Johann I. Josef (Liechtenstein)

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Johann I. Josef of Liechtenstein. Portrait of Johann Lampi , Army History Museum
Johann I Josef von Liechtenstein, copper engraving by Franz Xaver Stöber

Prince Johann Joseph von Liechtenstein, Duke of Troppau and Jägerndorf (born  June 26, 1760 in Vienna ; †  April 20, 1836 ibid) was an Austrian field marshal and 10th Prince of Liechtenstein .

biography

Military career

Johann I Josef was born as the sixth child of Prince Franz Josef I and his wife Marie Leopoldine Countess von Sternberg . In 1782 he began his military career as a lieutenant in the Anspach cuirassiers. In 1783 he was Rittmeister.

During the Turkish war in 1790 he had already advanced to the position of Oberisten and commander of the Kinsky regiment of the Chevaulegers . In Croatia he took part in the campaign of the K. uk Croatian Army Corps under the command of Feldzeugmeister Joseph Nikolaus Baron de Vins in the occupied territories of Turkish Croatia . He distinguished himself during the Battle of Cetingrad .

Johann von Liechtenstein also distinguished himself in the First Coalition War , including in the battle at Avesnes-le-Sec . Therefore, he was appointed major general in 1794 . He decided the Battle of the Trebbia on June 19, 1799 , then took part - after he had been promoted to Lieutenant Field Marshal - on August 15 in the Battle of Novi and captured Cuneo on December 4 . After the Battle of Hohenlinden on December 3, 1800, he covered the withdrawal of the defeated Austrian army.

Although the Principality of Liechtenstein had fallen to him through the death of his brother Alois I. Josef on March 25, 1805 , as a Lieutenant Field Marshal in the war with France, he took command of an army corps and took part with the Austrian cavalry in the Battle of the Three Emperors near Austerlitz on March 2. December 1805. As an envoy from Austria, he first negotiated the armistice and later the peace at Pressburg . In 1806 he became Emperor Francis I appointed commander of the city and fortress of Vienna appointed. In 1809 he fought as commander of the cavalry against Napoleon's army at Aspern and Essling (May 21/22), Wagram (July 5/6) and Znaim and negotiated the armistice again. Following the resignation Archduke Charles Prince took of Liechtenstein on July 31 as generalissimo the supreme command of the army and closed on October 14, the Treaty of Schönbrunn on. Since the state could not raise the tribute payment of ten million guilders, Prince Johann Josef took over the guarantee for the banks. From September 12, 1809 he was field marshal. In the same year 1809 he left the Austrian Army as Commander in Chief and from then on devoted himself to his country.

Regency

Liechtenstein Castle at the foot of the castle of the same name
Memorial plaque in Mödling in today's Föhrenberge Nature Park

After the death of his childless brother Alois I Joseph , he inherited the majorate on March 25, 1805, making him the 10th prince and regent of the house. On July 12, 1806, Napoleon Bonaparte accepted the Principality of Liechtenstein as the 16th state into the Confederation of the Rhine - without asking the prince. The country thus received its sovereignty for the first time. Prince Johann I never signed the Rhine Confederation Act , still felt obliged to the emperor and formally ceded the land to his underage son Karl Johann . From 1806–1813 he led the government as a guardian and after the disintegration of the Rhine Confederation came back to the top of the government himself. In 1814/15 the country set up a small contingent against Napoleon and on June 8, 1815, by federal act, it became a member of the German Confederation , which was equivalent to a confirmation of sovereignty by the other states. On November 9, 1818, the prince enacted a state constitution. From 1812 he declared the Austrian General Civil Code (öABGB), the General Court Code, the Criminal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure to be binding for Liechtenstein (see FL-ABGB ). In 1805 he introduced the "normal school", compulsory schooling in Liechtenstein; In 1827 he passed a new school law for general public schools.

Builder and nature designer

Johann Josef is important as a natural designer. He designed English landscape gardens around the Liechtenstein castles in Austria and South Moravia, which he equipped with staffage structures, including artificial ruins in line with contemporary tastes .

In 1806 he bought the Liechtenstein family castle in Maria Enzersdorf / Lower Austria, which was lost in the 13th century, and rebuilt it in a romantic way. The extensive nature park around the castle extended over the Kalenderberg and the Kleiner Anninger to the Hinterbrühl and Sparbach . In 1820 he built the new classical Liechtenstein Castle at the foot of the castle rock . Most of the castle, palace and staffage buildings are now listed:

  • " Hussar Temple " on the Kleiner Anninger (a war memorial reminiscent of the Battle of Aspern in the form of a classical temple, actually a temple of war glory )
  • "Amphitheater" on the calendar mountain (an artificial ruin as a viewing point in a semicircular shape)
  • "Eye glasses" on the calendar mountain (an artificial ruin as a viewing point with two pointed arched windows)
  • "Pfefferbüchsel" on the calendar mountain (a chapel, which was so called because of its roof construction, today only the foundation walls are preserved)
  • "Black Tower" on the Kalenderberg (an artificial ruin in the form of a round tower)
  • Artificial ruin on the Rauchkogel
  • Artificial ruin on the Halterkogel
  • Köhlerhaus ruin (an artificial ruin in today's Sparbach Nature Park )
  • Diana Temple (an artificial ruin, also in the Sparbach Nature Park)

Landscape gardens were also laid out in the extensive Liechtenstein holdings in South Moravia (today the Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape ), and staffage structures were also erected for this, for example the " Temple of Diana " (a triumphal arch near Feldsberg Castle ).

He also had a park built at the then Liechtenstein castle in Hadersfeld , of which an obelisk has survived.

In Seebenstein the ruin was Türkensturz in Castle Loosdorf , for which he also redesigned the garden, the ruined castle Hansel .

Many staffage structures are no longer preserved, for example the “Phoenixburg” on the Kleiner Anninger, which was not far from the hussar temple.

In Wranau he had the family crypt, which had become too small, expanded by rebuilding the lower church.

tomb

Liechtenstein crypt in Wranau

After his death, Prince Johann I was blessed with military honors on April 23, 1836 from the Liechtenstein-Palais to the Michaelerkirche and later transferred to Wranau. Prince Johann I and his wife were buried in the New Crypt he built in the Liechtenstein family crypt in Wranau , north of Brno.

family

Prince Johann Josef married Josefa Sophie Landgräfin zu Fürstenberg-Weitra on April 12, 1792 in Vienna (* June 21, 1776, † February 23, 1848). This marriage resulted in 13 children together:

  • Leopoldine Maria Josepha (born September 11, 1793, † July 28, 1808); Grave site: Wranau
  • Prince Alois II Josef (born May 26, 1796, † November 12, 1858); Grave site: Wranau
⚭ 1831 Countess Franziska Kinsky von Wchinitz and Tettau ; Grave site: Wranau
  • Sophie Maria Josepha (born September 5, 1798 in Vienna, † June 17, 1869 there); Grave site: Wranau
⚭ 1817 Count Vinzenz Esterházy Baron zu Galántha († 1835); Princess Esterházy was the court lady of Empress Elisabeth and was immortalized in the "Sissy" films (portrayed by Helene Lauterböck )
  • Marie Josephine (born January 11, 1800 in Vienna, † June 13, 1884 ibid); Grave site: Ischl
  • Franz de Paula Joachim Josef (born February 25, 1802 in Vienna, † March 31, 1887 ibid), KuK field marshal lieutenant; Grave site: Wranau
⚭ 1841 Julia Countess Potocki; Great-grandparents of Prince Franz Josef II. (1906–1989) and ancestors of today's Princely House
  • Karl Johann Anton (born June 14, 1803 in Vienna, † October 12, 1871 in Ischl), 1806–1813 nominally regent of the principality; Grave site: Neulengbach
⚭ 1836 Rosalie Countess von Grünne , widowed Countess von Schönfeld (born March 3, 1805, † April 20, 1841)
  • Klothilde (born April 19, 1804, † January 27, 1807 Vienna); Grave site: Wranau
  • Henriette (born April 1, 1806 in Hermanestec, † June 15, 1886 in Ischl); Grave site: Ischl?
⚭ 1825 József Count Hunyady von Kéthely (born January 13, 1801 in Vienna; † March 9, 1869 ibid)
  • Friedrich (born September 21, 1807, † May 1, 1885 in Vienna); Grave site: Wranau
⚭ 1848 the kuk chamber singer Sophie Löwe (born March 24, 1811, † September 28, 1866)
  • Eduard Franz Ludwig (born February 22, 1809 in Vienna, † June 27, 1864 in Karlsbad); Grave site: Wranau
⚭ 1839 Honoria Countess Chonloniewska ad. Kowniacki (born August 1, 1813, † September 1, 1869)
  • August (Ludwig) Ignaz (born April 22, 1810 in Vienna, † May 27, 1884 ibid); Burial place: Wranau;
  • Ida Leopoldine Sophie (born September 12, 1811 in Eisgrub, † June 27, 1884 in Vienna); Burial place: Bechyne
⚭ 1832 Karl Fürst Couple (* 1806, † 1881)
  • Rudolf (born October 5, 1816 in Vienna, † June 19, 1848 in Vincenza through injury)

As prince, Johann I. Josef acquired various dominions, which he donated to his sons as a secondary and tertiary entrepre- neurship: 1820/21 Dominion Deutschlandsberg-Hollenegg (to Prince Franz de Paula), 1823 Neulengbach (to Prince Karl Johann) and 1831 Dominion Rosegg in Carinthia (to Prince Friedrich).

Title, salutation, coat of arms, awards

The full title of the prince was Prince von und zu Liechtenstein, Duke von Troppau and Jägerndorf , Count zu Rietberg , ruler of the House of von und zu Liechtenstein .

Since the imperial award of the title on June 3, 1760, all members of the house have had the salutation of Your Highness (written form: SD) and bear the coat of arms of the Princely Family.

In 1790, Colonel Prince Johann Josef von und zu Liechtenstein received the Knight's Cross of the Military Maria Theresa Order ; The commander's cross followed in 1796. After being appointed Field Marshal Lieutenant, the Grand Cross followed in 1799.

Prince Johann I was the 869th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece from February 12, 1806 , Austrian award.

reception

Year badge "Liechtenstein" of the Theresian Military Academy in Wiener Neustadt

Through the imperial resolution of Franz Joseph I on February 28, 1863, Johann I Josef Prince von und zu Liechtenstein was added to the list of the “most famous warlords and generals of Austria worthy of perpetual emulation” , and a life-size list in their honor and memory Statue in the Feldherrenhalle of the then newly established Imperial and Royal Court Weapons Museum (today: Army History Museum Vienna ). The statue was created in 1866 by the sculptor Vincenz Pilz (1816–1896) from Carrara marble and was dedicated by Johann II. Prince of Liechtenstein .

Namesake

The Kk Dragoon Regiment "Field Marshal Lieutenant Johannes Prince of Liechtenstein" No. 9 bore his name. In commemoration, the 2001 decommissioned class of the Theresian Military Academy in Wiener Neustadt chose the name “Liechtenstein Vintage”.

literature

Web links

Commons : Johann I. Josef  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : The Army History Museum Vienna. The museum and its representative rooms . Kiesel Verlag, Salzburg 1981, ISBN 3-7023-0113-5 , p. 36.
predecessor Office successor
Alois I. Prince of Liechtenstein
1805–1836 		Alois II.
personal data
SURNAME Johann I. Josef
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Johann Joseph Prince of Liechtenstein, Duke of Troppau and Jägerndorf
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Austrian Field Marshal, Prince of Liechtenstein
DATE OF BIRTH June 26, 1760
PLACE OF BIRTH Vienna
DATE OF DEATH April 20, 1836
Place of death Vienna