Brownstone (building material)
Brownstone is a brown sandstone that was once popular as a building material in the United States . Townhouses built from this stone or a similar material are also known as brownstone . The sandstone was usually formed in the geological ages from the Triassic to the Jurassic .
sorts
Apostle Island Brownstone
From 1868 through the 1890s, the Bass Island Brownstone Company operated a quarry in Basswood Island , Wisconsin . The brownstone from this quarry and other quarries in the Apostle Islands area was in great demand at the time. For example, the first Milwaukee County Courthouse was built with stone from Basswood Island in the 1860s.
Hummelstown Brownstone
Hummelstown Brownstone is especially popular on the east coast of the United States . Numerous government buildings in the states of West Virginia , Pennsylvania , New York , Maryland and Delaware are completely clad with the "brownstone". These stones come from the Hummelstown Quarry in Hummelstown, Pennsylvania , a small town in Dauphin County , near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania . Hummelstown Quarry is the largest producer of brownstone on the east coast. Usually the transports from Hummelstown were carried on the Brownstone and Middletown Railroad or brought to the Erie Canal by truck .
Portland Brownstone
The variety from the Portland Brownstone Quarries , also known as Connecticut River Brownstone , is similarly widespread. The stones from quarries in Portland (Connecticut) and the surrounding areas were used in numerous representative buildings in Chicago , Boston , New York City , Philadelphia , New Haven , Hartford , Washington, DC and Baltimore .
New Jersey Brownstone
Quarries in layers of the Passaic Formation in northern New Jersey previously supplied most of the construction projects for "brownstones" in New York City and New Jersey.
South Wales Brownstone
Devonian sandstone is commonly found in southern Wales .
Well-known buildings
In the various New York City neighborhoods , especially in the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Park Slope , Clinton Hill , Fort Greene , Cobble Hill , Carroll Gardens , Boerum Hill , Gowanus , Windsor Terrace , Prospect Heights , Crown Heights , Brooklyn Heights , Bedford Stuyvesant and Sunset Park . Smaller collections exist in parts of Bay Ridge , Williamsburg , Bushwick , Greenpoint, and Prospect Lefferts Gardens .
There are also numerous individual buildings in Manhattan and in the Hudson County Neighborhoods on the opposite bank of the Hudson River in Hoboken they are again forming large stocks, as well as around Van Vorst Park and Hamilton Park in Jersey City . New York townhouses (brownstones) usually cost several million dollars when they are for sale. A typical architectural detail in New York City is the stoop , a steep staircase that leads from the street to the entrance on the high mezzanine floor . This architectural style was considered hygienic as the streets were full of excrement .
In the meantime, the term “brownstone” is transferred to most townhouses of a certain construction period, even if they are not made of the indicative material. In Boerum Hill , Brooklyn, many houses are brick-walled but clad in concrete to make them look like real stone houses. Many brick houses also have brownstone stoops. Such combinations often occur in the boroughs of Borough Park , Dyker Heights , Bensonhurst , Bath Beach , Kensington , Flatbush , Midwood , East New York , Cypress Hills in Brooklyn, as well as in Ridgewood , Glendale , Astoria , Woodhaven in Queens, and in Longwood and Morrisania in the Bronx.
In Philadelphia , Rittenhouse Square and Fairmount are examples of brownstone architecture.
In Boston, Back Bay is considered the foremost example of Victorian brownstone and one of the best-preserved examples of 19th century urban architecture in the United States.
In Chicago there are also individual stocks, with the comparable form of "greystones" being much more prevalent. Greystone uses Indiana limestone for the facade , regardless of what material the rest of the building is made of. Like the Brownstone in Brooklyn, there is a "Greystone Belt" in Chicago.
In the countryside
Brownstone was very popular because it could be machined freely regardless of stratification, and was mainly used by the early Quakers in Pennsylvania to build mills and mill buildings. In central Pennsylvania, some buildings from the 1700s have survived, including a building that is still used today, the Quaker Mill House .
Web links
- curbed.com : Brownstones vs. Greystones: Why They're Different, and Why It Matters. Robert Khederian, June 2, 2016
- brownstoner.com .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Charles W. Muessig: Unearthing New Jersey . In: New Jersey Geological Survey Newsletter . 3, No. 1, 2007, p. 1. Accessed December 12, 2014.
- ↑ Ervan G. Garrison, Norman Herz: Geological methods for archeology . Oxford University Press, New York 1998, ISBN 9780198025115 , p. 205 (accessed December 12, 2014).
- ↑ NJDEP-SEEDS-state rock . State.nj.us. September 6, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
- ↑ Kevin Walsh: Meeting Across the River: Hoboken, NJ - Forgotten New York . September 20, 2003. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
- ↑ VAN VORST PARK, Jersey City - Forgotten New York .
- ^ DB Levine: The Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled moves east on 42nd Street 1912-1925 . In: HSS J . 3, September 2007, pp. 131-6. doi : 10.1007 / s11420-007-9051-6 . PMID 18751783 . PMC 2504267 (free full text).
- ↑ how Boston is rethinking its relationship with the sea . In: BBC Magazine , October 27, 2014 .. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
- ↑ What is a Greystone? | Neighborhood Housing Services of Chicago . Nhschicago.org. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
- ^ Quaker Mill House in Pennsylvania.