Billboard charts

The Billboard charts are partly regular and partly irregular music charts that are evaluated by the US entertainment brand Billboard . The Billboard 200 and Billboard Hot 100 categories , which represent the most important album and single charts in the United States, appear weekly . In addition, there are numerous other chart lists that are broken down depending on the music style and form of distribution.

History and Development

The Billboard magazine first appeared on November 1, 1894 in Cincinnati , Ohio and is the work of published. After the focus at the beginning was still on the advertising and billboarding industry and later oriented towards entertainment areas such as trade fairs , carnivals and circuses , the "wonders of modern technology" were reported for the first time at the end of the 19th century. Reports on phonographs , record players and wireless radios were housed here.

After jukeboxes during the global economic crisis spread like wildfire, the magazine this issue gave more attention increasingly until it released its first music hit parade on January 4 1936th In the 1940s, the jukebox was given its own chart section. At that time, the magazine developed rapidly into a specialist journal. Due to the growing diversity of musical interests and genres, the number of published chart lists rose to 28 after World War II .

Since 2007, Billboard has also been evaluating Canada's official single charts . Further international charts followed as the company expanded into other countries. Among other things, the brand is responsible for collecting the single charts for Argentina, China and Mexico.

Evaluation method

For many years, a song had to be commercially available as a single to be allowed on the charts. At that time, Billboard was gathering its data through reports filled in by the broadcasters and stores. In 1990, the country singles charts were the first to use a system called the Nielsen Soundscan , followed by the Top 100 and R&B singles charts in 1991.

Nielsen Soundscan is a system that registers the sale of a single when it is scanned through a soundscanable cash register. Billboard also uses a technique called Broadcast Data Systems (BDS), a subsidiary of Billboard, to capture radio broadcasts. In principle, every song has a kind of fingerprint. If it is played by a broadcaster with a BDS contract, this is registered. These registrations are added up each week for all radio stations to determine “broadcast points”.

Adapted formulas are used to evaluate the charts. A distinction is made between the forms of distribution, shops, radio stations and the like. Each genre department at Billboard is headed by chart managers who determine these choices. Sometimes conditions apply to one department that do not apply to another. The best known example of this is Madonna's song Into the Groove . In the US, it was only available as the B-side of the single Angel - at the time that was unacceptable to the managers of the Top 100 charts. So the song was not approved for the top 100 despite its intense broadcast. On the other hand, the R&B single charts did not have these requirements, so Into The Groove appeared there and it also placed first in the “HotDanceMusic / Club Play” charts.

Another example: As a result of her siding with US President George W. Bush ( Iraq War ) in 2003 , Madonna's singles American Life , Hollywood , Nothing Fails and Love Profusion were boycotted by the Republican-run radio stations. Although they sold well (Billboard Sales Charts: 2, 4, 1, 4) and did well in the Club Charts (Billboard Club Charts: 1, 1, 1, 1), they did not appear or only poorly in the major "Billboard Hot 100 “charts (37, -, -, -), as these are largely based on airplay .

Prior to September 1995, a single was allowed to enter the charts in the first week of sales, based solely on BDS points. This procedure was changed in favor of a system that allowed entry only after a full week of sales. This enabled many songs to start from "0 to 1". In December 1998, the system was further modified to allow songs that were only broadcast on television or radio, but not available for purchase as a single. This shift should take into account the changing realities in the music business. Until then, many important MTV or radio hits hadn't made it to the charts because the music industry had decided not to release a single in the hopes of boosting album sales. Such a procedure would have been unthinkable before the 1990s. Among the many songs that fell victim to this barrier before 1999 are Nirvanas All Apologies , The Cardigans ' Lovefool , Smash Mouths Walking on the Sun , Jamiroquais Virtual Insanity , Everclears Santa Monica , Stone Temple Pilots ' Interstate Love Song , Fastballs The Way , Smashing Pumpkins ' Disarm , and The Cranberries ' Zombie .

In 2005 Billboard changed its evaluation methods in order to be able to record paid downloads from shops such as iTunes or similar (including ringtones). This enables artists to place themselves in the Hot 100, even if they are largely ignored by the radio. Since July 31, 2007, music streaming has also been included in the Hot 100. At that time the only sources used were the streaming platforms of Yahoo and AOL , which only made up around 5% of the chart list.

In October 2012, Billboard also changed the evaluation of the country, rock, Latin and rap charts, which were previously based purely on airplay . As a result of the change, the sale of downloads and streams also flowed into pure airplay charts. From now on, not only the airplay of radio stations of the respective genre was taken into account, but also the genre-spanning stations. This methodology was extended to the Christian and Gospel charts at the end of 2013. The changes meant that songs that represented multiple genres could place higher in the genre charts, which was especially responsible for the independent radio stations and the cost of songs.

On February 20, 2013, Billboard announced that it would also include YouTube clicks for determining the streaming charts. However, only verified uploads are taken into account, for example from the artist, record label or platforms such as Vevo .

On June 25, 2015, a new rhythm was introduced for the evaluation and publication of the charts. This was in response to the shift in the US album release date from Tuesday to Friday to continue covering the first seven days since an album was released. The single charts, which previously covered a period from Wednesday to Tuesday, are now based on a Monday-to-Sunday cycle.

Records and successes in chart history

Number one successes

With 20 number one hits, the Beatles topped the charts most often. With 31 chart weeks, the song White Christmas by Bing Crosby was the longest at number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Elvis Presley broke from number one in the singles chart in 1956 with the singles Hound Dog / Don't Be Cruel and Love Me Tender from.

Chart successes

The song Circles by Post Malone was 38 weeks long in the top 10 like no other title. Radioactive by the Imagine Dragons with 87 weeks as long as no other title in the top 100. Drake has the highest number of placements in the single charts with 222 top 100 entries.

Chart sections

Album charts

Chart name	Number of ranks	description
Billboard 200	200	American album charts
Top album sales	100	Most successful albums based on physical sales
Canadian Albums	100	Canadian album charts
Cast albums	15th	Most successful albums by a line- up , measured against all factors
Compilation albums	20th	Most successful compilation albums measured by all factors
Top Current Albums	100	Most successful albums, measured by all factors. No consideration of albums older than 18 months and falling out of the top 100
Digital albums	50	Most successful albums in terms of download numbers
Heatseeker's albums	25th	Most successful albums from newcomers who were never placed in the top 50 of the Hot 100. Categorized by region
Independent albums	50	Most successful albums, measured by all factors. Only includes releases from independent labels
Top internet albums	40	Most successful albums as measured by physical sales on the internet
Top Pop Catalog Albums	50	Most successful albums, measured by all factors. Only takes into account albums that are older than 18 months and that have fallen out of the top 100
Soundtracks	30th	Most successful soundtrack albums measured by all factors
Tastemakers	25th	Most successful albums based on physical sales in independent and regional music stores
Vinyl albums	25th	Most successful records , measured against all factors
Alternative albums	25th	Most successful albums in each genre, measured against all factors
Americana / Folk Albums	25th
Bluegrass albums	15th
Blues albums	15th
Christian Albums	50
Classical albums	25th
Classical crossover albums	15th
Comedy albums	10
Contemporary Jazz Albums	15th
Top country albums	50
Country Catalog Albums	25th
Dance / Electronic Albums	25th
Top gospel albums	40
Hard rock albums	25th
Holiday Albums	50
Top jazz albums	35
Kid albums	15th
Top Latin albums	50
Latin Pop Albums	20th
Latin Rhythm Albums	15th
New Age Albums	10
R&B albums	25th
Top R&B / Hip-Hop albums	50
R & B / Hip-Hop Catalog Albums	25th
Rap albums	25th
Reggae albums	10
Regional Mexican Albums	20th
Top rock albums	50
Traditional Classical Albums	15th
Traditional jazz albums	15th
Tropical albums	20th
World Albums	15th

Single charts

Independent of genre

Chart name	Charter determination	Number of ranks	description
Billboard Hot 100	Airplay + streaming + sales	100	US single charts
Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles	Airplay + streaming + sales	25th	Expansion of the Hot 100
Hot digital songs	Downloads	50	Only takes into account the sale of downloads. Combines different versions of songs. Has an impact on the Hot 100
Hot digital tracks	Downloads	75	Only takes into account the sale of downloads Separates different versions of songs
Heatseeker's songs	Airplay + streaming + sales	25th	Songs from newcomers who never made it into the top 50 of the Hot 100
On-demand streaming songs	Streaming	25th	Only considers on-demand streams Combines different versions of songs
Radio songs	Airplay (audience)	50	Measured by the number of listeners during a radio play, Have an influence on the Hot 100
Hot singles sales	Physical sales	15th	Only takes into account the sale of physical singles Have an impact on the Hot 100
Streaming songs	Streaming	50	Only considers streams Combines different versions of songs Have an impact on the Hot 100

Adult / Pop

Chart name	Charter determination	Number of ranks	description
Mainstream Top 40	Airplay (plays)	40	Most successful songs of the genre, measured by how often the songs were played on genre-specific radio stations
Adult Top 40		40
Adult Contemporary		30th

Christian

Chart name	Charter determination	Number of ranks	description
Christian songs	Airplay + streaming + sales	50	Most successful songs in the Christian Music genre , measured against all factors
Christian Digital Songs	Downloads	50	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by the number of downloads
Christian Streaming Songs	Streaming	50	Most successful songs in the genre based on streaming numbers
Christian Airplay	Airplay (audience)	50	Most successful songs of the genre, measured by the number of listeners to the songs on genre-specific radio stations
Christian AC songs	Airplay (plays)	30th	Most successful songs of the genre, measured by the number of times a song was played on a genre-specific radio station
Christian Soft AC	Airplay (plays)	50
Gospel songs	Airplay + streaming + sales	30th	Most successful songs in the gospel genre , measured against all factors
Gospel Airplay Songs	Airplay (plays)	30th	Most successful songs of the genre, measured by the number of times a song was played on a genre-specific radio station
Gospel Digital Song Sales	Downloads	15th	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by the number of downloads
Gospel streaming songs	Streaming	15th	Most successful songs in the genre based on streaming numbers

Country

Chart name	Charter determination	Number of ranks	description
Hot Country Songs	Airplay + streaming + sales	50	Most successful songs in the country and hip-hop genres , measured against all factors
Country airplay	Airplay (audience)	60	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by the number of listeners to the songs on genre-specific radio stations
Country Digital Songs	Downloads	50	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by the number of downloads
Country streaming songs	Streaming	50	Most successful songs in the genre based on streaming numbers

Dance / Electronic

Chart name	Charter determination	Number of ranks	description
Dance club songs	Judging DJs	50	Measured on playlists compiled by various DJs on behalf of Billboard
Dance / Electronic Songs	Airplay + streaming + sales	50	Most successful songs in electronic dance music , measured against all factors. Important condition: The tempo. Remixes of songs from other genres are not taken into account
Dance / Mix Show Airplay	Airplay (plays)	40	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by the number of times a song was played on a genre-specific radio station
Dance / Electronic Digital Songs	Downloads	50	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by the number of downloads
Dance / Electronic Digital Streaming Songs	Streaming	25th	Most successful songs in the genre based on streaming numbers

Holiday

Chart name	Charter determination	Number of ranks	description
Holiday 100	Airplay + streaming + sales	100	Most successful winter songs , measured against all factors
Holiday Digital Songs	Downloads	50	Most successful winter songs, measured by the download numbers
Holiday Streaming Songs	Streaming	50	Most successful winter songs measured by streaming numbers
Holiday Airplay	Airplay (audience)	50	Most successful winter songs, measured by the number of listeners to the songs on genre-specific radio stations
Songs of Summer	Airplay + streaming + sales	20th	Most successful current summer hits , measured by all factors

International charts

Chart name	Charter determination	Number of ranks	description
Argentina Hot 100	Airplay + streaming + sales	100	Argentine singles charts
China Top 100	Airplay + streaming + sales	100	Chinese single charts
Euro Digital Song Sales	Sales	25th	Most successful songs in Europe based on digital and physical sales
Indonesia Top 100	Airplay + streaming + sales	100	Indonesian singles charts
Japan Hot 100			Japanese single charts
Korea K-Pop Hot 100			South Korean single charts
Mexican Airplay	Airplay	50	Mexican airplay charts
Mexico Espanol Airplay		30th	Mexican airplay charts based on Spanish-language songs
Mexico Ingles Airplay		30th	Mexican airplay charts based on English-language songs
Philippine Top 20	Airplay + streaming + sales	20th	Filipino singles charts
World Digital Song Sales	Sales	20th	Most successful songs in Europe based on digital and physical sales

jazz

Chart name	Charter determination	Number of ranks	description
Smooth jazz songs	Airplay (plays)	30th	Most successful songs of the genre, measured by the number of times a song was played on a genre-specific radio station

Canadian charts

Chart name	Charter determination	Number of ranks	description
Canadian Hot 100	Airplay + streaming + sales	100	Canadian single charts
Emerging Canadian Artist	Airplay + streaming + sales	30th	Ranking of the most popular Canadian newcomers Newcomers = First Hot 100 placement was not more than 12 months ago
Hot digital songs	Sales (digital)	75	Only takes into account the sale of downloads. Combines different versions of songs. Has an impact on the Hot 100
Hot 100 airplay	Airplay (audience)	75	Measured by the number of listeners during a radio play, Have an influence on the Hot 100
All-format airplay	Airplay (plays)	50	Most successful songs of the genre, measured by the number of times a song was played on a genre-specific radio station
CHR / Top 40 Airplay
AC airplay
Hot AC airplay
Country airplay
Rock airplay

Latin

Chart name	Charter determination	Number of ranks	description
Hot Latin songs	Airplay + streaming + sales	50	Most successful songs in the Latin Music genre , measured by all factors. Important condition: Sung in Spanish
Latin airplay	Airplay (plays)	50	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by the number of times a song was played on a genre-specific radio station
Latin digital songs	Downloads	25th	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by the number of downloads
Latin Pop Airplay	Airplay (plays)	50	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by the number of times a song was played on a genre-specific radio station
Latin Regional Mexican Airplay		40
Latin Tropical Airplay		25th
Latin Rhythm Airplay		25th	Most successful songs of Hispanic music based on the number of times a song was played on a genre-specific radio station
Latin Streaming Songs	Streaming	25th	Most successful songs in the genre based on streaming numbers

R & B / Hip-Hop & Rap

Chart name	Charter determination	Number of ranks	description
Hot R&B / hip-hop songs	Airplay + streaming + sales	50	Most successful songs of the genres R&B and hip-hop, measured by all factors
Bubbling Under R & B / Hip-Hop Singles	Airplay + streaming + sales	15th	Expansion of the Hot R & B / Hip-Hop songs by 15 places
R & B / Hip-Hop Airplay	Airplay (audience)	50	Most successful songs of the genre, measured by the number of listeners to the songs on genre-specific radio stations
R & B / Hip-Hop Digital Song Sales	Downloads	25th	Most successful songs of the genre, measured by the number of downloads
R & B / Hip-Hop Streaming Songs	Streaming	25th	Most successful songs in the genre as measured by streaming numbers
Mainstream R & B / Hip-Hop	Airplay	40	Most successful songs of the genre measured by how often the songs were played taking into account the audience
Adult R&B songs	Airplay (plays)	30th	Most successful songs of the genre, measured by the number of times a song was played on a genre-specific radio station
Rhythmic Airplay Charts	Airplay (plays)	40	Most successful songs that combine the genres of dance, upbeat, rhythmic pop, hip-hop and R&B, measured by how often the songs were played
Hot rap songs	Airplay + streaming + sales	50	Most successful songs in the rap genre , measured against all factors
Rap airplay	Airplay (audience)	50	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by the number of listeners to the songs on genre-specific radio stations
Rap digital song sales	Downloads	15th	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by the number of downloads
Rap streaming songs	Streaming	15th	Most successful songs in the genre based on streaming numbers
Hot R & B / Hip-Hop Recurrents	Airplay (plays)	20th	Most successful songs of the genre that fell out of the hot R & B / Hip-Hop songs and spent at least 20 weeks there
Hot R & B / Hip-Hop Recurrent Airplay	Airplay (plays)	20th	Most successful songs of the genre that fell out of the R & B / Hip-Hop Airplay and spent at least 20 weeks there
Hot R&B songs	Airplay + streaming + sales	25th	Most successful songs in the R&B genre , measured against all factors
R&B digital song sales	Downloads	15th	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by the number of downloads
R&B streaming songs	Streaming	15th	Most successful songs in the genre based on streaming numbers

Rock & Alternative

Chart name	Charter determination	Number of ranks	description
Hot Rock & Alternative Songs	Airplay + streaming + sales	50	Most successful songs in the rock genre , measured against all factors
Rock airplay	Airplay (audience)	50	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by the number of listeners to the songs on genre-specific radio stations
Rock digital song sales	Downloads	50	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by the number of downloads
Hot alternative songs	Airplay + streaming + sales	25th	Most successful songs in the alternative genre , measured against all factors
Alternative songs	Airplay (plays)	40	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by the number of times a song was played on a genre-specific radio station
Alternative digital song sales	Downloads	25th	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by download numbers, have an impact on Rock Digital songs.
Alternative streaming songs	Streaming	25th	Most successful songs in the genre based on streaming numbers
Mainstream rock	Airplay (plays)	40	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by the number of times a song was played on a genre-specific radio station
Adult Alternative Songs	Airplay (plays)	40
Hot hard rock songs	Airplay + streaming + sales	25th	Most successful songs in the hard rock genre , measured by all factors
Hard Rock Digital Song Sales	Downloads	25th	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by the number of downloads
Hard rock streaming songs	Streaming	25th	Most successful songs in the genre based on streaming numbers

Year, decade and all-time charts (selection)

Chart name	Number of ranks	description
Billboard's Top Songs of the '80s	500	Most successful songs of the decade, measured by their chart performance
Billboard's Top Songs of the '90s	500	Most successful songs of the decade, measured by their chart performance
Decade End Billboard 200 Albums	200	Most successful albums of the decade based on their chart performance
Decade End Top 100 Artist	100	Most successful musicians of the decade, measured by their chart performance
Decade End Hot 100 Songs	50	Most successful songs of the decade, measured by their chart performance
Decade End [Genre] Albums	50	Most successful albums of the decade broken down by genre, based on their chart performance
Decade End [Genre] Artists	50	Most successful musicians of the decade broken down by genre, based on their chart performance
Decade End [Genre] songs	50	Most successful songs of the decade broken down by genre, based on their chart performance
Greatest of All Time Billboard 200 Albums	200	Most successful albums of all time, measured by their chart performance
Greatest of All Time Billboard 200 Albums by Women	100	Most successful albums by female musicians of all time, based on their chart performance on the Billboard 200
Greatest of All Time Billboard 200 Artists	100	Most successful musicians of all time, measured by their chart performance on the Billboard 200
Greatest of All Time Billboard 200 Women Artists	100	Most successful female musicians of all time, measured by their chart performance on the Billboard 200
Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Artists	100	Most successful musicians of all time, based on their chart performance on the Billboard Hot 100
Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Women Artists	100	Most successful female musicians of all time, measured by their chart performance on the Billboard Hot 100
Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Songs	100	Most successful songs of all time, measured by their chart performance
Greatest of All Time [Genre] Albums	100	Most successful albums of all time broken down by genre, measured by their chart performance
Greatest of All Time [Genre] Artists	50 - 100	Most successful musicians of all time broken down by genre, measured by their chart performance
Greatest of All Time [Genre] Songs	50 - 200	Most successful songs of all time broken down by genre, measured by their chart performance
Year End Hot 100 Songs	100	Most successful songs of the year, measured by their chart performance
Year End Billboard 200 Albums	200	Most successful albums of the year based on their chart performance
Year End Top 100 Artist	100	Most successful musicians of the year, measured by their chart performance
Year End [Genre] Albums	100	Most successful albums of the year broken down by genre, based on their chart performance
Year End [Genre] Artists	50	Most successful musicians of the year broken down by genre, measured by their chart performance
Year End [Genre] labels	10	Most successful labels of the year broken down by genre, measured by their chart performance
Year End [Genre] songs	100	Most successful songs of the year broken down by genre, measured by their chart performance

Other charts

Chart name	Number of ranks	description
Artist 100	100	Most successful musicians, measured by chart placements and weeks in selected lists
Emerging 50	50	Most successful musicians who never entered the top 25 of the single or album charts and had a maximum of one song in the top 10 of the genre charts
Social 50	50	Most active musicians as measured by their social networks
LyricFind	25th	Most requested songs on the LyricFind website, categorized into Global and US
Next big sound	15th	Newcomer after evaluating the company Next Big Sound

Separate charts

Chart name	Withdrawal date	description
Comprehensive Music Video	unknown	Music DVDs as measured by physical sales
Hot video clips	unknown	Most successful music videos , measured in terms of digital sales, and TV plays on selected channels
Most played in juke boxes	June 17, 1957	Most successful songs in the USA, measured by jukebox plays. Categories: Pop, R&B & Country
Most played by jockeys	July 28, 1958	Most successful songs in the USA, measured by DJ plays Categories: Pop, R&B & Country
Best seller in stores	October 13, 1958	Sound carriers, measured by their importance for the trade, categories: Pop , R&B and Country & Western
Honor Roll of Hits	November 16, 1963	Most popular songs based on sales, DJ plays and surveys
Top 40 tracks	March 2005	Most successful songs of the genres Mainstream, Adult and Rhythmic, measured by the number of listeners to the songs on genre-specific radio stations
Country Singles Sales	2005	Commercial country singles as measured by physical sales
Pop 100	June 13, 2009	Most successful songs of the genre, measured by sales and the number of times a song was played on a genre-specific radio station
Pop 100 airplay	June 13, 2009	Most successful songs of the genres, measured by the number of times a song was played on a genre-specific radio station Had an impact on the Pop 100
Hot RingMasters	Early 2010s	Most successful real tones , measured by download numbers
European Hot 100 singles	December 11, 2010	Most successful songs in Europe based on physical sales
Global dance tracks	June 29, 2013	Most popular club songs worldwide, based on weekly polls
Hot Dance Singles Sales	2013	Most successful commercial dance songs in terms of sales and downloads . Remixes of songs from other genres are also considered
Hot ringtones	November 29, 2014	Most successful polyphonic ringtones in terms of download numbers
Euro digital tracks	November 29, 2014	Most successful songs in Europe, measured by the number of downloads
Philippine Hot 100	15th January 2018	Most successful songs in the Philippines measured by all factors
Brasil Hot 100 Airplay	2019	Most successful songs, measured by the number of people who listened to the songs
Dance / Electronic Album Sales	Late 2010s	Most successful albums by underground electronic dance music artists, based on physical and digital sales
Pop digital song sales	January 2020	Most successful songs in the genre, measured by the number of downloads
Jazz digital song sales
Classical Digital Song Sales
New Age Digital Song Sales
Blues digital song sales
Reggae digital song sales
Kid Digital Song Sales
Comedy digital track sales
Luxembourg Digital Song Sales	2020	Most successful songs in Luxembourg, measured by the number of downloads

Web links

Commons : Billboard (magazine) - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Official website of Billboard Magazine

Individual evidence

↑ N. Anand: Charting the Music Business: Magazine and the Development of the Commercial Music Field (p. 140) in The Business of Culture: Strategic Perspectives on Entertainment and Media on " Google Books "
↑ ^a ^b J. Broven :. p. 187: Record Makers and Breakers: Voices of the Independent Rock 'n' Roll Pioneers (p. 187) in University of Illinois Press on " Internet Archive "
↑ Donald G. Godfrey; Frederic A. Leigh: Historical Dictionary of American Radio (p. 45)
^ ^A ^b Don Gussow: The New Business of Journalism: An Insider's Look at the Workings of America's Business Press (pp. 32–33) on "Internet Archive"
↑ Sale Jonathan: Sixty years of hits, from Sinatra to… Sinatra on " The Independent "
^ Ed Dinger: Nielsen Business Media, Inc. International Directory of Company Histories. (P. 98)
↑ Frank Hoffmann: Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound (p. 212) on "Google Books"
↑ Cliff Radel: Entertainment & the Arts: Billboard Celebrates 100 Years Of Hits on " The Seattle Times "
↑ Hot 100 To Include Digital Streams on "Billboard"
↑ Steve Knopper: Fans React as Billboard Changes Charts Formula on "Rolling Stone"
↑ Billboard Christian & Gospel Charts to Get a Consumer-Focused Facelift on "Billboard"
↑ Chris Molanphy: I Know You Got Soul: The Trouble With Billboard's R & B / Hip-Hop Chart on " Pitchfork "
↑ Hot 100 News: Billboard and Nielsen Add YouTube Video Streaming to Platforms on "Billboard"
↑ Billboard to Alter Chart Tracking Week for Global Release Date on "Billboard"

[1] N. Anand: Charting the Music Business: Magazine and the Development of the Commercial Music Field (p. 140) in The Business of Culture: Strategic Perspectives on Entertainment and Media on " Google Books "

[record-2] J. Broven :. p. 187: Record Makers and Breakers: Voices of the Independent Rock 'n' Roll Pioneers (p. 187) in University of Illinois Press on " Internet Archive "

[historical-3] Donald G. Godfrey; Frederic A. Leigh: Historical Dictionary of American Radio (p. 45)

[new-4] A ^b Don Gussow: The New Business of Journalism: An Insider's Look at the Workings of America's Business Press (pp. 32–33) on "Internet Archive"

[5] Sale Jonathan: Sixty years of hits, from Sinatra to… Sinatra on " The Independent "

[6] Ed Dinger: Nielsen Business Media, Inc. International Directory of Company Histories. (P. 98)

[7] Frank Hoffmann: Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound (p. 212) on "Google Books"

[8] Cliff Radel: Entertainment & the Arts: Billboard Celebrates 100 Years Of Hits on " The Seattle Times "

[9] Hot 100 To Include Digital Streams on "Billboard"

[10] Steve Knopper: Fans React as Billboard Changes Charts Formula on "Rolling Stone"

[11] Billboard Christian & Gospel Charts to Get a Consumer-Focused Facelift on "Billboard"

[12] Chris Molanphy: I Know You Got Soul: The Trouble With Billboard's R & B / Hip-Hop Chart on " Pitchfork "

[13] Hot 100 News: Billboard and Nielsen Add YouTube Video Streaming to Platforms on "Billboard"

[14] Billboard to Alter Chart Tracking Week for Global Release Date on "Billboard"