Croatia in the Danube Monarchy
Croatia in the 16th century
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The 16th century in the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia was largely marked by armed conflicts against the Ottomans. After the Battle of Mohács the Croatian nobility recognized in 1527 on the Sabor (Croatian Parliament) in Cetingrad by Cetin graders Charter to Ferdinand I of Habsburg as king of Croatia at, even in return for defense leadership against the Turks.
The parts of Slavonia conquered by the Ottomans and Turkish Croatia were heavily devastated, the number of inhabitants and the associated tax payments fell significantly during the 150 years of rule in Slavonia. The military border was created to defend against the Ottomans . The Slavonian and Croatian military borders were established in Croatia . Mainly Serbs were settled there, from which the Krajina Serbs emerged. Between the border defense systems on both sides, a large unpopulated forest area developed for about a hundred years at the end of the 16th century.
Croatia in the 17th to 19th centuries
Most of the Croatian territories were part of the Habsburg monarchy at the time .
In the 18th century there were no major wars against the Ottomans , but constant border raids were part of the appearance of that era .
With the Croatian Pragmatic Sanction of the Sabor in 1712, Croatia also recognized the inheritance right of the female line of the Habsburgs. However, with regard to the Hungarian nobility , this resolution was of Vienna never confirmed, but in 1723 idiosyncratic Croatia to an indissoluble part of the Hungarian Holy Crown explained.
Under the reign of Empress Maria Theresa , the Croatian areas experienced an economic boom. Meanwhile, the areas under Venetian rule continued to decline .
Coastal area
The Austrian coastal area developed on the one hand from the port cities of Rijeka (Fiume) and Kraljevica (Porto-Ré) under Charles VI. as an inner Austrian littoral, on the other hand from the 1746–1748 cameralized goods of the extinct count houses Frankopan and Zrinski with Trsat (Tersat) as a suburb and has since been placed as an Austrian littoral under the supervision of the Vienna Court Commerzienrat and the Trieste Maritime Authority.
In a narrower sense, this name excluded the Rijeka area . In 1776 the Austrian littoral was abolished, the coastal strip was divided into three counties and united with Croatia. The city of Rijeka, which Emperor Friedrich III. bought from the Lords of Walsee in 1471, was autonomous until 1746, was temporarily incorporated into the Kingdom of Croatia in 1776 , but in 1779 it was declared a separate and integral part of the Hungarian crown. After the end of the French Revolutionary Wars , Rijeka remained reunited with Hungary in 1823.
New capital
From 1756 Varaždin , a city north of Zagreb , became the de facto capital of the " Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia ". In 1767, Empress Maria Theresa founded the “Croatian Royal Council” with its seat in Varaždin. When a fire destroyed large parts of the city in 1776, this council moved to Zagreb.
centralization
Emperor Joseph II repealed the constitution of Hungary and carried out a centralization in his empire. When Joseph II had to return the constitutional rights to Hungary and Croatia under pressure from the domestic opposition , the Croatian parliament in Zagreb decided in 1790 to leave the Croatian counties under the power of the Hungarian government until Croatian territory was also occupied by the Ottoman and Croatian authorities Venetian ruled parts would include.
In 1782 serfdom was abolished and the right to religious freedom was introduced. However, Croatia remained divided: the city of Fiume and the area of the Croatian coastal region formed Hungary's access to the Mediterranean; Istria , including the jurisdiction, belonged to Austria; Dalmatia was also a crown land under Cisleithan administration, and the military border was a specifically organized part of the country.
Components of Croatian nation building
The Croatian countries have always been caught between Hungarian, Austrian, Venetian and Ottoman interests. That is why the recourse to the resolutions of the Croatian estates such as the Pacta Conventa and other historical documents - as evidence of uninterrupted centuries of autonomy - was an essential part of the Croatian nation building.
Croatian historiography was founded as a scientific discipline in the Franciscan Josephinian era . The national past has been comprehensively dealt with in multi-volume source editions , which have received increasing public feedback. Historiography thus became a means of mobilization for future national disputes, the direct consequence of which was the demand for political action for a free political life for the Croats .
With the gradual dissolution of the corporate constitution in Hungary and Croatia during the first half of the 19th century , the recourse to the historical constitutional law of the Croatians developed more and more into a political ideology for the enforcement of political claims within the Danube monarchy, which was related to the actual constitutional situation had little to do.
"Illyria"
From 1767 to 1777 Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia were called " Illyria " and ruled by an Illyrian court deputation in Vienna. Later, each of these areas formed a separate kingdom, but the military borders remained separate and retained their particular military constitution.
1809–1813 the area to the right of the Save belonged to the French Empire and formed the two Illyrian provinces " Croatie civile " and " Croatie militaire " . Since 1814 Croatia and Slavonia were again considered as countries of the Hungarian crown, as " partes adnexae " , as the Magyars , " regna socia " as the Croatians say, but with independent administration and language and special municipal freedoms, such as the privilege of Croatia paid only half the imperial tax and the same was passed on independently by the Zagreb Landtag (Sabor).
Illyrian movement
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Through the French Revolution , the term nation was reversed from a designation of the privileged aristocratic classes into the opposite of a generally unlimited social expansion of the claim to validity and brought about the discovery of national consciousness among the Croats as well .
Napoleon I brought the name Illyria for the southern Slavic territories back from oblivion in the years 1805 and 1809 to 1813 by establishing his "Provinces Illyriennes". After his decree of 1811, Slovene and Croatian territories: Carniola , Carinthia , Istria , civil Croatia , Dalmatia , Dubrovnik and the military border were under one administration for the first time .
The governor marshal Marmont , who administered the country from Laibach , the Illyrian capital, campaigned for the introduction of the vernacular, which he called Illyrian, in the public service and other domains. With this the stone was laid for the development of the “Illyrian” language and the Illyrian movement.
The main concern of the Napoleonic era, however, was the fact that under the French regime, for the first time in many centuries, the Croatian dispersed settlement areas were united.
After the great, if only temporary, changes of the Napoleonic period, the conflicts in Croatian-Magyar relations intensified, which was particularly evident in the struggle between the Croatian and Magyar representatives in the Hungarian Diet . The main question in this dispute appeared to be whether the Croatian representatives should use Hungarian or Latin at the meetings . This originally narrowly limited linguistic dispute took on much larger dimensions in the Hungarian Diets of 1840, 1843, 1847 and 1848 when the Magyars passed a law against the fierce opposition of the Croatian MPs, according to which immigration to the countries of the Hungarian crown including Croatia from should depend on knowledge of the Hungarian language. Likewise, instead of Latin, Magyar should become the official language in Magyar-Croatian communication. The consequences of this legislation and the fierce Croatian resistance to it made the language conflict the main factor, if not the ultimate reason, of Croatian anti-Magyar policy in the pre- March period .
So when Hungary tried to introduce the Magyar language as the official language around 1840, the Croats became bitter and the relatives of the Slavs of Hungary joined them. Count Drašković was the head of the Croatian "national" party, which wanted Croats, Slovenes and Serbs to unite into an Illyrian people, the kingdoms of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia into a three-united kingdom, and was published by Ljudevit Gaj (Ludwig Gaj) Area supported in its endeavors. In the county elections of 1842 there were bloody clashes between the Magyar and Illyrian parties, but the latter won.
The Croatians were easily won over by the emperor against the Hungarian nationality policy and against Hungary's chauvinist aspirations for great power in 1848, since they saw this fight as a fight against the Hungarian policy of Hungarianization.
Revolutionary years 1848/49
In the spring of 1848 the national party also stirred up in Croatia; the hatred of Magyarism was preached with all fanaticism and the unification of the Slavic regions of Carniola , Carinthia and Styria with Croatia was demanded. On March 23, 1848, the Croatian Josip Jelačić (Jellachich), a zealous national, was appointed Banus , who followed the advice of the National Committee and sat in open opposition to the Hungarian government, and even to the Viennese court itself.
Jelačić fought against the democratic revolution and on April 19, 1848 declared all relations with Hungary to be over. Following the popular will, he allied himself quite openly with the radical Illyrian party and accelerated the unauthorized opening of the state parliament in Zagreb, which took place on June 5th in the presence of numerous deputies from other Slavic countries through a speech by the Banu . But the Dalmatians, the Coastal Country and Rijeka (Fiume) did not send orders to the Diet, and an immediate quarrel broke out between Croats and Serbs over the borders of their territory.
In mid-June a Croatian deputation was sent to the emperor in Innsbruck , while the Hungarians had already obtained the manifesto of June 10th from the emperor, which rejected the Croatian demands under harsh criticism. As a result, the excitement among the southern Slavs increased, and after all attempts at mediation had failed and on August 31, 1848 the claims of the Croatians had received a kind of sanction from the emperor, the advance guard of the Croatian army crossed the Drava on September 11th . From now on the Croatians operated in agreement with the Austrian army to suppress the Hungarian revolution , which succeeded in August 1849. The imperial constitution of 1849 pronounced the separation of Croatia and Slavonia from Hungary, and the two kingdoms were united into a separate crown land, which also incorporated the coastal land and the city of Rijeka with their territory, while the Sirmian districts Ruma and Ilok (Illok) were incorporated the new " Voivodeship of Serbia " fell.
After the ten-year reaction period (1850–1860), the “ October Diploma ” appeared on October 20, 1860 , which the Croatians welcomed with joy; but the " February constitution " (of February 26, 1861) with its tighter centralization contradicted the Croatians' aspirations for autonomy. The first Croatian state parliament was dissolved because of its fierce opposition to the new constitution and its demand for a large South Slavic kingdom that was only linked to Austria through a personal union, and a new one was not appointed for several years. It was not until November 12, 1865 that a state parliament was opened again, in which there were immediately violent disputes between the Magyar and Slavic parties over the relationship with Hungary. The national party in Croatia, led by Bishop Strossmayer (Stroßmayr), wanted neither a general state constitution nor a renewal of the old union with Hungary, but a separate kingdom with the military border , Dalmatia and the Kvarner islands, and a responsible ministry. The Landtag , which was reassembled in December 1866, also raised this demand and flatly refused to send the Pest Reichstag to Parliament , whereupon it was dissolved on May 25th, 1867.
Hungarian-Croatian equalization
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The government now proceeded so decisively and decisively in the subordination of Croatia to the St. Stephen's Crown (the finances were subordinated to the Hungarian Ministry, Hungarian-friendly officials everywhere, including a new ban, Baron Rauch ) that the new elections, which at the end of 1867 a provisional electoral order resulted in a Magyar-minded majority, which at the Landtag opened in Zagreb on January 9, 1868 after the national opposition had resigned under protest, accepted dualism and reunification with Hungary in an address on January 29 elected a new Magyar- friendly Regnikolar Deputation. On July 25, this brought about a settlement with Hungary at Pest, so that Croatia send 2 deputies to the lower house of Reichstag 29 and to the upper house, apart from the Croatian magnates, who transfer 55 percent of the national income to Pest, 45 percent that was guaranteed by Hungary with 2½ million guilders, was to be kept for his special affairs; a minister for Croatia should sit in the Hungarian ministry, a government responsible for the state parliament headed by Ban in Zagreb , and Croatian as the official language . This compensation was ratified at the end of September, and on November 24, 1868, the Croatian deputies entered the Pest Reichstag after 20 years of separation .
With the Austro-Hungarian Compromise in 1867 and the Hungarian-Croatian Sub -Compensation, Croatia's relationship with Hungary was placed on a new basis, whereby Hungary's dominance remained in principle unaffected. The Hungarian Reichstag continued to have a right of supervision over the Croatian government and in particular over the Ban. The division of Croatia into different domains was increased insofar as Dalmatia remained in the western half of the empire and was politically dominated by the Italian ethnic group.
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In May 1870 the relationship between Rijeka (Fiume) was also arranged, with the city falling to Hungary and the coastal area to Croatia. The revised compensation of 1873 set the portion of income reserved for Croatia at 3½ million and the number of members of the Reichstag at 34. Through the imperial manifesto of August 15, 1873, the Croatian-Slavonian military border was also provincialized and placed under civil administration. A treaty was signed with Hungary in 1877 on the use of the border property. The complete annexation of the border with Croatia took place on July 15, 1881.
In the meantime, the incidents on the Balkan Peninsula since 1876 and the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878) had revived Greater Croatian agitation. A special Greater Croatian parliamentary group, the right-wing party , was formed in the state parliament and violently attacked Hungary and the Hungarian-appointed Banus. On the occasion of the installation of new Hungarian official signs, riots even broke out in August 1883, and extraordinary measures had to be taken to dampen them. The leaders of the right-wing party tried to prevent the state parliament's negotiations by brutal abuse and disruptions, but in vain, since the majority of the state parliament, the national party, held together. The main yeller, Ante Starčević (Starcevics), was eliminated in 1885 by sentencing to prison (for assaulting the Banus Count Khuen of Belasy ).
Political structure of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia
The Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia , Croatia-Slavonia for short (Hungarian Horvát-Szlavonország ), with the former Croatian-Slavonian military border, formed part of the countries of the Hungarian crown until 1918 . It bordered in the northwest on Styria , in the west on Carniola , Istria and the Adriatic Sea , in the south on Dalmatia , Bosnia and Serbia , in the east and north on Hungary and took up an area of 42,516 km², of which 13,639 km² was on Croatia , on Slavonia km² 9,638 km² and the former Military frontier 19,238 accounted for.
As a result of the agreements concluded with Hungary constitutional balance that possessed Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia in terms of internal administration, Education, Cultural Affairs and educational affairs and the judiciary an autonomy . Common were military, financial and monetary affairs, trade, commerce, banking and communications, maritime, commercial and mining law, and legislation on citizenship . In the Upper House of the Hungarian Reichstag Croatia dispatched except the archbishops, the bishops and the United provost of Zagreb Cathedral Chapter 3 MPs of the Croatian-Slavonian State Parliament (Croatian Sabor ), 40 chosen by the member of parliament, which also had the right to in the parliamentary negotiations Croatian Language to use.
The Sabor consisted of the Archbishops of Zagreb and Karlovac (Karlowitz), the Diocesan Bishops, the Zagreb Grand Provost, the Obergespanen , the Comes of the privileged Turopolje district , the magnates of age and 112 deputies elected for 3 years. The mediator between the kingdom and the crown was a minister without a portfolio (the Minister for Croatia-Slavonia-Dalmatia ), who had a seat on the Hungarian Council of Ministers .
The highest administration was exercised by the royal provincial government in Zagreb, headed by the Banus , who was responsible for the state parliament . The court authorities at last instance served the royal Septemviraltafel in Zagreb, in the second, the royal Banal panel and in the first instance 13 courts and 67 district courts. The financial administration was directed by the financial directorates in Zagreb and Osijek .
Political division
The political division of Croatia consisted of five counties in the 19th century : Zagreb , Bjelovar (Belovár), Rijeka (Fiume) (without the city of Fiume), Križevci (Kreutz) and the like. Varaždin (Warasdin); Slavonia, on the other hand, consists of three counties: Požega , Syrmia and Virovitica (Virovititz). The territory of the country also included the former Croatian-Slavonian military border (border area), which was divided into five districts ( Banater , Broder , Gradiškaner , Lika - Otočaner and Ogulin - Slunjer ). The counties consisted of several vice-counties, but the districts of districts.
From 1886 to 1918 Croatia, including the border area, was divided into the following eight newly formed counties:
- Lika-Krbava (Lika-Krbava), with the official seat of Gospić (and the cities of Karlobag (Carlopago) and Senj (Zengg)).
- Modruš-Rijeka (Modrus-Fiume), with the official seat of Ogulin (and the city of Bakar (Buccari)).
- Zagreb (Agram), with the official seat of Zagreb (and the cities of Sisak , Karlovac (Karlstadt), Petrinja and Kostajnica (Kostainitz)).
- Varaždin (Warasdin), with the official seat of Varaždin (and the city of Koprivnica (Kopreinitz)).
- Bjelovar-Križevci (Belovár-Kreutz), with the official seat of Bjelovar (and the town of Križevci and the fortress Ivanić).
- Požega (Pozsega), with the administrative seat Požega (and the main towns Pakrac and Nova Gradiška (New Gradisca)).
- Virovitica (Virovititz or Verőce), with the official seat of Osijek (Essek) (and the city of Brod ).
- Srijem (Syrmia or Szerém), with the official seat of Vukovar (Vukovár) (and the cities of Mitrovica (Mitrovitz), Semlin and Srijemski Karlovci (Karlowitz) and the fortress Petrovaradin (Peterwardein)).
The capital of the country was Zagreb (Agram).
Web links
literature
- Horst Haselsteiner: On the south Slav problem of the Austro-Hungarian balance. In: Adam Wandruszka (ed.): The Donaumonarchie and the South Slavic question from 1848 to 1918. Vienna 1978, pp. 48–56.
Individual evidence
- ^ Karl Kaser: Free farmer and soldier. To the customer of Southeast Europe. Böhlau, Vienna 1997, ISBN 3-205-98614-8 , p. 29ff.
- ^ Hannes Grandits: Family and Social Change in Rural Croatia (18th – 20th Century). (= To the customer of Southeast Europe 2/32) Böhlau, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-205-99486-8 , pp. 68f.
