Liechtenstein Castle
| Liechtenstein | ||
|---|---|---|
.JPG) Southwest view of the castle |
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| Alternative name(s): | Lichtenstein | |
| State : | Austria (AT) | |
| Location: |
Maria Enzersdorf , Austria
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| Time of origin : | at 1135 | |
| Castle type : | High castle, summit location | |
| Conservation status: | Receive | |
| Standing position : | Headquarters of the Liechtenstein family | |
| Geographical location: | 48° 6′ N , 16° 16′ E | |
| Altitude: | 300 m above sea level A | |
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Liechtenstein Castle is a hilltop castle in Maria Enzersdorf in the District of Mödling in Lower Austria . It stands on a rocky ridge at an altitude of about 300 m above sea level. A. and was first mentioned in a document in 1330. The House of Liechtenstein , after which the Principality of Liechtenstein , which they founded , is named, has its headquarters there. The progenitor of the noble family began building the castle around 1130. In the 13th century it fell to other families, and in 1683 it was largely destroyed during the Second Turkish Siege of Vienna . The princes of Liechtenstein bought back the ruins in 1808 and restored them in the Neo-Romanesque style . Since then it has been owned by the Princely House of Liechtenstein. The castle complex was the scene of film and literature and is under monument protection ( list entry ).
location description
Liechtenstein Castle is located south of Maria Enzersdorf on the edge of the former Liechtenstein landscape park at around 300 m above sea level. A. on the edge of the Vienna Woods in the Föhrenberge Nature Park , about 75 meters above the center of Maria Enzersdorf. It is built on an extremely narrow ridge of rock north of the Kalenderberg , which runs in an east-west direction and consists of dark (but lightly weathered ) Gutensteiner Kalk , Reichenhaller Rauhwacke and Steinalmkalk .
At the southern foot of the Burgberg, in a Baden conglomerate channel on the north-east edge of the Gaaden Basin , stands the later built Liechtenstein Castle .
story
prehistory
From the 11th century there was a small wooden castle on a mound of earth on the Großer Rauchkogel, about 600 meters north-west and 20 meters higher than today's site. This hill was surrounded by a rampart and a ditch. After 1100 the complex was expanded by the "Lords of Engilschalchesdorf" (today: Maria Enzersdorf).
edification time
In the years 1135 to 1140 a follower of the lords of Schwarzenburg-Nöstach , Hugo von Petronell (also: Hugo von Mödling ; Weikersdorf ; Leesdorf ) built the first parts of today's castle complex. It consisted only of a stone residential tower with an adjoining chapel . The Romanesque chapel and some walls on the lower floors , some of which have been heavily reworked , are still preserved. The castle was initially named after the light color of the rock ("light stone") Liechtenstein. After the castle was built, Hugo von Petronell named himself Hugo von Liechtenstein after her. Thus he is regarded as the progenitor of the House of Liechtenstein . Liechtenstein Castle was part of a "fortress belt" made up of several castle complexes that ran along the eastern edge of the Vienna Woods, the Thermenlinie , to ward off attacks from the east. It was also the task of the castle to monitor and protect the road from Vienna via Heiligenkreuz to the Triesting Valley. The castle was first mentioned in a document as "haus ze Liechtenstein" in 1330. However, it is not certain whether the castle was still owned by the Liechtenstein family at that time. On January 14, 1249, Heinrich von Liechtenstein received the rule of Nikolsburg as a fief from Ottokar II of Bohemia . As a result, the interests of the Liechtenstein family increasingly shifted to the southern Moravian region . Your ancestral castle thus lost its importance until it passed to the sovereign Duke Albrecht III. came.
1367 to 1808
Duke Albrecht III. may have handed over the castle to the Lords of Walsee . In 1267 Ulrich de Pair was named as administrator of the castle. Dietmut von Liechtenstein-Rohrau inherited the castle from her father. Through her marriage to Leutold von Stadeck , after Dietmut's death in 1295, the castle came into the possession of the Lords of Stadeck , who continued to expand it. In 1384, the Lords of Stadeck pledged Liechtenstein Castle and its goods to Counts Hermann and Wilhelm von Cilli . Under Duke Albrecht IV , the castle once again became sovereign as a "discontinued" fiefdom. On his behalf, the mercenary leader Jan Holuberzi occupied the castle, married the widow of the former caretaker and also took over the caretakership. Around 1480, Liechtenstein Castle was damaged by the army of the Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus . In 1494 Maximilian I sold the lordship of Liechtenstein to the brothers Sigmund and Heinrich Prüschenk , but handed it over to Bartholomäus Freisleben, a former armory master from Innsbruck , just six years later. In 1529, the castle was conquered for the first time by Ottoman raiders during the first Turkish siege of Vienna. In 1533, after the siege, the fief went to Georg Freisleben on the condition that the castle be rebuilt. The castle was in his possession until 1558. The next owner, Andreas Freiherr von Pögl , united the dominion of Liechtenstein with his previous dominion of Mödling . A sketch of the castle comes from a letter from this owner. Since the piece of mail is dated December 29, 1569, it is probably the oldest known depiction of the castle. It shows the defenses after the reconstruction and redesign after being destroyed by the Ottomans in 1529.
The two dominions of Liechtenstein and Mödling came into the possession of his brother-in-law Wilhelm von Hofkirchen in 1584 . In 1592 they came into the pawn shop of Hans Khevenhüller , who belonged to the barons of Aichelberg. He handed over the castle and the other goods to the administration of Georg Wiesing. He built an estate at the foot of the castle hill, which stood on the site of today 's Liechtenstein Castle . The castle itself may not have been habitable by then. When the Transylvanian voivodes under the leadership of Stefan Bocskay invaded , the castle was again damaged. Makeshift renovations could not stop the further decay. In 1613 the previous pledge came into free ownership of the Khevenhüller family. Despite its ruinous condition, the castle was still described as a "fortified place of refuge" in 1683 during the second Turkish siege of Vienna. The engraving by Georg Matthäus Vischer from 1672 shows a largely intact castle. The Ottomans almost completely destroyed the castle during the second Turkish siege of Vienna in 1683, leaving behind a ruin. In 1684 the von Waffenberg family acquired the ruins and the estate. In 1777 it came into the possession of Josef von Penkler . He carried out the first security measures and had the object made accessible through stairs and corridors in 1779. In 1799 the ruins came into the possession of Prince Stanislaus von Poniatowski , a nephew of the last Polish king, Stanislaus II August Poniatowski .
Castle owned by the Liechtenstein family
In the early 17th century, the House of Liechtenstein had attained the dignity of imperial princes. In the early 18th century, he succeeded in becoming ruler of a territory directly related to the empire, which was henceforth called the Principality of Liechtenstein . In 1808, Prince Johann I von und zu Liechtenstein bought the ancestral seat of his ancestors and Mödling Castle , including the estates. In the years 1820 to 1821 he built the castle below the castle, which is now used as a retirement home. In the years that followed, he had the landscape park around the ruins designed as a romantic landscape garden and built several artificial ruins. 1808 to 1816 the first restoration measures were carried out by the architect Joseph Hardtmuth . A knight's hall and a castle dungeon were installed. In addition, the chapel was made usable again. After Princess Franziska and Prince Johann II von Liechtenstein had already had Wartenstein Castle , acquired in 1870 , restored historically, construction work was also resumed in Liechtenstein in 1884 and the Viennese architect Carl Gangolf Kayser , who at the same time designed Kreuzenstein Castle on behalf of Count Johann Nepomuk Wilczek built, entrusted. Kayser carried out the restoration work with the greatest possible protection of the preserved components and paid particular attention to the preservation of the inner room structure. He also wrote an exact description of the existing building elements and rooms, i.e. the historical elements. Kayser died in the midst of this work in 1885. As with Kreuzenstein Castle, the architect Humbert Walcher Ritter von Moltheim was entrusted with the continuation. The restoration was completed in 1903, starting in 1899 with the involvement of Egon Rheinberger for the interior design. Although an attempt was made to give the castle its medieval appearance again with extensive construction work, the layout of the rooms and the storey heights were changed. The keep was completely redesigned from the second floor and expanded in the style of historicism. The original tower was significantly lower. A modern staircase was built next to it. The old Pankratius chapel, which was largely preserved, was repaired. Numerous medieval and early modern spolia and figures from the Liechtenstein family and from Kreuzenstein Castle were used in the restoration. Despite the extensive investments, Liechtenstein Castle - like Kreuzenstein - was no longer intended for residential purposes, but as a structural documentation of the Middle Ages.
In 1945 the castle was in the main battle line of the Second World War and was severely damaged during the Soviet occupation . The interior and the archive were looted and damaged. Later it was handed over to the Boy Scouts , who took care of the restoration and set up a youth center in it. The complex, which combines the Romanesque and Historicism styles, was restored between 1949 and 1953. From 1960 to 2007 the castle was administered by the market town of Maria Enzersdorf and used as the home of the Maria Enzersdorf scouts and from 1995 as a wine museum. Since the municipality of Maria Enzersdorf could not finance the renovation of the castle, the lease was terminated in 2007.
Todays use
.JPG)
The castle was closed for security reasons from 2007 to 2009 due to construction defects. In 2008 and 2009 it was renovated and got a new roof. The castle has been open to the public again since spring 2010.
From 1983 to 2012, the Nestroy Festival , directed by Elfriede Ott , took place every year in the castle courtyard (from 2007 on the western castle wall) . The castle has been managed since 2007 by the Wilfersdorf estate and forestry operation of the Prince Liechtenstein Foundation. Guided tours are offered daily between March and October.
architecture
Liechtenstein Castle is a towering Romanesque hilltop castle that can be seen from afar and was modified and expanded several times up until the 17th century. After the destruction of large parts of the complex, the castle was reconstructed and expanded from the 19th century, including the medieval remains. On the south-east side, an elongated, walled courtyard connects to the main bailey.
fortifications
To the south, below the rocky outcrop, a long, almost rectangular courtyard with enclosing walls extends over the entire length of the castle . The outer ring wall has a battlements running inwards or protruding on the west side. This wall was subsequently reinforced or lined in the 14th and 16th centuries . Partial crenellations , key and slot slits as well as defensive noses were created. Around 1900 this defensive wall was partially rebuilt or reconstructed. The eastern part of a 16th-century rondel to the south was renewed around 1900. On the west side is the former entrance to the castle, a Gothic pointed arch portal from the 15th century with a cantilevered battlement from the 16th century. An almost rectangular second gate building on the east side of the castle dates mostly from the 15th and 16th centuries. The portals are pointed arches, the gateway is barrel-vaulted . The gate building was reconstructed around 1900. In the courtyard there is a former boundary stone with the year "1669". To the east of the castle, a kind of outwork was built around 1900, today's entrance portal. Its design was adapted to the Bering in the east. On the fortification wall, machicolations and corner staircase bays are attached to the battlements.
castle building
The castle building consists of Romanesque ashlar masonry , which was heavily revised in the 19th century, partially replaced or plastered over. Some medieval architectural parts were skipped or supplemented. New portal and window openings were created. The three-storey castle building is a mighty, elongated and towering compact structure, which refers to the topography and the rock shape in height, width and roof shape. At the west end, the keep connects to the castle building, at the east side a kind of gate tower. The varied silhouette is determined by the components defined as separate structures in the roof zone around 1900: the south-east side, the chapel wing in the east and the palace and residential tower area. They are each separated from the other components by a hipped roof from around 1900. In relation to the large surface area of the facade, the windows are relatively small and economical in the form of slits, twin windows or with a rounded arch frieze at the end. The palas is accentuated by a massive round bay window open in arcades, which rests on powerful figural consoles under the eaves. The transition between the palace and the keep forms an irregular three-sided building, which is set off by a cantilevered crenellation. There is a cloakroom in this area of the southern facade . The north-west side is characterized by projections and recesses of the facade and differently designed window openings, window shapes and gables.
gate tower
On the narrow north-east side, a towering, almost square gate tower with a stone pyramidal helmet crowned by a stone cross adjoins the castle building. It is placed in front of the lower Romanesque chapel in the north-west and builds over it in the apse area. In the lower area, the masonry is Romanesque and has deep round-arched slit windows. The cantilevered area was built around 1900 and has twin windows and four figurative romanizing reliefs. To the side of the gate tower is a lower gate building under a half-hipped roof. The arched portal of the former high entrance has an iron-clad gate from the Middle Ages. The gate tower can be reached via a long staircase built around 1900. Inside, it leads to the chapel. Today, this gate system with a wooden ceiling and late medieval beams and twin windows forms a kind of vestibule for the chapel. A round-arch portal leads to the narrow north-east access passage, which used to be a battlement. The gate tower on the top floor is designed as a loggia. In the basement, which you can access through an entrance to the right of the gate tower, there is a former gate ward , which you can access through a narrow, arched portal built around 1900. The Zwinger was also given a segmental barrel vault around 1900.
castle chapel
The castle chapel is dedicated to Saint Pancratius ; it adjoins the residential tower to the east.
The chapel originally stood free on three sides. In the area of the apse it was built over by the choir tower until about 1220. It is a longitudinally rectangular Romanesque hall that was built between 1170 and 1180. The semicircular apse is drawn in and structured by semi-columns with cube capitals as well as a strong round arch frieze and a dentil frieze. The architectural details were partially revised or renewed at the end of the 19th century. On the south side are two narrow arched windows in a funnel reveal. On the north side of the chapel there is a rectangular portal in a round arch frame with quarter columns and cube capitals.
The ribbed vault of the chapel rests in the corners of the hall on semi-columns with cube capitals. A round-arched triumphal arch with quarter columns and a rounded bulge separates the hall from the apse, which is raised by one step. The former gallery to the west of the chapel can be accessed through a round-arched opening from the former residential tower. Her 14th-century carved wooden parapet is from Italy .
The furnishings consist of a stone altar and a limestone relief on the west wall of the chapel, which depicts the Man of Sorrows . The relief is in the Venetian Gothic style and dates from the first half of the 15th century.
Former residential tower
The former residential tower was built between 1170 and 1180. It adjoins the castle chapel in the west and has not been recognizable as an independent part of the castle complex since the renovation work in the 19th century. The three-storey part of the building has a rectangular floor plan and slit windows. The Romanesque masonry of the cistern in the basement was largely not reworked, on the first floor the original walls disappeared behind the partition walls that were built around 1900.
access corridor
The former long, narrow, three-storey battlement, today's access passage, connects the Palas on the north side along its entire length on all levels. The corridors on the floors are connected by a narrow staircase. On the first floor, the access passage is divided into two sections by two arched portals built around 1900, on the second floor there is a high-quality marble relief of St. Jerome from the first quarter of the 15th century from Salzburg . The walkway has slits at the level of the basement.
Palas
basement
The basement of the palace is partially built into the rock. Access is through a round-arched portal built around 1900 on the side of the gate tower. The former kitchen is a lower rectangular room tripartite by set arched walls over massive bases, the western arched wall is medieval. The two eastern walls were drawn in based on the medieval partition wall and both sections were provided with longitudinal barrel vaults. The part that is irregularly closed on three sides, the former outdoor area, has a medieval wooden beam ceiling and a brick fireplace.
First floor
The rectangular "Miners' Hall" was opened to the former battlement by two round arches on a neo- Romanesque central column and carries an ornamental and figuratively carved wooden barrel vault from the end of the 19th century with small remains of painting, which rests on presumably medieval stone consoles. In the Knappensaal there is a relief of St. George in Venetian Gothic style from the 15th century.
The "Saal" is a rectangular room lit by twin windows with a wooden beam ceiling from around 1900. To the west is the " Kemenate ", a small room with an irregular floor plan. The fireplace is partly medieval and was added around 1900. From the bower you get to the outhouse .
Second story
All former living rooms have wooden tram ceilings , some of which have carved decorations. They were restored around 1900 using medieval parts. On this floor there are numerous northern Italian reliefs from the 13th to the 15th century, including the depiction of an enthroned Madonna , which probably comes from Tuscany . There are also two marble reliefs depicting Saints Pantaleon and Archangel Michael . Two depictions of birds of prey can be seen on two circular reliefs.
men's stairs
The Herrenstiege, created around 1900, is a representative three-course pillared staircase in the west between the Palas and the keep on an irregular, pentagonal floor plan. It has an open central shaft and a high stone parapet with a stone handrail. The staircase is space vaulted . The capitals in relief and the console were partially reused and supplemented around 1900. Some of them come from Italy.
keep
The keep was originally free and connected to the Bering. The five-storey tower has a rectangular floor plan. The bottom two floors are made of Romanesque ashlar masonry with slit windows from the first half of the 13th century. The higher floors have neo-Romanesque twin windows. The keep was towering around 1900 and differentiated and distinctive in the upper area and built over with a wedge roof. On the top floor it has a projecting outer corridor on consoles and a round corner bay window, which is preceded in the south-west by a lower, narrower porch, which is Romanesque in its core and rebuilt around 1900 and which was used as an escape route in the past.
The first brick museum in Lower Austria is housed in the basement and on the first floor. In the so-called red fireplace room on the second floor there is a stone fireplace and North Italian lion figures from the 13th century. A Gothic relief of Saint Agnes on the print was created in northern Italy in the first half of the 15th century. A spiral and carved wooden staircase set around 1900 leads to the third floor with the "tower room" with a wooden ceiling resting on stone consoles from the 14th or 15th century. There is a massive stone fireplace in the room. A spiral staircase on the side leads to the "Turmstube" on the fourth floor with a wooden beam ceiling with remains of paintings and a domed round oriel porch. There is also a stone fireplace on the fourth floor.
Buildings of the Liechtensteiners in the area
Under Prince Johann I of Liechtenstein , Liechtenstein Castle, which stands to the south of Liechtenstein Castle , which was still unrestored at the time, was built as a summer residence in 1820-21. Previously there was an estate in its place , which was destroyed in 1683 and rebuilt from 1686. In the 19th century, a multi-winged castle was built from the complex.
In the years 1808-1810, artificial ruins ("staffage buildings") and replica castles, which were common at the time, were built, creating a coherent first English landscape park in Austria from the calendar mountain (or also called Liechtenstein) to Sparbach:
| photo | Construction year | Surname | location | description | metadata |
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coal house |
Sparbach Nature Park location |
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Temple of Diana |
Sparbach Nature Park location |
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1810/11 | Black Tower |
location |
Built in place of a former watchtower (documented 1596) of Mödling Castle |
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circa 1818/19 | pepperbox |
location |
an artificial ruin of a chapel |
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around 1807 | eye glasses |
location |
a wall with two lancet window openings |
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1810/11 | Amphitheater (Colosseum) |
southeast of Liechtenstein Castle in Maria Enzersdorf location |
built as a Roman ruin with 16 arches with massive pillars combined with Doric columns |
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Rauchkogel ruins
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Rauchkogel , Maria Enzersdorf location |
a round tower made of rubble masonry |
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around 1826 | Roman wall |
in Hinterbrühl on the Halterkogel site |
Wall fragment with arched openings |
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.JPG)
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1813 | hussar temple |
at the small Anninger location |
Joseph Kornhausel
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| Phoenix Castle (also Destroyed Troy) |
destroyed in the place of an alleged Pfennigstein Castle, a bit north of the hussar temple on the Phönixberg, an extension of Kleiner Anninger. Today there is a summit cross (phoenix cross) in its place. |
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But buildings were also built in the wider area:
- the ruins of the Türkensturz near Seebenstein .
reception
Movie
Liechtenstein Castle as well as Kreuzenstein Castle and the Votive Church in Vienna were film locations for the film adaptation of the historical novel by Ken Follett, which was published in 1989 under the title The Pillars of the Earth . The book and film are set in 12th-century England. The plot focuses on the construction of a huge Gothic cathedral in the fictional town of Kingsbridge. Donald Sutherland and Ian McShane starred in the 2009 film adaptation of the novel . The sequel Die Tore der Welt from 2015 was also partially filmed at Liechtenstein Castle.
In the silent film Beethoven by Hans Otto Löwenstein from 1927, the castle appears several times in the background during Beethoven's walks. For the film The Three Musketeers from 1993 , Castle Kreuzenstein, Vienna and the Seegrotte Hinterbrühl were also filmed in Liechtenstein Castle.
literature
Between 1790 and 1820, Josef Alois Gleich wrote numerous novels with tales of knights, robbers and horror, most of which took place around Vienna. Emperor Franz II did not feel comfortable with the popularity of his novels and had the censorship of these books tightened and, from 1810, the sale of the books was partially banned. According to the Baden local historian Gustav Calliano , the "exciting reading" of the horror stories led to the "comfortable old Viennese" mobilizing for the first time and setting off from their stuffy city apartments to the ruins of Greifenstein , Merkenstein and Liechtenstein. The townspeople wanted to personally discover the places where the crimes in the novels were committed or where noble damsels threw themselves to their deaths. Visiting the places also led the Viennese to discover the beauty of the landscape.
To say
According to legend, it came to life on bright full moon nights at Liechtenstein Castle. Shy mountain men, who otherwise stayed deep inside the mountain, came out of the mountain on those nights and did all sorts of mischief. One evening a girl who forgot the time while picking berries strayed into the castle and surprised the shy creatures. At the sight of the girl, the males disappeared quickly inside the mountain. What remained was a whining dog of the mountain men. After the first shock, the girl wanted to pet the dog, but it turned to stone. In 1827, Johann I von Liechtenstein had a dodecagonal lookout tower built on the Hundskogel. On this was a stone dog sitting on a ball. After the control room was demolished in 1848, the dog was brought to Maria Enzersdorf, where it still stares at the hikers with blind eyes today.
There are also three legends about the origin of the name of the castle:
One says that the lord of the castle of Arenstein lived with his niece Anna von Wagau on the Enzersdorf fortress near Mödling. One evening a castle spirit appeared as a dwarf and presented the lord of the castle with a glowing gemstone and instructions to install it on the highest pinnacle of the keep. According to the words of the dwarf, "soon there will be rejoicing in these halls." Just a few days later, a noble knight demanded admission to the castle. It was Otto von Liechtenstein from Styria . This knight courted Anna's favor and the two eventually married. In the middle of the party, the door to the hall suddenly opened and an army of dwarfs came in and played music and danced. When they disappeared again, the glow of the stone on the pinnacle also went out, since the master of the house himself was the "bright stone".
In another legend, a large, glowing stone was found one day while digging for treasure. Its glitter was brighter than that of the moon and stars, as bright as the light of the sun. Many people fought over the stone until a rich man bought it for a large sum. This is how the finder came to great wealth and built a mighty castle over the place where it was found and called it "Liechtenstein".
A third legend also deals with the history of the origins of Liechtenstein Castle. In a long time ago there was a castle on the Rauchkogel . At that time Austria was at war with Hungary. Therefore, there was a camp below the castle. One of the knights in the camp got along well with the daughter of the lord of the castle, but he didn't want to know anything about their love. For this reason, the damsel and the knight met secretly when the father was out hunting. A small fire on the ledge was a sign for the knight that he could go up to the castle. One day, however, the two were betrayed by a beggar woman and the lord of the castle ambushed them and threw the knight over the wall. The daughter of the lord of the castle wanted to stop her father, but she got too close to the fire and was burned in a bright fire. The rest of the castle was also ignited by the fire and all that remained was a column of black smoke. From then on, a black dog crept around the burnt ruins and loud whimpering and lamentations were heard during the night. However, the young knight survived the fall and built a castle on the opposite mountain. In a window from which one could see the Rauchkogel, he placed a crucifix in front of which candles burned day and night. He called his castle "Liechtenstein". With his death, the spook on the Rauchkogel also ended.
literature
- Market town of Maria Enzersdorf: Guide to Liechtenstein Castle . Maria Enzersdorf 1982.
- Franz Skribany: Feste Liechtenstein: a brief description of their structural origins and varied fates from the first historical evidence to the most recent present, including a description of the interior of the castle and its most important facilities and art treasures . Verlag Gschmeidler, Mödling 1924, 3rd edition.
- Peter Aichinger-Rosenberger (edit.), Christian Benedik (contributions), Federal Monuments Office (ed.): Lower Austria south of the Danube . Part 2: M to Z . Dehio Manual . The art monuments of Austria, topographical monument inventory. Verlag Berger, Horn/Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-85028-365-8 , pp. 1308-1311.
web links
- Official website of Liechtenstein Castle
- Evelin Oberhammer: Liechtenstein (castle and rule). In: Historical Encyclopedia of the Principality of Liechtenstein .
- Entry about Liechtenstein Castle on Burgen-Austria
- Entry about Liechtenstein Castle on Burgenwelt
- Felix Rosché: The Castle on the Outskirts . In: Arbeiter-Zeitung . Vienna October 15, 1957, p. 7 ( The website of the Arbeiterzeitung is currently being redesigned. The linked pages are therefore not accessible. - Digital copy).
- beautifulcastles.de
itemizations
- ↑ Lower Austria - immovable and archaeological monuments under monument protection. (PDF), ( CSV ). Federal Monuments Office , as of January 23, 2019.
- ↑ Benno Plöchinger : The results of the new geological survey of the Anninger area (Lower Austria). In: Yearbook of the Federal Geological Survey , Volume 122, 1979, p. 432 ( zobodat.at [PDF; 4.3 MB]).
- ↑ a b Geological Federal Institute : Presentation service cartographic model 1:50,000 - geology
- ↑ Peter Aichinger-Rosenberger (edit.), Christian Benedik (contributions), Federal Monuments Office (ed.): Lower Austria south of the Danube . Part 2: M to Z . Dehio Manual . The art monuments of Austria, topographical monument inventory. Berger, Horn/Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-85028-365-8 , p. 1308.
- ↑ a b c d e f entry about Burg Liechtenstein on Burgen-Austria (accessed on July 11, 2019)
- ↑ a b c d Timeline of Liechtenstein Castle (accessed 11 July 2019)
- ↑ Peter Aichinger-Rosenberger (edit.), Christian Benedik (contributions), Federal Monuments Office (ed.): Lower Austria south of the Danube . Part 2: M to Z . Dehio Manual . The art monuments of Austria, topographical monument inventory. Berger, Horn/Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-85028-365-8 , p. 1308f.
- ↑ Gut Wilfersdorf
- ↑ Evelin Oberhammer: Liechtenstein (castle and rule). In: Historical Encyclopedia of the Principality of Liechtenstein . (accessed July 11, 2019)
- ↑ Official Website - Opening Hours (accessed 11 July 2019)
- ↑ Peter Aichinger-Rosenberger (edit.), Christian Benedik (contributions), Federal Monuments Office (ed.): Lower Austria south of the Danube . Part 2: M to Z . Dehio Manual . The art monuments of Austria, topographical monument inventory. Berger, Horn/Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-85028-365-8 , pp. 1308 and 1310.
- ↑ a b Peter Aichinger-Rosenberger (edit.), Christian Benedik (contributions), Federal Monuments Office (ed.): Lower Austria south of the Danube . Part 2: M to Z . Dehio Manual . The art monuments of Austria, topographical monument inventory. Berger, Horn/Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-85028-365-8 , p. 1309.
- ↑ Peter Aichinger-Rosenberger (edit.), Christian Benedik (contributions), Federal Monuments Office (ed.): Lower Austria south of the Danube . Part 2: M to Z . Dehio Manual . The art monuments of Austria, topographical monument inventory. Berger, Horn/Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-85028-365-8 , p. 1309 f.
- ↑ a b c d e f Peter Aichinger-Rosenberger (edit.), Christian Benedik (contributions), Federal Monuments Office (ed.): Lower Austria south of the Danube . Part 2: M to Z . Dehio Manual . The art monuments of Austria, topographical monument inventory. Berger, Horn/Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-85028-365-8 , p. 1310.
- ↑ a b c d e Peter Aichinger-Rosenberger (edit.), Christian Benedik (contributions), Federal Monuments Office (ed.): Lower Austria south of the Danube . Part 2: M to Z . Dehio Manual . The art monuments of Austria, topographical monument inventory. Berger, Horn/Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-85028-365-8 , p. 1310 f.
- ↑ a b Peter Aichinger-Rosenberger (edit.), Christian Benedik (contributions), Federal Monuments Office (ed.): Lower Austria south of the Danube . Part 2: M to Z . Dehio Manual . The art monuments of Austria, topographical monument inventory. Berger, Horn/Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-85028-365-8 , p. 1311.
- ↑ Peter Aichinger-Rosenberger (edit.), Christian Benedik (contributions), Federal Monuments Office (ed.): Lower Austria south of the Danube . Part 2: M to Z . Dehio Manual . The art monuments of Austria, topographical monument inventory. Berger, Horn/Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-85028-365-8 , pp. 1494-1495.
- ↑ the castle. In: Liechtenstein Castle. 2019, retrieved September 3, 2019 .
- ↑ Structures on the Anninger in anninger.heimat.eu (accessed on March 11, 2020)
- ↑ "The Pillars of the Earth as an international film event with ORF participation" in ORF customer service (retrieved on March 24, 2019)
- ↑ a b Angelika Marton/Karin Tauner: "31 international film hits and blockbusters that were filmed in Austria" on tv-media.at (published on January 16, 2019; retrieved on March 24, 2019)
- ↑ Johannes Sachslehner / Robert Bouchal : Legendary Vienna Woods. Myths, fates, mysteries, Vienna 2007, Pichler Verlag, ISBN 978-3-85431-436-3 , p. 31 f
- ↑ Johannes Sachslehner/Robert Bouchal: Legendary Vienna Woods. Myths, fates, mysteries, Vienna 2007, Pichler Verlag, ISBN 978-3-85431-436-3 , p. 37
- ^ "Die Bergmanderln auf dem Liechtenstein" in moedlingkleinestadtganzgross.at (accessed on July 11, 2019)
- ↑ "How the Liechtenstein Fortress got its name I" in moedlingkleinestadtganzgross.at (accessed on July 11, 2019)
- ↑ "How Liechtenstein Castle got its name II" in moedlingkleinestadtganzgross.at (accessed on July 11, 2019)
- ↑ "Der Lagerstein am Rauchkogel near Enzersdorf III" in moedlingkleinestadtganzgross.at (accessed on July 11, 2019)
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