Brenner doctor

Sign of a law firm in Bolzano with what appears to be ten doctorates in law

Sign of a commercial law firm in Bolzano with what appears to be a fully qualified workforce

Brenner doctor is an unofficial name for South Tyrolean academics who have a doctorate due to a degree at bachelor or master level (or diploma or master’s level ) , although no doctorate has been obtained.

Originally, the term Brenner doctor referred to South Tyroleans who had completed a diploma course in Austria and called themselves "doctor" after returning to South Tyrol via the Brenner Pass . The burner doctor a South Tyrolean was so when he was in Austria by a university for master's or graduate engineer advanced, this level due to the equivalence to an Italian Laurea -Studiengang in Italy dottore had to acknowledge and finally this item by hand as a doctor translated into German. Today the Brenner doctor stands for any South Tyrolean use of the doctoral degree without a doctorate, regardless of whether it is an Austrian or Italian degree (as dottore ).

The term is mainly used in South Tyrol and Austria, but it was also made known in Germany in 2016 through press reports. Since then, the term has been used beyond the South Tyrolean context as a synonym for false doctoral degrees and title abuse in general.

background

All academics in Italy who have completed a bachelor's ( laurea ) or master's level ( laurea magistrale ) degree have the right to use the title dottore or dottore magistrale . The doctorate Doctor corresponds to the 1980 introduced dottore di ricerca . Before the Bologna reform was implemented in Italy in 1999 , diploma courses were completed with the laurea and the title dottore .

In South Tyrol it is common - ignoring the various levels of academic training and international conventions - all dottore grades due to the linguistic similarity to German as a doctor or Dr. transferred to. This also includes academic degrees acquired in German-speaking countries, provided they have been recognized in Italy. The originally acquired German-speaking degrees are used relatively rarely in South Tyrol. For this reason, it is a common practice for bachelors, masters, magisters, graduate engineers, dottori and holders of other university diplomas in South Tyrol to award the title of Dr. to bear in front of the name.

This translation practice, which has been common for decades, takes place in a legal gray area, as the abbreviations of dottore and dottore magistrale are not regulated by law in Italy. It is true that throughout Italy the equivalent abbreviations for dottore are dott. and dr. (or dott.ssa and dr.ssa for the feminine form dottoressa ) are the most common, but due to a lack of regulation, the capitalized abbreviation Dr. (for dottore ) not against article 498 of the Italian penal code ( codice penale ) on using false titles. However, there are statements from the Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) and the Free University of Bozen , responsible for the recognition of Austrian degrees , according to which a clear distinction must be made between dottore (dott.) And doctor (Dr.), since these are degrees acts on different levels. The Free University of Bozen recommends using the Austrian degree (and only within Italy alternatively the title dott.) Even after the degree has been recognized and makes it clear that Dr. is reserved for graduates of doctoral procedures. Universities throughout Italy even speak against the lower case abbreviation dr. / dr.ssa from.

The situation is different with the written forms of the titles, since these are precisely defined with dottore , dottore magistrale and dottore di ricerca ; Changes (such as translations) are therefore excluded here. MIUR, the Free University of Bolzano and representatives of the South Tyrolean provincial government have already clearly underlined that the Italian degree dottore must not be translated as “doctor”.

In general, academic degrees and titles are never translated into language. Equivalent designations for degrees or titles in the respective other language result from the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) of UNESCO . These can be cited as an explanation for the title given in the original language, for example in résumés. According to the current revision from 1997, dottore , dottore magistrale as well as Bachelor and Master are classified at ISCED 97 level 5. Doctor and dottore di ricerca are classified at level 6. In addition, the ISCED 97 mapping of Italy lists the equivalences of dottore with Bachelor and dottore magistrale with Master. Accordingly, the MIUR only cites the original titles dottore and dottore magistrale (and no linguistic translations) in information texts for German-speaking students and explains the underlying courses as Bachelor, Master or Magister courses.

Title tour in South Tyrol

Due to the habit described, it is common in South Tyrol to use the following titles for the following degrees.

study graduation	Official degree	Title used in South Tyrol (German-speaking context)	Title used in South Tyrol (Italian context)
laurea	dottore	Dr.	dott.
laurea main line	dottore magistrale	Dr. ⁽¹⁾	dott. (also dott. mag.)
dottorato di ricerca	dottore di ricerca	Dr. ⁽²⁾	Dott. Ric.
Bachelor	BA, B.Sc., B.Eng.	Dr.	dott.
master	MA, M.Sc., M.Eng.	Dr. ⁽¹⁾	dott.
Magister	Like.	Dr.	dott.
diploma	z. B. Dipl.-Ing. or DI	Dr. ⁽¹⁾	dott.
promotion	Dr., Dr. phil., Dr. rer. nat., Ph.D ...	Dr. ⁽²⁾	Dott. Ric.

⁽¹⁾ If an Italian engineering degree is completed or, through recognition of a foreign degree, the dott. ing. acquired (not every degree abroad with a degree in engineering or M.Eng. is also considered an engineering degree in Italy), it is customary in the German-speaking context in South Tyrol to refer to this as a Dr. Ing. To lead. The same applies to architects who do not have a doctorate and who are awarded the Dr. Arch. Lead.

⁽²⁾ The doctoral degree acquired during the doctorate is usually not used or is not used in addition to the Brenner doctor "Dr.", which was acquired before the doctorate.

Instead of the equivalent abbreviations dott. and dr. In South Tyrol, the capitalized abbreviation “Dr.” is used for dottore in the German-speaking context . Since the abbreviations are not used equally but depending on the linguistic context, dott is transmitted orally . in dottore and by Dr. in doctor. Brenner doctors usually don't just use the abbreviation Dr. for dottore , but call themselves a "doctor" and can be addressed as a "doctor".

The feminine form of dottore is dottoressa , which is abbreviated as dott.ssa or dr.ssa . In South Tyrol the abbreviation takes place with Dr. ⁱⁿ . Ladin academics sometimes abbreviate dottore with dut. from. If several degrees at Bachelor's or Master's level are obtained in different (albeit closely related) subjects, the titles DDr., DDDr. etc. led. This has not yet been the case with bachelor's degrees and master’s degrees based on them in the same subject. The degrees Dr. ⁱⁿ and DDr. do not exist in Italy and are identical to the abbreviations used in Austria for doctorate or multiple doctorates (multiple doctorates).

The academic degrees originally acquired in Austria or other countries (e.g. Mag.), The long doctoral degree (e.g. Dr. rer. Nat.) Or even doctoral and master’s degrees (or another equivalent degree) are combined extremely seldom performed in South Tyrol. This may apply to academics whose degree is not recognized in Italy (e.g. Mag. Theol. ). However, for example, in lists of names - following the German model - often only doctoral degrees and no other academic degrees are given, which means that Brenner doctoral titles do not appear as equivalent diploma or master’s degrees. In rare cases, the master’s degree or doctor’s degree in long form is deliberately used in its correct form; these exceptions are sometimes accused of arrogance, as their name suffix is longer than the only academic title “Dr.” customary in South Tyrol.

As similar, purely linguistic translations of professore and studente , teachers in middle and high schools can be addressed as professors, and some high school students refer to themselves as students. In addition to the opinion that all academics are doctors (Brenner doctors), the opinion is widespread in South Tyrol that all university teachers and all lecturers - regardless of their employment relationship with the university - are professors. Lecturers at the Free University of Bozen sometimes refer to themselves as professors or contract professors (as a translation of professore a contratto ). In 2016, University President Konrad Bergmeister drew a parallel between the so-called contract professors and the Brenner doctors and complained: "Unfortunately, this is the typical South Tyrolean title economy."

Deviating from the meaning of dottorato in Italian as a term exclusively for the doctorate (other degrees are referred to as laurea ), “doctorate” in South Tyrol usually means a degree at Bachelor's or Master's level. Similar different meanings can also be found for doctor mother , doctoral supervisor, doctorate and dissertation. If a doctorate is explicitly required in job advertisements, a “research doctorate” or “doctorate (PhD)” is often used to avoid misunderstandings.

The Brenner doctor abroad

The leadership of the Dr. South Tyroleans with no doctorates on business cards, door signs, in the telephone directory and on the Internet is so widespread in South Tyrol that it cannot be avoided that South Tyroleans also lead the Brenner doctor in German-speaking countries or give them a doctor's degree there from third parties, both verbally and in writing is set, although the use of false doctoral degrees is prosecuted there.

In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the form in which domestic and foreign academic degrees are held is based on the university's award certificate. Changing the degree awarded is not permitted. Even the transfer of a foreign degree to the equivalent domestic degree (e.g. a diploma in the corresponding licentiate in Switzerland) is not permitted. The unauthorized use of academic degrees is generally prohibited.

The criminal liability of unjustified title use is regulated differently in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In all three countries, the unauthorized use of doctoral degrees affects federal criminal law, provided that it results in fraud (e.g. Switzerland: Article 146 StGB), unfair competition (CH: Articles 3 and 23 UWG) or fraudulent property damage (CH: Article 151 StGB) is fulfilled. Even if this is not the case, misuse of titles, job titles and badges in Germany is punishable by imprisonment of up to one year or a fine in accordance with Section 132a of the Criminal Code. In Austria, the unauthorized use of academic degrees and titles in accordance with Section 116 of the University Act is an administrative offense punishable by a fine of up to € 15,000, unless a court-relevant criminal offense is also given. In Switzerland, universities - with the exception of the federal technical universities and technical colleges - are cantonal. The unauthorized use of academic degrees is regulated differently in the criminal law of the cantons and therefore sanctioned differently.

Discussion in the press and politics

Until the 1990s, the use of the doctoral degree by South Tyroleans who did not hold a doctorate was only covered in sporadic discussions on letters to the editor - especially in the largest local newspaper, the Dolomites .

Austrian and South Tyrolean press (2002–2005)

The topic first received more attention when it became known in 2002 that the CEO of the Austrian HypoTirol bank Josef Prader, who was originally from South Tyrol, was doing a doctorate without having obtained a doctorate. Then the headline "Hypo scandal [sic.] Is expanding: CEO Josef Prader illegally holds doctorate" through the Austrian press. According to Prader's own statement, the burner doctor in Austria was led out of ignorance at the time, and he subsequently renounced titles as a matter of principle.

The South Tyrolean local press took up the topic for the first time in 2003. In his article "Oh my Dottore - study title: The pretty Italian way South Tyroleans deal with academic consecrations" in the Südtiroler Wochenmagazin ff , Hans Karl Peterlini addressed the use of the title Dr. and Dr. ⁱⁿ by local politicians who did not have a doctorate during the election campaign. He spoke of a confusion of terms about doctor, dottore , doctorate and doctorate. In this article, Günther Mathá, then director of the academic services of the Free University of Bolzano, explained the difference between dottore and doctor and mentioned that the university's graduates were made aware of this fact.

In 2005, a letter to the editor criticized the use of doctoral degrees by graduates of the Free University of Bozen after three years of bachelor's degree, from which a discussion developed in which the transition to correct title management was demanded. The above-mentioned statement of the Italian Ministry MIUR was used to distinguish between dottore (dott.) And Doktor (Dr.). The supporters of the Brenner doctor only felt confirmed by the Italian laws governing the management of the dottore (the common translation into "doctor" was not mentioned) and finally ended the discussion with an opinion that the doctoral degree was for graduates of diploma courses (or laurea courses) with above-average performance was considered quite appropriate.

Request in the South Tyrolean Parliament (2006)

In 2006 the Greens in the person of Hans Heiss in the South Tyrolean state parliament asked about the use of academic degrees in South Tyrol and about the legality of the translation of dottore into "doctor", which was answered by the then regional councilor for German schools Otto Saurer . The answer explained the legal basis of the Italian dottore grade and concentrated on the abbreviation "Dr.", which is common in South Tyrol. This is tolerated in Italy, and since there is no other legal regulation for the abbreviation of dottore in Italy , the transfer from dottore to Dr. in a “lawless area”, whereby the principle is applied that everything that is not prohibited is absolutely permitted. In addition, the translation of the Italian dottore into Dr. happened in South Tyrol at a time when abroad the doctorate was generally still awarded after four years of study (e.g. English studies Dr. Phil. according to St.GB. No. 165/1945). The full word "doctor" should not be used by a dottore without a doctorate.

After 2006, the discussion shifted back to letters to the editor and the Internet. In 2011, for example, a letter to the editor in which Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg was ironically invited to South Tyrol as a result of the plagiarism affair and to continue his doctorate there, opened a discussion in which again the use of doctoral degrees through bachelor's degrees and the use of titles in South Tyrol in general were criticized .

Statements from the university and state government (2011–2012)

Since 2011, the Free University of Bolzano has explicitly explained the difference between dottore (dott.) And doctor (Dr.) on its website and underlined that the doctorate is only available to graduates of doctoral studies (Ph.D.). In the same year, then Governor Luis Durnwalder - from 1997 to 2002 President of the Board of Directors of the Free University of Bozen, since then Honorary President - made a similarly clear statement in an online question and answer session in response to a question about the inflationary use of the doctoral degree (Dr.) in South Tyrol: “I am also convinced that we have inflation in the stocks. Regulations are needed here. Only research doctors and medical professionals should have a doctorate. "

The South Tyrolean provincial government expressed a different opinion on the Internet in 2012. When asked by a citizen about the use of the burner doctor in the South Tyrolean state parliament and about the possible consequences of this abuse (this year 21 of 35 MPs had a doctorate, only 3 had a doctorate), the state government replied that this question was so technical that it must be forwarded to the experts of the state administration. They came to the conclusion that there was no abuse at all, since Italian universities would generally award doctoral degrees when recognizing Austrian degrees. A week later, another citizen specified that Italian universities do not award doctoral degrees (Dr.), but dottore- grade (dott.) And asked the state government how it could still be that the doctor (Dr.) could be carried out, too if this was not acquired in Austria or Italy. The experts from the State Department of Education, University and Research contacted then followed the line of argumentation given by State Councilor Saurer regarding the abbreviation Dr., which is used in a legally free area in which everything that is not prohibited is permitted. The doctor in full form was not mentioned in this answer. Shortly afterwards, the Südtiroler Wochenmagazin ff, against the background of the plagiarism affairs discussed in the press at the same time, made a critical commentary on the state government's response.

South Tyrolean press article (2015)

In 2015, the topic of the Brenner Doctors again received greater public attention. In the article “A Dr. who is none”, Maria Giuri-Pernthaler described the dubiousness of the Brenner doctor's practice in the Südtiroler Wirtschaftszeitung . When asked, the regional administration confirmed to the journalist that only one of the six “doctors” in the South Tyrolean regional government - Martha Stocker - is rightly entitled to this degree, namely because of a doctorate. In an interview attached to the article, Günther Mathá, director of the Free University of Bolzano since 2012, again explained the various academic degrees. He stated that the Free University of Bolzano would recommend using the original degree even after foreign degrees as dottore have been recognized and advocated generally using academic degrees correctly or, alternatively, dispensing with them as a name affix. About three months later the article "Doktorspiele" by Anton Rainer followed in the Neue Südtiroler Tageszeitung , in which u. a. the wrong doctorates were discussed in the South Tyrolean provincial government and which spoke out against the management of doctoral degrees by Brenner doctors. In a table in the article, the correct Italian and Austrian academic degrees belonging to the various degrees were listed. With reference to the article in the Südtiroler Wirtschaftszeitung - where this was already requested - the South Tyrolean provincial government was asked to act.

Proposal for a resolution in the South Tyrolean Parliament (2015)

On May 12, 2015, Hans Heiss, together with Brigitte Foppa and Riccardo Dello Sbarba from the Green parliamentary group, submitted the resolution “Put an end to academic counterfeiting by a 'Dr. Südt. ': The institutions of the state should ruthlessly pursue title claims ”in the South Tyrolean state parliament, which was discussed in the session on July 15, 2015. The motion for a resolution described the management of the "Dr." by non-doctoral students as abuse. The burner doctor was u. a. "Embarrassing exception in Europe", "have long been quietly tolerated imposture", "embarrassing [r] custom label academic fraud" and "chronic [ n ] form [ s ] of academic self-aggrandizement" called. In the motion for a resolution, the South Tyrolean provincial government was asked to (1) clarify the legal situation regarding academic title management in cooperation with its own legal offices and the Free University of Bozen, (2) to send a circular in this regard to the provincial administration, other public institutions and schools as well as to the population disseminate and (3) urge the executives in the state administration, other public institutions and schools to pay attention to appropriate titles in their sphere of activity and to ensure their application. In the application, reference was made to the role model function of the state administration and schools.

Embarrassingly, the Landtag officials involved put the names of all three signatories of the motion for a doctorate in front of the names that were not in the original text of the Greens, although only Hans Heiss had a doctorate. When asked by the Neue Südtiroler Tageszeitung, Brigitte Foppa said: “What can I say, I've asked so often that the titles should be omitted from our applications. But we are even spelled wrong on the door signs. "

In the discussion in the state parliament, the resolution proposal received cross-party approval, but there were also critical voices. Albert Wurzer found it unfair if someone adorns himself with false academic titles, but he himself would dott the Italian title. don't like to lead. In addition, the effort to implement the application is very high, as it would set an avalanche rolling. Tamara Oberhofer's contribution to the discussion made it clear that Wurzer's statement should be seen against the background that it is still common in South Tyrol to be addressed with academic titles. She showed understanding that Wurzer does not want to be addressed as dottore (although Wurzer did not mention his Austrian degree as a graduate engineer in this discussion). Like Wurzer, Waltraud Deeg also doubted the feasibility of the application in view of its size. Wurzer, Oberhofer and Deeg supported the motion in principle - like other members of parliament who expressed themselves critically. Support also came from Governor Arno Kompatscher , who, however, also had doubts about the feasibility. He is embarrassed if, for example, he is addressed as a “doctor” in Vienna. He also stated that the state government appears on the Internet without degrees. The doctoral degrees were deleted from the website of the South Tyrolean provincial government after the meeting. Hans Heiss replied to the criticism of the feasibility that the application did not require immediate implementation, but wanted to point out abuse.

In the vote, parts (1) and (2) of the proposed resolution received a majority, but part (3), which goes beyond mere information and aims to implement the correct title management at least in public institutions in South Tyrol, received a majority with 15:15 votes one abstention on a stalemate in the state parliament and thus missed the required majority.

First consequences of the state parliament decision (2015-2016)

According to a statement by Brigitte Foppa, at the request of the Greens, the burner doctoral degrees were removed from door plates and documents of the parliamentary group immediately after the state parliament decision, whereas the other parliamentary groups did not follow this example for the time being. Governor Arno Kompatscher deleted the title from correspondence and business cards. The Dr. but are in front of his name on many pages, such as that of the South Tyrolean Parliament. Assuming the accuracy of this and previous information, Dr. put in front of the name by third parties at home and abroad even after the state parliament decision.

Immediately after the state parliament decision, the South Tyrolean students' union changed the information about the title on their website to the new line of the state parliament, which until then had essentially reproduced the statements of regional councilor Otto Saurer from 2006. Among other things, it was made clear that the Dr. titles often used in South Tyrol after Bachelor's or Master's degrees were "free title translation [s]", which were "academically incorrect", which is why they are also referred to as "Brenner doctor" .

In a guest commentary in the Südtiroler Wirtschaftszeitung on July 31, 2015, Hans Heiss observed that the desire for recognition and public attention played a major role in the manageable South Tyrolean society. This “narcissism typical of the country” would be reinforced by certain local media. The academic self-exaggeration that has been common for years is an expression of this. He saw it as a gratifying step forward that a South Tyrolean parliament at the age of 13 came up with the wrong Dr. decorative members have decided to take on this matter, although it remains to be seen whether this small breakthrough was successful.

In May 2016, Hans Heiss submitted a request to the then Regional Councilor for Family and Administration Waltraud Deeg regarding the implementation of the resolution proposal that had been partially accepted about a year earlier . This stated that the concern was not a priority, and there had been an internal recommendation in the state administration that the application of the title should be “weighed up”. In addition, she explained: "There is the special situation in South Tyrol to consider, which one has to be aware of." In response to a request from the Neue Südtiroler Tageszeitung, Deeg confirmed the sending of an internal e-mail without any obligation. Further circulars would be the responsibility of the director general of the state administration Hanspeter Staffler . Ultimately, she pleaded for the complete omission of academic degrees and titles and pointed out that she would not use her master's degree (Mag.) Acquired in Austria. Anton Rainer commented on this in the Neue Südtiroler Tageszeitung: “That's right: Deeg still operates as 'Dr.' on the website of your department staff.” As a result, all academic titles were removed from the cited website. Like many other local politicians, Deeg also had a "Dr." title in other contexts, including on the website of the South Tyrolean Parliament and in her answer to Hans Heiss' request, in which she put "Dr." in front of the name led.

On June 30, 2016, the head of the school authority and department director Peter Höllrigl ordered the German school authority in South Tyrol to “omit the academic title in all letters of any kind”. The education authority considered this radical solution to be necessary “to avoid incorrect information”. The Neue Südtiroler Tageszeitung added: “The measure only affects the employees of the Head of Education Höllrigl. The teachers themselves are exempt from this, as each school can decide autonomously how to handle the titles of its teachers, also known as professors in middle or high school. "

Media attention in Germany (2016)

At the end of May 2016, the Handelsblatt published an interview with the CEO of Sixt Leasing AG, Rudolf Rizzolli, who comes from South Tyrol , in which he was asked about his 18 years unjustified doctoral degree. Among other things, Sixt had made a doctorate from a degree corresponding to the diploma at an Italian private university in the stock market prospectus of April 2015: “Dr. Rizzolli earned his doctorate in business administration from the University of Luigi Bocconi. ”Rizzolli reacted with surprise and after consulting his legal advisers, declared that from now on he would only lead the legally acquired dottore . As a result, the Sixt Leasing AG website was corrected.

According to the Handelsblatt, Der Spiegel and other German media took up the story, using the term "Brenner doctor" and explaining it. In South Tyrol, the Neue Südtiroler Tageszeitung and the Südtiroler Wochenmagazin ff took up the topic again. About a year after the state parliament debate in 2015, the ff commented: "In South Tyrol, the topic of the Brenner doctor has disappeared back into the drawer, but anyone who reads the economic sections of German newspapers is now familiar with the phenomenon."

Circular from the General Director of the South Tyrolean Provincial Administration (2017)

On September 14, 2017, more than two years after the corresponding state parliament decision , General Director Hanspeter Staffler had a circular distributed in which the use of the title by the South Tyrolean provincial administration was newly regulated. The letter essentially comprised the following points:

In an international context, in official files and documents as well as in correspondence abroad, the title Dr./Doktor should only be used for doctorates with a doctorate.
Within the state administration, the use of titles should be completely dispensed with in signage and in oral and written salutations.
Titles in signatures in e-mail or correspondence as well as in contexts in which a designation is necessary should appear either in their original foreign or in their recognized Italian-language form.

The measure was justified with the aim of "in the course of modernizing our administration" to refrain from an "ambiguous or inappropriate translation into German" and instead to orientate oneself to international customs.

Staffler explained to Südtirol Online the duration of the implementation of the state parliament decision of 2015 as follows: “We first had to clarify the legal situation”. The door signs are now being replaced step by step by those without a title, but only in the case of new appointments and relocations, because the costs of this new signage are still unclear. In correspondence from the state administration - for example in e-mail signatures - the academic degree may still be stated, "but the correct one," as Staffler put it. The Südtiroler Wochenmagazin ff commented: “In the future, public administration employees will only be allowed to use titles that are also based on academic achievements.” And the Neue Südtiroler Tageszeitung: “And so all of a sudden, supposed doctors become masters or dottori. If they still dare to use their academic title. "

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c "Rudolf Rizzolli - The burner doctor at Sixt Leasing" , article by Sönke Iwersen in the Handelsblatt from May 31, 2016.

↑ ^a ^b ^c "Sixt Leasing AG: Boss incorrectly awarded doctorate" , Spiegel Online , June 1, 2016.

↑ ^a ^b Originally, the right of all university graduates to use the dottore goes back to Royal Decree 1269 of June 4, 1938 .
This was adapted by the Italian government with the ministerial decrees 509 of November 3, 1999 and 270 of October 22, 2004 to the Bologna reform . These ministerial decrees regulate, among other things, the degree titles dottore , dottore magistrale and dottore di ricerca .

↑ With the Law no. 28 of 21 February 1980 was the promotion in the form of in Italy dottorato di ricerca introduced.

↑ As part of the Bologna Process, under Ministerial Decree 509 of the MIUR of November 3, 1999, Bachelor ( laurea ) and Master’s courses ( laurea specialistica , renamed laurea magistrale in 2004 ) were introduced.

↑ ^a ^b Accademia della Crusca : Le due abbreviazioni dott. e dr. sono usate indifferentemente al posto della parola "dottore" [...].
The two abbreviations dott. and dr. are used equally in place of the written word "dottore" [...].

↑ Art. 498 cp Codice Penale

^ ^A ^b ^c "Title: Dottore / Dottoressa, to be shortened to Dott./Dott.ssa. This is a 2nd level academic title not to be misunderstood with the Italian "Dottore di Ricerca" or with such titles as Philosophy Doctor, Docteur, Doctor, Doktor, Doutor, etc. which correspond to 3rd cycle doctorates, and are usually shortened to PhD or Dr. ” www.study-in-italy.it ( Memento from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive )

↑ ^a ^b ^c After recognition, either the originally acquired Austrian degree (e.g. Mag.) Or the corresponding Italian degree (e.g. Dott.) Can be used in Italy, while in Austria only the Austrian degree is still used can. It should be noted that the Italian degree “dottore” (Dott.) In German must not be translated as “Doktor” (Dr.). In Italy, the degree of "Doctor" is only available to those who have completed a doctorate (Ph.D.). - Quoted from the Free University of Bozen (www.unibz.it): Recognition of Austrian academic degrees and titles in Italy ( Memento from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ).

↑ Università degli studi di Parma : "DOTTORE / DOTTORESSA: Generalmente si usa abbreviato con l'iniziale minuscola. Es .: il dott. Nome Cognome, la dott.ssa Nome Cognome ... NB: Non va abbreviato con dr., Dr .ssa, d.ssa. "
DOTTORE / DOTTORESSA: In general, the abbreviation with the lower case letter is used. Example: the [Lord] dott. First name Last name, die [Frau] dott.ssa First name Last name ... NB: Is not abbreviated with dr., Dr.ssa, d.ssa.

↑ ^a ^b ^c Excerpt from the answer given by Provincial Councilor Otto Saurer to a request from the Green Group in the South Tyrolean Parliament in 2006:
"[...] What the translation of the Italian title dott. into German Dr. concerns, it was undertaken at the time when abroad, after four years of study, the title of Dr. was awarded (e.g. English studies Dr. Phil. according to St.GB. No. 165/1945). This abbreviation of the academic title dottore with Dr. has now become generally accepted in Italy and is also tolerated by the Italian state. The Italian legal system does not have any other regulation, and thus this common translation is made by dott. in Dr. in a legally free area, where the principle applies that everything that is not prohibited is absolutely permitted. […] Under no circumstances can the fully written word “doctor” be used. ”
Source: (Study title) Recognition ( Memento from February 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) on www.asus.sh. No longer available there since a redesign of the website in 2015.

↑ On the international classification of Italian degrees: Carlo Barone, Antonio Schizzerotto: The application of the ISCED-97 to Italy, in Silke L. Schneider (Ed.): The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED-97), 2008, MZES, Mannheim. www.mzes.uni-mannheim.de

↑ ISCED Mappings : see Italy

↑ Extract from www.studieren-in-italien.it

↑ The title Dr. Ing. And Dr. Arch. Are particularly common on construction site signs in South Tyrol (see: Example of a typical South Tyrolean construction site sign ). The Dr. Ing. Is not to be understood here as a doctorate stating the subject area (as is the case with the hyphenated Dr.-Ing. In the rest of the German-speaking area). The Dr. Like other Brenner doctoral titles, it is a purely linguistic translation of the Dipl.-Ing. or Master corresponding degree of dottore magistrale . The abbreviations Ing. And Arch. Are not additions to the dott. -Grad, but stand for the independent titles ingegnere and architetto , which is acquired by taking a state examination and the associated entry in the professional directory of these professions regulated in Italy. Throughout Italy the abbreviations are dott. ing. or dott. arch. common, whereby often only ing. or arch. be led, since the degree to the dott. anyway the prerequisite for entry in the respective professional directory ( albo professionale ).

↑ An example of the use of the equivalent abbreviations dott depending on the linguistic context. and dr. for dottore , the minutes of the state parliament session of July 10, 2014 published on the website of the South Tyrolean state parliament , on the first page of which the basic use of dott. in Italian and Dr. (capitalized) in the German-language column. With Eva Klotz , Martha Stocker and Hans Heiss, there are only three MPs with a doctorate in this list. In the German-language column without a doctorate, 11 members have a Dr. in front of the name, the Italian-speaking MPs Riccardo Dello Sbarba and Christian Tommasini correctly use the dott. in both columns.

↑ In the minutes of the state parliament meeting of September 18, 2013 , women politicians with the academic degree dottoressa use the abbreviation Dr. ⁱⁿ front of the name.

↑ The Festschrift , which was published by the Istituto Tecnico Raetia in 2015, 60 years after its founding, contains several examples that show that depending on the language context, dottore with Dr. (German), dott. (Italian) and dut. (Ladin) is abbreviated.

↑ In the minutes of the state parliament meeting of September 18, 2013 , the President of the State Parliament added the suffix DDr. ⁱⁿ (last page) due to two diplomas (see: biography Julia Unterberger )

↑ In 2004 DDDr. Carmen Plaseller for a together with DDr. Michaela Ladstätter at the University of Innsbruck, she received a research award from the Employment Promotion Institute . According to a short biography , Plaseller - since 2014 personal advisor to State Councilor Waltraud Deeg - was in 2004 when she obtained the DDDr. 25 years old and studied economics in Innsbruck and Rome. At the University of Innsbruck, she joined in 2003 the thesis "The taxation in accordance with the performance: the interpretation of a tax fairness postulate in the Italian legal system" from, to which in 2004 the joint thesis with Michaela Ladstätter "The evolution of labor costs in South Tyrol: from 1990 to 2001" followed .

↑ The minutes of the Landtag session of July 10, 2014 contain an example of a list of names on page 1, in which only "doctoral degrees" are given but no other academic degrees. Christian Tschurtschenthaler has a degree in textile business administration that is not recognized in Italy and thus a diploma like 11 of his fellow MPs, who have a Dr. in front of the name, whereas his diploma degree does not appear. Eva Klotz, Martha Stocker and Hans Heiss have obtained their doctorates, Riccardo Dello Sbarba and Christian Tommasini lead the dott correctly. before the name.

↑ In the letter to the editor "Doctorate - Excitement" in the Dolomiten daily newspaper of November 22, 2005, HL wrote from Bolzano, referring to other participants in the letter to the editor, who advocated the correct use of titles in South Tyrol and who used the long forms of their doctoral degrees as part of the discussion (Dr. rer TS, Dr. rer. nat. Dipl.-Chem. GK, Dr. phil. RM): “From all the letters to the editor [...] I can only see that stupidity and arrogance are behind even the longest academic title can hardly be hidden. ". In his letter to the editor in the Dolomites of May 7, 2015, he repeated this statement.
Also on November 22, 2005, a letter to the editor from PT vom Ritten appeared under the same title, in which he - aiming in the same direction - wrote: “But even the frustrated need a mouthpiece” and subsequently “Now they can lean back again and rest on their titles without really having to do anything. "
In the comments on the article “It's embarrassing to me” on the daily newspaper online , “Garuda” criticized the correct use of academic degrees on the door signs of the University of Innsbruck on July 17, 2015: “ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. XY, and you know, they have not completed two diploma courses, but have both the title of the diploma course (Mag.) And the doctoral course (Dr.) "and as a result:" [...] who needs to brag about titles, is actually poor. ”This is probably based on the opinion that the South Tyrolean custom must also apply in Austria, according to which several academic degrees are only held together if they have been obtained in different subjects (Mag. Mag. becomes DDr. ) and according to which real doctoral degrees associated with a doctorate are not used.

↑ In the comments on the article “It's embarrassing for me” on the daily newspaper online , “adobei” and “housewife” teachers from South Tyrolean secondary schools who call themselves professors discussed and criticized.

↑ The State Institute for Statistics ASTAT uses "students" and "pupils" as equivalent terms. See e.g. For example: “05/08/2015 - secondary schools - school year 2014/15: 19,560 students attend a secondary school in South Tyrol in the school year 2014/15. 1,477 students had to repeat the class in the school year mentioned. ”.

↑ The official biography of MP Veronika Stirner ( memento from January 10, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) on the South Tyrolean Parliament's website speaks of studying at high school and then obtaining a doctorate (which means a laurea ).
Original quote from archived copy ( memento from January 10, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (accessed on September 12, 2016):
"[...] High school studies at the Humanistic Gymnasium in Merano, followed by a doctorate in modern languages and literature [...]"
Italian equivalent on archived copy ( memento of September 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) (accessed on September 12, 2016):
"[...] ha frequentato il liceo classico a Merano e si è laureata in lingue e letterature modern [..] .] "

↑ A professore a contratto is an external expert who is usually not employed at a university and who gives lectures or other courses as a lecturer or lecturer. Further information: Professori a contratto e collaborazioni coordinate a continuative by Vincenzo Tedesco on diritti.it .

↑ ^a ^b "Wrong title" , Neue Südtiroler Tageszeitung , October 20, 2016.

↑ The example of the regional law of May 17, 2011, No. 4 of the Autonomous Region Trentino-Alto Adige stands for laws as well as for job advertisements, as it regulates, among other things, the minimum requirements regarding the university degree for certain officials of the regional administration:
regional law, regione. taa.it
On pages 47 (paragraphs 3 and 4) and 55 (paragraphs 11 and 11 -bis ) the “doctorate” is mentioned, a comparison with the left column shows that this means the diploma di laurea .

↑ Luis Durnwalder was 1989-2014 Governor of South Tyrol. He completed his studies in agricultural sciences at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences in Vienna in 1966 with a degree in engineering, and this degree was recognized in Italy as dottore agronomo . The South Tyrolean author Robert Asam made in “The Luis: Luis Durnwalder's Rise to Power” (Athesia, Bozen 2001, ISBN 978-8882661298 ) the recognition of the degree at the University of Florence for a doctorate, which would therefore have taken place only a few months after graduation. Probably in ignorance of the South Tyrolean situation, the German Munzinger publishing house took this over into its online biography Luis Durnwalder , in: Internationales Biographisches Archiv 04/2014 of January 21, 2014, in the Munzinger archive ( beginning of the article freely available). As stated in the article, the doctorate was only introduced in Italy in 1980. Like all South Tyrolean politicians with a university degree, he leads the Dr. before the name and is addressed as "Doctor".

↑ According to a press release by the Austria Press Agency on April 22, 2002 , the South Tyrolean Josef Prader illegally held a doctorate in Austria. According to his own statement, this was done out of ignorance at the time, and as a result he basically renounced titles (see: “Doktorspiele”, Neue Südtiroler Tageszeitung , April 23, 2015, available in the press archive of the South Tyrolean Students' Union ( Memento from March 10, 2016 on the Internet Archives )).

↑ According to his own statement at the session of the South Tyrolean parliament on July 15, 2015 , Governor Arno Kompatscher - Master of Law - is sometimes called a doctor in Vienna: "I am embarrassed when I am greeted with 'doctor' in Vienna." : Daily newspaper online from July 16, 2015 ).

↑ The Austrian alma mater of former member of parliament and assessor Mag. Sabina Kasslatter Mur put her in a press release from 1 July 2011 a Dr. in front of the names, as the titles that were also used on the official website of the regional government of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano-South Tyrol were listed here (personal information from the press office of this university).

↑ ^a ^b Management of academic degrees ( memento from January 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) in Austria, Switzerland and Germany on kmuakademie.ac.at

↑ Title leadership ( Memento of 29 August 2015, Internet Archive ) on eu-edu.li

↑ ^a ^b Management of academic degrees and titles in Switzerland ( memento of August 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) on eu-edu.li

↑ [Criminal Code §132a], Federal Republic of Germany

↑ Management of academic degrees and titles in Austria ( memento from November 26, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) on eu-edu.li

↑ Press release of the Austria Press Agency, April 22, 2002

↑ ^a ^b "Doktorspiele", Neue Südtiroler Tageszeitung , April 23, 2015, available in the press archive of the South Tyrolean Students' Union ( Memento from March 10, 2016 in the Internet Archive )

↑ "Oh my Dottore Study title: The pretty Italian way South Tyroleans deal with academic consecrations", ff - Südtiroler Wochenmagazin , August 28, 2003, available in the press archive of social.bz.it

^ Letter to the editor "Academic Titles - Inflation" from DG from Brixen, Dolomiten , September 8, 2005.

↑ Dolomites - letters to the editor a. by Mag. phil. DM (Bruneck, September 13, 2005), Dr. rer. nat. TS (Zurich / Munich / Bozen, September 15 and 29, 2005, October 13 and 27, 2005, November 8, 2005), Dr. rer. nat. Dipl.-Chem. GK, Dr. phil. RM (November 22, 2005) and WZ (Petersberg, November 22, 2005).

↑ In the discussion “Mag. in Austria / Dr. in Italy?!? “ 2005 on sowi-forum.com z. Partly quoted from letters to the editor.

↑ Dolomites -Leserbrief "Degrees - Abuse" Dr. rer. nat. TS (September 29, 2005).

↑ Dolomites -Leserbrief "Degrees - discussion" of MD (St. Paul's Appiano, November 3, 2005)

↑ "[...] For example, in the case of the university courses in social pedagogy, social work, educational sciences and psychology, it is of great importance in my opinion whether the course consists of learning by heart and putting together texts downloaded from the Internet, or whether someone really is strives and manages to arrive at a holistic and comprehensive understanding of the relevant issues. For those who succeed, the doctorate seems to me to be entirely appropriate. ”, Dolomiten -Letterbrief“ Academic title - opinion ”from MD (St. Pauls-Eppan, December 6, 2005).

↑ Article “Dr. Jekyll ”, ff - South Tyrolean weekly magazine , June 2006.

↑ Otto Saurer referred in his answer to the Austrian State Law Gazette ( StGBl. No. 165/1945 of September 26, 1945), which contains the Philosophical Rigoros Ordinance under number 165. Although this mentions neither the English studies nor the Dr. phil. as its final degree, but stipulated that studies at the philosophical faculty of Austrian universities at that time generally ended with a doctorate after 4 years of attending lectures and then writing a dissertation.
In the same State Law Gazette, under number 166, it can be read that the study of pharmaceutical sciences graduated with a Magister as early as 1945, and the doctorate could only be acquired optionally and based on the Magister. At the same time, this also applied to other courses of study (see, for example, the biography of Leopold Gratz : 1952 graduation as Mag.jur.). Engineering courses have been graduated with a degree in engineering since they were introduced (see, for example, the biography of Ludwig Strobl : 1923 graduation as Dipl. Ing., 1929 doctorate to Dr. nat. Techn.).

↑ Examples of Internet blog entries on the subject are "Inflation of doctoral titles" (April 1, 2013) on salto.bz and "Brenner doctor Dr. Brenner" (August 14, 2013) on barfuss.it.

↑ Dolomites -Letter to the reader "Guttenberg case - Falscher Doktor" from MK-P. (Bruneck, February 25, 2011)

↑ Dolomites -Leserbriefe of SB (Algund, February 25, 2011), WF (Vintl, March 2, 2011), Dipl.-Kfm. HW (Vintl, March 5 and April 13, 2011), Dr. TS (Zurich, March 5 and 13, 2011).

↑ Luis Durnwalder's curriculum vitae on engadin.com ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive )

↑ Question from Mirko M in the online question and answer session with Governor Luis Durnwalder 2011: “Good day! In South Tyrol the title "Doktor" (Dr.) is derived from the Italian "dott." Almost inflationary, instead of, as is common in the rest of Europe and around the world, only for research doctorates. Wouldn't a clear regulation with an official translation be appropriate? Many thanks".

↑ Question of the Week, December 11, 2012 by “buerger”.

↑ Question of the Week, December 18, 2012 from “Interested”.

^ Inflation der Doctors , Commentary, ff - Südtiroler Wochenmagazin , December 20, 2012

↑ "The Dr. who is none" ( Memento from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), Südtiroler Wirtschaftszeitung , January 30, 2015.

↑ Günther Mathá's curriculum vitae ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) on www.unibz.it

↑ South Tyrolean state parliament, the adoption of resolution 375/15 from May 12, 2015

↑ Original text of the motion for a resolution by the Greens in the South Tyrolean Parliament of May 12, 2015

^ Article "Doctor who?" On the daily newspaper Online, July 1, 2015

↑ Harald Knoflach, "Greens versus False Doctors" , Internet blog Brenner base democracy , July 1, 2015

↑ Press release of the South Tyrolean Parliament on the meeting on July 15, 2015

↑ Report "I am embarrassed" about the state parliament session of July 15, 2015, Neue Südtiroler Tageszeitung , July 16, 2015, available in the press archive of the South Tyrolean Students' Union ( Memento from October 12, 2016 in the Internet Archive )

↑ Diploma thesis by Albert Wurzer (University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1988)

↑ Article "I am embarrassed" on the daily newspaper online , July 16, 2015

↑ ^a ^b ^c Harald Knoflach, supplement by the author of July 1, 2016 to the article “Greens against false doctors” from July 1, 2015 on burner- based democracy

↑ ^a ^b "Untitled" , Neue Südtiroler Tageszeitung , 25 September 2017.

↑ Internet presence of the South Tyrolean Parliament , viewed on October 5, 2017.

↑ Province of Upper Austria , August 28, 2015, report on a meeting of Governor Dr. Arno Kompatscher with the Upper Austrian Governor Dr. Josef Pühringer .
Johannes Kepler University Linz ( Memento from October 5, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), August 31, 2015, report on a visit by Dr. Arno Kompatscher, Governor of South Tyrol, in the Hagenberg software park .
CV of Dr. Arno Kompatscher on the Forum Alpbach website with speeches from 2014-2017 , viewed on October 5, 2017.

↑ South Tyrolean Students' Union , title tour in South Tyrol ( Memento from April 16, 2019 in the Internet Archive ), viewed on October 5, 2017.

↑ "No more Dr. Südt. ” ( Memento from June 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), Südtiroler Wirtschaftszeitung , July 31, 2015

↑ ^a ^b Anton Rainer, "Long-Term Students" , daily newspaper online , May 30, 2016

^ South Tyrolean provincial government> Waltraud Deeg> employees , viewed on September 12, 2016.

↑ A search for "Dr. Waltraud Deeg" on google.it on September 12, 2016 found 466 sites on the Internet.

^ CV of Peter Höllrigl , viewed on October 6, 2017.

↑ ^a ^b ^c "Falsche Federn" , Neue Südtiroler Tageszeitung , 10 July 2016.

↑ Sixt Leasing stock exchange prospectus April 24, 2015 :
Page 149: Original English: “Dr. Rizzolli earned his doctor of business administration from the University of Luigi Bocconi in 1998. "
German translation:" Dr. Rizzolli obtained his PhD in Business Administration from Luigi Bocconi University in 1998. “
Throughout the document, the Dr. as the only academic degree in the name, but no distinction is made between the real doctoral degrees and Rizzolli's supposed doctoral degree. As a result, Rudolf Rizzolli is the only one to have an academic degree (Dr.) on the signature page (page SIG-1) at the end of the document, although others also have an equivalent degree (e.g. his colleague on the board, Björn Waldow) .

↑ Rudolf Rizzolli has had a dot on the Sixt Leasing AG website since June 2016 . in front of the name, and it is correctly shown that Rizzolli - like Björn Waldow, who is presented on the same page - is a graduate in business administration. The degree of a business graduate mentioned in the text is equivalent to the dottore title of Rudolf Rizzolli, whereas the Dr. pretended not to have a doctorate