 40-48), another on Wichmannstrasse. The section on Landwehrstrasse consists of five symmetrically arranged houses that form a U. Three of them lie back and are framed by risalt-like wing structures. The “three-dimensional facade design” is unique in Hanoverian architecture; The houses are made interesting by the combination of contrasting elements: plaster and clinker, convex and concave shapes of the bay windows and entrances.

There is little expressionist architecture to the east of Hildesheimer Straße , as this area was mainly built after the Second World War. There is a special residential and commercial building on Peiner Strasse (No. 23–29), which is in the line of sight of the street. It therefore has a special urban planning role.

  • Mirror-symmetrical house on Ziegelstrasse / Borgentrickstrasse ( location )

  • Corner buildings on Helenenstrasse / Fiedelerstrasse ( location ) protruding from the street

  • Strikingly rounded corner building on Helenenstrasse / Landwehrstrasse ( location )

  • Residential building on Landwehrstrasse (No. 40-48) / Wichmannstrasse ( location )

  • Residential and commercial building on Peiner Strasse (No. 23–29; location )

Web links

Commons : Brick Expressionism in Hanover  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Piergiacomo Bucciarelli: Fritz Höger. Hanseatic builder 1877-1949. Vice Versa Verlag, Berlin, 1992. ISBN 3-9803212-0-7 . Pp. 18–24, section: Höger and the spirit of the Gothic .
  2. ^ Piergiacomo Bucciarelli: Fritz Höger. Hanseatic builder 1877-1949. Vice Versa Verlag, Berlin, 1992. ISBN 3-9803212-0-7 . Pp. 32-35.
  3. ^ Piergiacomo Bucciarelli: Fritz Höger. Hanseatic builder 1877-1949. Vice Versa Verlag, Berlin, 1992. ISBN 3-9803212-0-7 . P. 22.
  4. ^ John Zukowsky (ed.): Architecture in Germany. 1919-1939. The diversity of modernity. Prestel-Verlag, Munich, 1994. ISBN 3-7913-1339-8 . P. 159. The city library is not included here, as it was not completed until 1931.
  5. ^ Piergiacomo Bucciarelli: Fritz Höger. Hanseatic builder 1877-1949. Vice Versa Verlag, Berlin, 1992. ISBN 3-9803212-0-7 . Pp. 128-129.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g John Zukowsky (Ed.): Architecture in Germany. 1919-1939. The diversity of modernity. Prestel-Verlag, Munich, 1994. ISBN 3-7913-1339-8 . Pp. 157-165.
  7. ↑ a b Wolfgang Neß, Ilse Rüttgerodt-Riechmann, Gerd Weiß (ed.): Architectural monuments in Lower Saxony. 10.2. City of Hanover, part 2. Friedrich Vieweg and son, Braunschweig / Wiesbaden, 1985. ISBN 3-528-06208-8 . P. 128.
  8. ↑ a b c d Michael Braum and Hartmut Millarg (eds.): Urban development in Hanover. A guide to 50 settlements. Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin, 2000. ISBN 3-496-01223-4 . Pp. 35-37.
  9. ^ Karl Elkart: New building in Hanover. Verlag Verkehrs-Verein Hannover e. V., 1929. pp. 24-25.
  10. ↑ a b Michael Braum and Hartmut Millarg (eds.): Urban development in Hanover. A guide to 50 settlements. Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin, 2000. ISBN 3-496-01223-4 . Pp. 80-81.
  11. ↑ a b Hermann Boockhoff and Jürgen Knotz (eds.): Architecture in Hannover since 1900. Callwey, Munich, 1981. ISBN 3-7667-0599-7 . Entry G6 (the book has no page numbers).
  12. ^ A b Building Director Verbeek: The Catholic St. Heinrichskirche in Hanover. In: Deutsche Bauzeitung . August 6, 1930, pp. 505-506.
  13. ↑ Dirk Böttcher , Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein and Hugo Thielen: Hannoversches biographical lexicon: From the beginnings to the present. Schlütersche, Hannover, 2002. ISBN 3-87706-706-9 . P. 80, keyword Busch, Friedrich .
  14. ↑ a b Helmut Knocke , Hugo Thielen (ed.): Hannover. Art and culture lexicon. To Klampen Verlag, Springe, 2007. ISBN 978-3-934920-53-8 . P. 147.
  15. ↑ a b c Michael Braum and Hartmut Millarg (eds.): Urban development in Hanover. A guide to 50 settlements. Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin, 2000. ISBN 3-496-01223-4 . Pp. 84-85.
  16. ↑ a b Wolfgang Neß, Ilse Rüttgerodt-Riechmann, Gerd Weiß, Marianne Zehnpfenning (eds.): Architectural monuments in Lower Saxony. 10.1. City of Hanover, Part 1. Friedrich Vieweg and Son, Braunschweig / Wiesbaden, 1983. ISBN 3-528-06203-7 . Pp. 192-193.
  17. ^ General Christian Heppner: The garden city of Kleefeld. A prestigious project for public housing in Hanover in the 1920s. In: Hannoversche Geschichtsblätter . Vol. 48, 1994, pp. 263-290.
  18. ↑ a b c Dr.-Ing. Grethe: garden city Hannover-Kleefeld. In: Deutsche Bauzeitung . September 16, 1931, pp. 453-458.
  19. ↑ a b Michael Braum and Hartmut Millarg (eds.): Urban development in Hanover. A guide to 50 settlements. Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin, 2000. ISBN 3-496-01223-4 . Pp. 76-77.
  20. ↑ a b c Wolfgang Neß, Ilse Rüttgerodt-Riechmann, Gerd Weiss (ed.): Architectural monuments in Lower Saxony. 10.2. City of Hanover, part 2. Friedrich Vieweg and son, Braunschweig / Wiesbaden, 1985. ISBN 3-528-06208-8 . Pp. 86-88.
  21. ^ Hans-Stefan Bolz: Hans Poelzig and the modern factory building . tape 1 . Bonn 2008, p. 68–71 , urn : nbn: de: hbz: 5-16153 ( uni-bonn.de [accessed on July 30, 2016] Inaugural dissertation at the University of Bonn).
  22. ^ A b Hans-Stefan Bolz: Hans Poelzig and the "modern factory building" , Volume 1 (text volume). Inaugural dissertation at the University of Bonn, 2008. P. 71.
  23. ^ A b Henrik Simon: Hans Poelzig in Hanover. The former administration building of the Gebrüder Mayer company in Hanover-Vinnhorst (1923/24). Master's thesis at the University of Cottbus, 2008. p. 54.
  24. ↑ The passage cited here can also be found in the dissertation by Hans-Stefan Bolz: Hans Poelzig and the "modern factory building" , Volume 1 (text volume). Inaugural dissertation at the University of Bonn, 2008. P. 71. Bolz quotes the work of Julius Posener: Hans Poelzig. His life, his work. Vieweg and Teubner, 1994. ISBN 3528088966 .
  25. ^ Henrik Simon: Hans Poelzig in Hanover. The former administration building of the Gebrüder Mayer company in Hanover-Vinnhorst (1923/24). Master's thesis at the University of Cottbus, 2008. S. 4.
  26. ↑ a b Wolfgang Neß, Ilse Rüttgerodt-Riechmann, Gerd Weiß, Marianne Zehnpfenning (eds.): Architectural monuments in Lower Saxony. 10.1. City of Hanover, Part 1. Friedrich Vieweg and Son, Braunschweig / Wiesbaden, 1983. ISBN 3-528-06203-7 . Pp. 34-35.
  27. ↑ a b Wolfgang Neß, Ilse Rüttgerodt-Riechmann, Gerd Weiß, Marianne Zehnpfenning (eds.): Architectural monuments in Lower Saxony. 10.1. City of Hanover, Part 1. Friedrich Vieweg and Son, Braunschweig / Wiesbaden, 1983. ISBN 3-528-06203-7 . Pp. 196-197.
  28. ^ Karl Elkart: New building in Hanover. Verlag Verkehrs-Verein Hannover e. V., 1929. p. 32.
  29. ↑ a b Sid Auffarth : The new building on Schneiderberg or the provocation of vertical stripes monotony. In: The University of Hanover. Your buildings. Your gardens. Your planning history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg, 2003. ISBN 3-935590-90-3 . Pp. 191-196.
  30. ↑ Sid Auffarth : The new building on the Schneiderberg or the provocation of vertical stripes monotony. In: The University of Hanover. Your buildings. Your gardens. Your planning history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg, 2003. ISBN 3-935590-90-3 . P. 193.
  31. ↑ a b Hermann Boockhoff and Jürgen Knotz (eds.): Architecture in Hannover since 1900. Callwey, Munich, 1981. ISBN 3-7667-0599-7 . Entry B6 (the book has no page numbers).
  32. ↑ a b c Wolfgang Neß, Ilse Rüttgerodt-Riechmann, Gerd Weiss (ed.): Architectural monuments in Lower Saxony. 10.2. City of Hanover, part 2. Friedrich Vieweg and son, Braunschweig / Wiesbaden, 1985. ISBN 3-528-06208-8 . Pp. 132-133.
  33. ^ Karl Elkart: New building in Hanover. Verlag Verkehrs-Verein Hannover e. V., 1929. p. 16.
  34. ↑ a b c d Wolfgang Neß, Ilse Rüttgerodt-Riechmann, Gerd Weiß (Ed.): Architectural monuments in Lower Saxony. 10.2. City of Hanover, part 2. Friedrich Vieweg and son, Braunschweig / Wiesbaden, 1985. ISBN 3-528-06208-8 . Pp. 166-167.
  35. ↑ Hermann Boockhoff and Jürgen Knotz (ed.): Architecture in Hanover since 1900. Callwey, Munich, 1981. ISBN 3-7667-0599-7 . Entry L8 (the book has no page numbers).
  36. ^ Karl Elkart: New building in Hanover. Verlag Verkehrs-Verein Hannover e. V., 1929. p. 30.
  37. ^ Karl Elkart: New building in Hanover. Verlag Verkehrs-Verein Hannover e. V., 1929. p. 29. The picture above shows the house on Ziegelstrasse and Borgentrickstrasse, but was incorrectly described by Elkart with residential buildings on Wichmannstrasse .
  38. ↑ a b Wolfgang Neß, Ilse Rüttgerodt-Riechmann, Gerd Weiß (ed.): Architectural monuments in Lower Saxony. 10.2. City of Hanover, part 2. Friedrich Vieweg and son, Braunschweig / Wiesbaden, 1985. ISBN 3-528-06208-8 . P. 104.
  39. ↑ a b c d Wolfgang Neß, Ilse Rüttgerodt-Riechmann, Gerd Weiß (Ed.): Architectural monuments in Lower Saxony. 10.2. City of Hanover, part 2. Friedrich Vieweg and son, Braunschweig / Wiesbaden, 1985. ISBN 3-528-06208-8 . Pp. 108-110.
  40. ↑ Wolfgang Neß, Ilse Rüttgerodt-Riechmann, Gerd Weiß (ed.): Architectural monuments in Lower Saxony. 10.2. City of Hanover, part 2. Friedrich Vieweg and son, Braunschweig / Wiesbaden, 1985. ISBN 3-528-06208-8 . P. 109.