Boří les

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Chapel of St. Hubertus
Date
The Boří les at the Temple of the Three Graces
Boří Les train station
Františkův rybník

The Boří les (German Theimwald , formerly also Theimer Wald or Teimerwald ) is a 2660 hectare forest area between Hlohovec ( Bischofswarth ), Břeclav ( Lundenburg ) and Valtice ( Feldsberg ) in South Moravia on the border with Austria . The Theimwald belonged to Lower Austria until 1920 . The pine forest in the Bernhardsthal district forms its southeastern branch . The forest, which was laid out on a barren sandy terrace in the 17th century, consists mainly of warmth-loving deciduous trees and pines; it is part of the Lednice-Valtice cultural landscape .

geography

The Boří les extends south of the Včelínek ( Niklasgraben ) with the Bischofswarther ponds to the Czech-Austrian border. The Thayaauen adjoin to the east . Surrounding settlements are Lednice ( Lednice ) and Novy Dvur ( Neuhof ) in the north, Charvátská Nová Ves ( Oberthemenau ) in the northeast, Poštorná ( Unterthemenau ) to the east, Bernhardsthal the southeast, Reintal in the south, Boří dvůr ( Theimhof ) and Katzelsdorf in the southwest, Celňák and Valtice in the west and Hlohovec in the northwest.

State roads I / 40 between Valtice and Poštorná and I / 55 between Reintal and Břeclav run through the forest . To the east, the Vienna – Břeclav railway runs through the Thaya floodplains. The branch line Břeclav – Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou crosses the forest; The Boří les – Lednice branch line branches off at Boří les station .

history

In the middle of the 13th century, the area stretching from Feldsberg to the Thaya belonged to the possessions of the Regensburg diocese and was called Regensburger Luz . Bishop Leo Thundorfer handed the Regensburg Luz in 1277 as a fief to Leutold I. von Kuenring-Dürnstein . Prince-Bishop Friedrich II von Parsberg gave the Taym or Regensburger Luz in 1439 as a Regensburg fiefdom to Georg zu Liechtenstein on Feldsberg and Nikolsburg ; this loan to the lords of Liechtenstein was regularly repeated up to the end of the 18th century.

In the 1660s, the owner of the Lower Austrian rulership of Feldsberg, Karl Eusebius von Liechtenstein , had the barren ridge east of Feldsberg forested. In his north Moravian rule he had thousands of one and a half fathoms high spruce and fir trees dug up and moved to the hill. His successors enlarged and beautified the forest so that it reached an area of ​​several thousand yokes . The princes of Liechtenstein used a large part of the Teimerwald for parforce hunts ; the other part served as a zoo and was surrounded by a high fence.

Johann von Liechtenstein had an expensive wall two and a half miles long and seven shoes high built from pressed bricks from a special mass invented by the princely architect Joseph Hardtmuth , which was cemented and whitewashed with lime. The entire forest served as a zoo and was stocked with red deer and fallow deer.

In the interior, the forest was cut through by several main avenues with lengths between 3050 and 620 fathoms as well as numerous hunting and riding paths. At appropriate points it was decorated with a deer, a fir forest and a deer corridor. At one of the highest points, the Jagdschlösschen Rendez-vous , designed as a triumphal arch, was built between 1810 and 1813 according to Hardtmuth's plans by the architect Joseph Kornhäusel .

On the northern edge of the forest, the Neuhof model estate was built from 1809 and the Temple of the Three Graces in 1824/25 .

Alois II of Liechtenstein had the neo-Gothic St. Hubertus Chapel built in the forest in the middle of the 19th century. The princely architect Georg Wingelmüller provided the plans for this in 1846 ; After the laying of the foundation stone in 1847, the project was suspended after Wingelmüller's early death; it was realized in 1855 by his successor Johann Heidrich . The festive masses before the Hubertus hunt were held at the chapel.

In the years 1871–1872 the Lundenburg-Nikolsburg- Grußbacher railway was laid out through the Theimwald; as a railway line was the Landshuterallee - one of the main Baroque avenues that straight Feldberg east over the Thaya to Landshut in Moravia used - led. As a result, the wall around the Theimwald was torn down in 1872/73. On the eastern edge of the forest, the Johann Fürst von Liechtenstein pottery factory was established in 1867 and ceramic clays were extracted. At the beginning of the 20th century, a forester's house designed by Carl Weinbrenner was built during the rendezvous .

After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, the newly founded Czechoslovakia claimed the Lower Austrian areas on the Lundenburg-Nikolsburg-Grußbacher railway for themselves. As a result of the Treaty of Saint-Germain , the Theimwald was incorporated into Czechoslovakia on July 16, 1920 together with Feldsberg, Unterthemenau, Oberthemenau and Bischofswarth and received the Czech name Boří les ; only the southeastern foothills near Bernhardsthal, known as the Föhrenwald , remained with the Republic of Austria.

In the mid-1930s, light bunker lines of the Czechoslovak Wall were built at the forest borders . In the course of the construction of the bunker, the additional Kaštany railway stop was created southeast of the forester's house at Rendez-vous , which was still operated under the name Lichtenau during the German occupation . After the Munich Agreement , Theimwald was added to the Greater German Reich in 1938 and belonged to the Nikolsburg district until 1945 . The Lundenburg-Unterthemenau army ammunition facility was built in the forest southwest of the Theimwald station ; the area of ​​the Muna had an area of ​​approx. 100 hectares and was developed with dozens of kilometers of siding. The Muna was guarded by an SS-Totenkopfverband under the command of Sturmbannführer Adolf Weiss. The Theimwald labor camp, consisting of two large barracks, was located near the Muna , the facade of which was adorned with the slogan Arbeit macht frei . It was divided into two camps: Theimwald A with approx. 200 prisoners as a branch of the Stein prison and the East Workers' Camp Theimwald B , in which 260 women and 60 men were housed in two separate departments. On April 21, 1945, the Red Army under Colonel General Schumilow, after fierce fighting with the retreating 8th Army under General Kreysing, took Unterthemenau and the Theimwald. The Red Army occupied the Muna and decided to blow it up, with the ammunition scattered in the forest. The clearing of the closed part of the Boří les, which began in the post-war period, was stopped due to the amount of ammunition after the area became part of the border zone after the construction of the Iron Curtain in 1948. The Iron Curtain ran south of the Boří les until 1990.

In the south-eastern part of the Boří les between the train station and the Reintal border crossing there are still larger quantities of unexploded ordnance from the Second World War, which were scattered there after the liquidation of the Muna.

natural reserve

There are two smaller protected areas in Boří les:

  • Rendez-vous national natural monument at the Rendez-vous castle and the pond of the same name
  • Františkův rybník nature reserve on the southern edge of the forest; it consists of three parts; in the largest (and middle) part is the Františkův rybník ( Franzteich ).

literature

  • Pavel Zatloukal (eds.), Pŕemysl Krejčiŕik and Ondŕej Zatloukal: The Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape . Foibos Books, Prague 2012.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Franz Hlawati: Bernhardsthal, contribution to the history of a Lower Austrian border town , Vienna 1938
  2. ^ Gregor Wolny : The Margraviate of Moravia, presented topographically, statistically and historically . Volume II: Brno District, Division I, Brno 1836, pp. 331–333
  3. ^ Pavel Zatloukal: Příběhy z dlouhého století-Architektura let 1750-1918 na Moravě a ve Slezsku . Olomouc: Muzeum umění + NPÚ Brno, 2002. ISBN 80-85227-49-5 . Pp. 196-197
  4. ^ Zdeněk Novák: Eisgrub-Feldsberg in Moravia. An important document of landscape design in Central Europe . In: Die Gartenkunst 6 (1/1994), pp. 89-104 (89).
  5. ^ Zatloukal: Die Kulturlandschaft , p. 64.
  6. ^ Zatloukal: Die Kulturlandschaft , p. 64.
  7. ↑ KVH Moravský Žižkov: Poštorenská továrna na smrt
  8. ^ KVH Moravský Žižkov: Koncentračního tábor Theimwald
  9. ↑ KVH Moravský Žižkov: Poštorenská továrna na smrt
  10. ↑ Břeclavský deník: Boří les hrozí municí i 68 let po druhé světové válce

Coordinates: 48 ° 45 ′ 23 "  N , 16 ° 48 ′ 35"  E