Cyber ​​bullying

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With the coming of the English terms cyberbullying , even Internet bullying , cyber-bullying and cyber stalking are different forms of defamation, harassment, harassment and coercion of other people or companies using electronic means of communication via the Internet , in chat rooms , while Instant messaging and / or by means of mobile phones . This also includes the theft of (virtual) identities in order to insult someone else or to do business, etc. Cyberbullying is one of the central dangers when dealing with the Internet and new media.

The term “cyber bullying” cannot be clearly defined due to the different translations of the term in different countries. The study by Nocentini et al. (2010) dealt with the different understandings of the term. The results showed that in Germany the term “cyber mobbing”, in Italy “virtual” or “cyber bullying” and in Spain “harrassment via internet or mobile phone” is used.

A representative study by the University of Münster together with the Techniker Krankenkasse came to the result in 2011 that 32% (in NRW even 36%) of adolescents and young adults are victims of cyberbullying. 21% of the respondents could imagine appearing as perpetrators on the Internet.

development

Victims are bullied through exposure on the Internet, permanent harassment, degrading pictures or spreading false claims . In this context, the perpetrators are also referred to as bullies .

The motives are very complex: outsiders are bullied in chat rooms, for example; one tries to keep competition small or to impress friends; Under certain circumstances, victims of bullying become perpetrators: They fight back or take revenge.

Initially, the phenomenon gained in importance, especially in connection with students who edited videos or pictures of teachers and then posted them on the Internet.

Internet bullying is now widespread among schoolchildren and takes place via mobile phone, chat , social networks such as VZnet networks or video portals such as YouTube or specially created websites; In 2010, 25% of the users of a social network reported insults and threats. Individual studies show that in Germany over a third of (high school) schoolchildren are now victims of cyber bullying at least once within a period of two months and that over half of the schoolchildren are active as perpetrators, both with an upward trend.

The boundaries are fluid: there is little inhibition to laughing at or mocking others on the Internet. In the anonymity of the World Wide Web , a perpetrator does not have to look his victim in the eye; there is (initially) no immediate feedback on his own behavior, and as a result there is no awareness and feeling for the possible extent and quality of the injury to the victims . It's easy to tell falsehoods or scold us. This effect is also known as online disinhibition effect (dt. Online disinhibition effect ) means: It turns people, especially young people, more difficult to restrain their impulses when social control falls away or is not noticeable.

In 2008 the book Generation Internet by John Palfrey and Urs Gasser, two law professors from the USA and Switzerland, was published. You classify the topic of cyberbullying as one of the greatest risks that threaten the digital natives, young people born into the Internet world. Girls are referred to here as particularly affected.

Differentiation from traditional bullying

One question that arises when it comes to cyberbullying is to what extent is it different from traditional bullying , or what similarities do the two forms have in common?

Similarities

Both forms are acts that express aggression on the part of the perpetrator. Furthermore, both cyberbullying and traditional bullying occur between people who have a power imbalance and the bullying does not only take place once, but is carried out repeatedly by the perpetrator.

differences

Anonymity : The perpetrators can hide behind a computer under a pseudonym and thus anonymously bully the victim. This makes them more unrestrained and also dares to say certain things that they would never say or do in face-to-face communication. Perpetrators also do not see the negative consequences of their actions on the victim and thus feel less empathy.

Greater reach: The difference to traditional bullying is that cyber bullying reaches a much larger audience. Traditional bullying is often tied to specific locations, such as schools, and the attacks are therefore usually only visible to a limited number of people. On the other hand, in the case of cyber bullying, for example in the form of a hate comment under a picture, the attack is visible to all users of this platform.

Longer Period: Cyberbullying can last for a much longer period of time. Since the victim and the perpetrator do not need to meet directly for bullying, the perpetrator is not tied to a specific time period or place and can therefore attack the victim 24 hours a day. In addition, the posts and comments on the Internet are always available, so not only is the possible period of bullying longer, but also the duration of an attack is longer than with traditional bullying.

In both cases, the victim rarely reports, but the reasons for this are different. In traditional bullying, victims fear retaliation from the perpetrator. The reason for cyber bullying is that those affected are afraid that their parents will take away the technical devices to protect their child from them.

Victim

Children who are bullied in the virtual medium have often been a target of bullying beforehand in real life. Children and adolescents who are stigmatized because of their appearance (too fat - too thin, etc.) are particularly vulnerable .

Most of the patients (victims and perpetrators) in the child and adolescent psychiatry at Wilhelmstift in Hamburg are students between 11 and 16 - a particularly difficult developmental age ( puberty ) with a high sensitivity for the possible suffering and infliction of injuries.

“It doesn't matter whether young people have learned to deal with conflicts, to actively defend themselves, and whether they have a circle of friends around them who can defend them. We also often find that over-conforming children, who often have little experience of conflict, are more likely to be targeted by bullying, who cannot offer anything of their own and are very adult-oriented. ... Treatment of the patient can take up to three months, depending on the severity of the disorders. Inpatient treatment is always indicated when the child can no longer go to school and when there is a risk that the young patient could harm himself or others. The main aim of treatment is to restore the affected children to a social environment in which they feel comfortable, in order to bring them out of isolation. And yet long-term damage cannot be ruled out. Experienced shame is imprinted and lasts a long time, so that self-esteem can be badly damaged for a longer period of time. ... The treatment of the victims can therefore be very tedious, costly and time-consuming, especially if the victims confide in someone late and have been exposed to injuries on the Internet for months. The frightening effects of the new phenomenon of cyber bullying are now being taken very seriously and campaigns to promote media literacy among children and young people and prevention projects against cyber bullying have been launched in recent years. The EU has also recognized the dangers for young users and in 2009 passed the 'Safer Internet Program' in which 26 European countries are participating. "

- Joachim Walter, Head of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at Wilhelmstift, Hamburg

Affected people may not find adequate help from parents or teachers, as they are partially unfamiliar with the problem or they do not know or perceive the signs.

Perpetrator

The perpetrators are boys and girls with roughly equal proportions. The perpetrator profile often overlaps in some aspects with that of the victim, including depression, high internet usage and low self-esteem. The perpetrators are mostly hyperactive, narcissistic and violent. They often have a large circle of friends, but they tend to show little empathy, which was also shown in a study from 2008. In this, 16% of respondents said they had bullied on the Internet themselves - 40% of them felt it was a prank .

“On the one hand, of course, perpetrators are people who have already experienced themselves to have become victims where one would like to take revenge. Not a new phenomenon. There are some perpetrators who do that in the sense of, we call it narcissistic exaggeration, they like to portray themselves as bullies and as the powerful, who are unfortunately sometimes valued in classes, also in social communities. "

- as before: Joachim Walter

Symptoms

What is perceived as a joke can have dramatic consequences, such as social isolation, stress, psychological problems or suicide :

“When it comes to suicidal thoughts, it is most dramatic when you question yourself and your future life so much that you can no longer dare to look into the future. So suicidality - an important issue. It also shows up in the context of eating disorders. Then there are also young people who come with threats of amok - there are depressive images, simply withdrawal and certainly the most common thing is avoiding the areas where you come into contact with other children, i.e. school, refusal, avoiding school for fear of confronting yourself. "

- as before: Joachim Walter

consequences

In September 2009 a young girl in the UK committed suicide after being bullied online. It was the third case in England in two years.

A recent example of cyber bullying is the case of Amanda Todd : The 15-year-old Canadian committed suicide in October 2012 after years of cyber bullying: in seventh grade, she began making new contacts with strangers on the Internet. One day she asked a cam chat ( camera chat ) partner to show him her breasts in front of the camera on the PC . In his youthful innocence, the teenager followed the stranger's request, then the stranger contacted her again via Facebook and tried to blackmail her with the nude photos he had taken using a screenshot from the cam chat : When the teenager did not respond, the man sent the pictures to her friends and acquaintances. Then Amanda fell into a depression, those around them distanced themselves from her; Amanda changed hands several times, the school and committed after a first suicide attempt finally actually suicidal .

Manifestations

Cyber ​​bullying can take many forms:

  • Flaming (insults / insults): hurtful messages, comments and possibly threats that are sent in the course of an online dispute and are publicly visible. Flaming is typically short-lived, but if the argument lasts longer, it is referred to as "flame war".
  • Harassment: Repeated, abusive messages directed at a victim on social networks.
  • Denigration (spreading rumors): hurtful talk that is often not true. This is posted online or sent to others. What is special here is that it is primarily intended to be seen by others and not mainly by the victim.
  • Impersonation (fraudulent appearance under another identity / theft of virtual identities): The perpetrator pretends to be someone else by stealing the password, for example, with the aim of sending inappropriate messages to others on his behalf and violating them.
  • Outing and Trickery (exposure and fraud): Publication / dissemination of intimate information about a person who is mostly close, which is revealed in an alleged personal exchange with the perpetrator, which happens without the consent of the victim.
  • Exclusion : The victim is excluded from groups on social networks. This is particularly about the in-group of the perpetrator and those opposing outsiders.
  • Cyberstalking (Continuous Harassment and Tracking): Repeated threats to the victim by electronic messaging. It is believed that the limit to harassment lies in one's own safety, which the victim fears when cyberstalking.
  • Sexting : The sexual harassment of the victim through suggestive pictures and messages.

Bullying can hit completely different victims in all walks of life. Cyberbullying is not just restricted to the private sphere, it can also be directed against individuals in professional life or against companies.

Between young people

In classic (real) school bullying, the victim is beaten, insulted and ostracized in front of the whole class. Here, however, there is the possibility for a relaxation or de-escalation room, for example after school.

In cyberspace, children and adolescents bully differently, for example, behind the back of their classmate, they spread a rumor anonymously on their cell phones , and those affected are filmed using cell phone cameras, possibly in actively created degrading, embarrassing or violent situations. There is no escape here, the Internet forgets nothing, deleting entries is extremely difficult and time-consuming.

In the meantime, there are first scientific studies on this. It was found that in Germany meanwhile one in five young people is involved, i.e. either as a perpetrator, as a victim or as a so-called perpetrator-victim, who becomes both perpetrator and victim. This is viewed as a relatively high value, but according to statements by the scientists it corresponds to both international and other findings from Germany.

Among adults

According to a survey by the Federal Office for Information Security (BSI), which was carried out among private Internet users, adults can also be victims of cyberbullying. 12% of Internet users who were involved in at least one social network reported bullying and sexual harassment in relation to themselves. Mostly women in the age group 14 to 39 years were affected.

Teaching staff

Pupils and students can anonymously rate the work of their teachers and professors on rating portals such as Spickmich or MeinProf . Opinions on these forums are divided. While on the one hand it is only referred to as a feedback option for those affected, others feel bullied by the anonymous criticism. "If forums could compensate for a lack of feedback culture in schools or universities, it would not be necessary for critical students to hide in the secrecy of the Internet and an outlet like spickmich would be superfluous."

Against companies

Companies can also become victims of cyber bullying (character assassination ) attacks or campaigns. So-called reputation managers can meet here before and after care .

causes

  • Fear: In order not to become a victim of bullying, one would rather belong to an active, supposedly strong group .
  • Recognition: to be "cool", the need to scope, influence and prestige to gain
  • Intercultural conflicts: differences, arguments due to different nationalities, languages, different looks
  • Boredom: for example, evaluate someone's photo negatively “for fun”
  • Show of force: the need to show strength
  • Own inferiority complexes : to distract oneself and others from them
  • Personal crises: breaking a love, friendship, relationship: feelings of hatred or envy ; often the perpetrators know about intimate details

Countermeasures

“Bullying on the net can never be completely prevented, regardless of how secure networks are or whether they have red buttons that can be used to report attacks on the network. Because: The triggers for the conflicts, for insults, humiliation and insults on the Internet are anchored in the schoolyards, i.e. in the real world. And only there they can be solved and the earlier the better. "

Moral courage

“It is my dream that one day young people on the Internet will just as little look the other way when someone is insulted or insulted somewhere, just as one doesn't actually do it on the street. Civil courage on the Internet, that should actually be the goal of media education in this area. "

- Moritz Becker, Smiley e. V.

Defense

Those who fall victim to cyberbullying can usually only react helplessly at first. Arguments do not stand a chance against an anonymous group. A lack of self-confidence may exacerbate the situation. As an outsider, you can like in real life also from the Internet community expect hardly or no assistance: If once a degrading video on the net, it can quickly see hundreds or thousands and all too quickly and easily to an already Done can Stigma not again remove. Added to this is the uncertainty of authorship .

Parents must discuss the situation intensively with those affected and, in any case, inform the school in the relevant case.

Adults can also intervene in cyberbullying against children and young people by informing the police as quickly as possible. This can possibly identify the perpetrators and initiate criminal prosecution; However, this is made more difficult by the fact that the relevant servers are often registered abroad and thus evade possible criminal prosecution. However, civil law injunctive relief due to violation of personal rights under German law apply worldwide and corresponding German court decisions can also be enforced abroad .

Every reputable network provider or site operator has the option of reporting offensive, dubious, unethical or otherwise conspicuous sites, profiles or presentations and requesting their deletion.

Improving media literacy and the understanding of parents, teachers and educators is one of the top priorities. The well-intentioned advice to simply switch off your computer and / or mobile phone and leave it out does not go far enough in a media and networked reality; In addition, these rules only apply until the end of the class - if they have ever been drawn up by those responsible - so that those cases in which degrading scenes may be filmed after school cannot be influenced or excluded by this advice.

reaction

Quick action and prevention can reduce or, in the best case, even prevent online bullying:

“With Patrick a long ordeal could be avoided because he communicated himself to his parents the next day and parents could take the necessary further steps. The attention and care of his friends was particularly important for Patrick: 'What I found very good, that my friends encouraged me in any case, that is, when I was at school on Monday, I assumed that I had this threat just deleted it on my pin board and several of them came up to me and said, hey, we've read what's on your pin board, that's totally unbelievable, we absolutely have to take action against that. Then we discussed what we could do in the first big break and then, when we had our tutor again, reported it immediately, I was pleasantly surprised that they first noticed and thought about it right away and then put that into practice. '"

The school management reacted immediately. The two classmates, who had bullied under their own names, had to leave school. So Patrick did not allow himself to be made a victim and he also recommends others not to be afraid:

“I would definitely advise you, as soon as you have the slightest idea who might be behind this, that you definitely report it. After my class teacher called my parents, we thought for a long time whether we should report this to the police and we came to the conclusion that it makes sense because nothing really can happen to the offended person. ... "

Many victims do not dare to open up and inform others because they fear that they will get further into the (supposed) social sideline.

First aid, self-help

“The Lower Saxony State Media Authority ... has founded a self-help platform. Under juuuport .com volunteer scouts are available, the young people are to advise on bad experiences on the Internet. The scouts between 14 and 18 years of age are trained by psychological, legal and media education specialists. Because young people prefer to exchange ideas with each other than to initiate adults. The young scouts offer first aid if students are insulted in social networks or if unwanted photos appear of them. (...)
It is not the expert who says from above that it is not possible and you have to do it this way and that; that we can give tips, maybe have already had our own experience, etc., so we can speak freely with the users. …
I definitely think that the inhibition threshold is lower, that you might not tell your parents something like that because the parents don't understand it and have no experience on the Internet, not with SchülerVZ, they don't know what it's about. "

prevention

In general, in digital reality as in analogue life, the general principle of responsibility must apply: everyone is responsible for what they see, do (or fail to do), publish, etc. There are now a number of good quality ones for practical implementation in school classes and evaluated work aids as well as a number of free offers on the Internet.

Personal

So far, there is very little research on the prevention of cyberbullying. However, initial studies show that it is possible to reduce the risk of becoming victims. It is generally accepted not to leave personal data and representations in written and / or pictorial form carelessly when moving on the Internet, in order not to make oneself particularly vulnerable and vulnerable. Bullying others or using chat rooms with extreme content is also a risk factor.

By supervisors

Training of teaching staff

The topic and the acquisition of media skills must be structurally anchored in the educational training.

Empowerment

The general strengthening of the self-confidence of children and young people (English: empowerment , dt. About reinforcement ) as well as the creation of problem awareness among the perpetrators as well as the sensitization of society: The respectful and safe use of the new media must be addressed and can be practiced and discussed to support self-esteem, assertiveness, personal and shared responsibility as well as the development of friendships. In the meantime, the problem is being recognized more and more, and advanced training concepts are being developed.

Smaller media education projects can also make a contribution here.

parents

“When it comes to Internet use, there is often a huge gap between children and parents, with children being way ahead of their elders. This generation of parents is the first to be unable to pass technical knowledge on to their children. Parents feel overwhelmed when it comes to education about media literacy, and their attention and cooperation on this topic is more important than ever. What prevention work can the parents do? … Parents have to accompany their children, as always in life, especially on the Internet. It is very important that you give children support, that you get away from 'Chatting is bad', that you try to constructively with the children to find out how I can really use it the way I actually want it. "

- Moritz Becker, smiley eV

Companies, institutions

Network operator, provider

Basically, the operators of social networks on the Internet have a strong interest in curbing cyberbullying, because their success depends crucially on their good reputation and a good climate in their community . Some of its members have to publish personal data in order to be able to participate in the activities of the network, which makes them particularly vulnerable to cyberbullying. Therefore, educational campaigns are being used to try to reach young people in particular; the actions are often associated with advertising for the respective network.

A youth representative from SchülerVZ saw a great opportunity for more security on the Internet in the cooperation between students and teachers:

Indeed, it is of course the case that many teachers do not feel particularly familiar and secure with this subject. But I don't think that's so bad. What children and adolescents are very good at is using the computer - they have a very high level of technical media skills, while teachers and parents usually have a very high level of social skills. A teacher or adult usually knows the norms of behavior in society because he has already internalized them a lot and maybe also has a different awareness of them and a child knows how to use a computer well. If you throw all this knowledge into one pot, then you can achieve a lot. "

- Philip Groeschel

In the meantime (December 2011) some large social network providers have installed so-called emergency buttons on their pages, with which you can immediately report any attacks, harassment, insults, injuries, etc. directly to those responsible.

schools

Together with parents, you can develop a code of conduct and appoint bullying officers whose field of activity extends to cyber bullying. The so-called dispute resolution concept also offers options for conflict resolution here.

In February, an initiative to promote data protection competence in Hamburg schools was presented in Hamburg. As part of teaching units, students should practice life in the virtual world: The Hamburg Commissioner for Data Protection and his authority are initiators of the project:

“A concept that in future will enable schools to exercise their responsibility as a teaching institution to the extent that children and young people are made aware of the dangers that await them in the virtual world. Basically, behavior on the Internet must be practiced in the same way as on the road, and the schools are of course already pulling the pupils into the Internet by doing research there for homework and giving presentations there. And we said that it just cannot be that the school curriculum omits the topic of 'how to behave on the Internet', because this is in fact a topic that many of the parents' generation do not even know - the school has to do that do it yourself in the future. "

- Johannes Caspar

State, legislation, case law

In Germany, the term cyberbullying (previously, December 2011) is not listed as a separate criminal offense; under certain circumstances a corresponding installation could lead to the problem being taken more seriously - analogous to the development with stalking . Otherwise (criminal) legislation is generally considered to be sufficient; Missouri was the first American state to enact its own legislation.

In Great Britain, the state has already taken action against cyberbullying. There new, special guidelines for dealing with the problem were issued.

Companies

Well-trained and constantly supervised social media channels are among the best ways to prevent cyber bullying for companies. If it comes to user criticism, the criticism can be checked, overlooked and commented on on the own platforms. If companies neglect the maintenance of their online presences, the risk increases that the criticism will be shifted to many different websites and thus endanger the reputation and day-to-day business for companies.

therapy

Victim

“Treatment of the patient can take up to three months, depending on the severity of the disorders. Inpatient treatment is always indicated when the child can no longer go to school and when there is a risk that the young patient could harm himself or others. The main aim of treatment is to restore the affected children to a social environment in which they feel comfortable, in order to bring them out of isolation. And yet long-term damage cannot be ruled out. Experienced shame is imprinted and lasts a long time, so that self-esteem can be badly damaged for a longer period of time. The treatment of the victims can therefore be very tedious, costly and time-consuming, especially if the victims confide in someone late and have been exposed to injuries on the Internet for months. "

Perpetrator

Here the therapy will start on any existing ( narcissistic ) personality disorder (as already mentioned above).

Legal position

Germany

Cyber ​​bullying is not a separate criminal offense in Germany. However, individual forms of cyber bullying are punishable and can be the subject of claims under civil law (such as injunctive relief and compensation). In particular, are an insult offenses (offenses of §§ 185 et seq. Of the Criminal Code), offenses relating to violation of (ff §§ two hundred and first Criminal Code) personal life and secret area, crimes against personal freedom (§§ 232 et seq., In particular § 238 of the Criminal Code (Re-enactment)), violations of the general right of personality (Article 1, Paragraph 1 and Article 2, Paragraph 1 of the Basic Law), the right to one's own name (Section 12 BGB), the right to one's own image (Section 22 ff. KUG) or economic reputation (§ 824 BGB). In the case of bullying in the business area, claims from the law against unfair competition (UWG) come into consideration.

Cyberbullying, however, also takes place in forums or on websites that are completely beyond German jurisdiction. Much of the cyber-bullying activity has moved to websites and forums registered abroad; however, it is still a problem in German social networks . Law enforcement within the EU has been improved with the EU regulation on the mutual recognition of protective measures in civil matters. According to this, victims of domestic violence can have the violence protection orders issued in one Member State transferred to other Member States. Such violence protection orders can be issued not only in cases of domestic violence, but also in cases of stalking - colloquially also called stalking, i.e. H. also in cases of classic bullying via cell phone, SMS and emails.

The Youth Protection Act contains special passages that relate to media use. In connection with violent media, the partial aspect of imitation, taking up and living out an idea by young people appears to be relevant for understanding school shootings as well. This is indicated there by imitations of hero characters by the perpetrators from well-known films or computer games. The risk of copycat acts and free riders also increases due to the accumulation of cases and media presence.

So far, however, in contrast to the procedure in England, for example, no criminal police statistics have been kept on the influence of cyber bullying on suicides (by young people).

Jurisprudence

In November 2007, the Cologne Higher Regional Court determined that “an evaluation under the criteria mentioned can be useful for an orientation of pupils and parents and lead to desirable communication, interaction and increased transparency. The school sector and the specific professional activity of teachers in particular are characterized by evaluations, so that - also against the background of feedback - it makes sense to return them as part of an evaluation. Although they are given in grade levels, they represent rather manipulated, subjective assessments reflecting assessments, which can nevertheless be suitable to allow students and teachers a certain orientation in assessing the assessed criteria ”. The forums mentioned can support the use of the fundamental right to freedom of expression, as no direct reprisals are to be feared. For example, few students would likely rate their teacher's teaching methods as just sufficient or satisfactory shortly before assessments were due. Freedom of expression is regulated by fundamental law in Article 5 of the Basic Law, which, however, finds its limits in the provisions of general laws, the legal provisions for the protection of young people and in the right to personal honor.

“However, if the aim of these statements is not defamation or degradation of the person, but rather the evaluation of characteristics that are also reflected in the school sphere, freedom of expression enjoys priority here too. The diction and formulation of the criteria must also be based on the language use of the target group (here: schoolchildren and young people). In addition, the fundamental right to freedom of expression protects the expression of opinion regardless of whether the utterance is rational or emotional, justified or unfounded and whether it is considered useful or harmful, valuable or worthless by others (BVerfG NJW 2001, 3613; BVerfG NJW 1972, 811) . Even a polemical or offensive formulation of the statement does not remove it from the scope of protection of Article 5, Paragraph 1 of the Basic Law (BVerfG NJW 2001, 2613; BVerfG NJW 2002, 1192, 1193). Above all, the protection of the general right of personality according to Article 2, Paragraph 1 of the Basic Law does not go so far that it gives the individual the right to be presented in public only as he sees himself or would like to be seen by others ( BVerfG NJW 1999, 1322, 1323). "

- Cologne Higher Regional Court, judgment of July 3, 2008

Even under a pseudonym , the private expression of opinion was appreciated by the jurisprudence: “There is no question that the possibility of expressing oneself under a pseudonym can be useful for the process of public opinion formation. This applies if the person making the statement could be deterred from making a contribution to the formation of public opinion that is worthy of protection without this possibility for fear of unjustified reprisals. ”The protection of expressions of opinion regularly takes second place to the protection of personal rights if the utterances in question represent abuse . An utterance is to be regarded as abusive criticism if it does not refer to a dispute in the matter, but rather, beyond polemical and exaggerated criticism, consists in the personal degradation of the person concerned.

If the statements are not directed against a specific person, but against a company, the so-called corporate personality law or the right to the established and operated business enterprise is affected. In these cases different principles apply. Because the scope of the scope of protection of corporate personality law does not go as far as the general personal rights of natural persons according to the highest court rulings. The development of personality in economic life naturally means that it has to face criticism (BGH, judgment of October 24, 1961 - VI ZR 204/60, NJW 1962, 32, 33). That is why the companies affected have to tolerate criticism that is sharply and exaggeratedly formulated, provided the statement is based on a critical argument. An insult is only exceptional in the case of a question that affects the public and is rather limited to private feuds (BGH, judgment of December 16, 2014, Az .: VI ZR 39/14).

Austria

Cyberbullying in Austria has been punished with imprisonment of up to one year since January 1, 2016 . The prerequisite is the violation of the highly personal sphere of life or the violation of honor by means of telecommunications or a computer system. The regulation was passed on July 7th, 2015 with the Criminal Law Amendment Act 2015 in the National Council and introduces cyberbullying as a criminal offense as Section 107c in the Criminal Code . The new regulation is called "Continued harassment via a telecommunications or computer system" and is expressly referred to as cyberbullying in the materials for the law.

France

At the beginning of May 2011, the Minister of Education teamed up with the Internet network provider and company Facebook : Bullies should be identified and possibly excluded from classes and / or school. Teachers should check blog entries.

United States

In the USA in 2009, the allegation of cyber bullying, even with fatal outcome, could not be grasped at the national level under the prevailing legal situation there. In a precedent case , a federal judge even overturned the conviction of a 50-year-old mother for unauthorized access to a computer (she had logged on with false information) because, in the judge's view, hardly anyone reads and heeded a provider's extensive conditions of use . Together with her 13-year-old daughter, she had bullied an acquaintance of her daughter on the Myspace network under a false identity , which led to the girl's suicide .

The state of Missouri introduced a law against cyberbullying in 2008. There the teenager's suicide had sparked great indignation.

The state of New Jersey passed the law against violence and bullying in schools and colleges, which has been considered the strictest in the USA to date, following the suicide of a student.

In the spring of 2011, an anti-bullying summit was held at the American headquarters in the White House in Washington, DC . The company Facebook said there, in the future arbiters to want to use.

Asia

South Korea introduced a law to prevent online bullying in 2007.

See also

Publications

Youth books

Specialist literature

  • Stephanie Pieschl, Torsten Porsch: Put an end to cyberbullying! The “Surf-Fair” training and prevention program. Beltz, Weinheim 2012, ISBN 978-3-407-62776-6 .
  • Nayla Fawzi: Cyber ​​Bullying. Causes and Effects of Bullying on the Internet. (= Internet Research. Volume 37). Nomos, Baden-Baden 2009, ISBN 978-3-8329-4888-7 .
  • Sönke Gerhold : The system of victim protection in the area of ​​cyber and internet stalking - legal reaction options for those affected . Nomos, Baden-Baden 2010, ISBN 978-3-8329-5341-6 .
  • Gabriela Herpell, Mechthild Schäfer: You victim! - When children kill children . Rowohlt, Reinbek 2010, ISBN 978-3-498-03006-3 . (Rowohlt TB, 2012, ISBN 978-3-499-62658-6 )
  • John Palfrey, Urs Gasser: Generation Internet, The Digital Natives: How They Live - What They Think - How They Work . Verlag Hanser - Wirtschaft, 2008, ISBN 978-3-446-41484-6 .
  • Julia Riebel: Mocking, scolding, hitting ... Violence among schoolchildren - bullying and cyberbullying . Verlag Empirische Pädagogik, Landau 2008, ISBN 978-3-937333-79-3 .
  • Christian Scherg: Character assassination on the Internet - this is how companies, institutions and private individuals can defend themselves. Ambition, 2011, ISBN 978-3-942821-01-8 .
  • Niransana Shanmuganathan: Cyberstalking: Psychological Terror in WEB 2.0. (= Information - Science and Practice. Volume 61). Issue 2, 2010, pp. 91-95. (wwwalt.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de)
  • Rene Stephan: Cyber-bullying in social networks - measures against Internet bullying using the example of schülerVZ . Hülsbusch, Boizenburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-940317-64-3 .
  • Catarina Katzer: Cyberbullying: When the Internet becomes a W @ ffe. Springer Spectrum, 2014, ISBN 978-3-642-37671-9 .
  • Robin M. Kowalski, Elizabeth Whittaker: Cyberbullying Prevalence, Causes, and Consequences . Clemson University, 2015.

Movies

Radio

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Annalaura Nocentini, Juan Calmaestra, Anja Schultze-Krumbholz, Herbert Scheithauer, Rosario Ortega, Ersilia Menesini: Cyberbullying: Labels, Behaviors and Definition in Three European Countries . In: Australian Academic Press (Ed.): Journal of Psychologists and Counselors in Schools . tape 20 , no. 2 , December 2010, ISSN  1839-2520 , p. 129–142 , doi : 10.1375 / ajgc.20.2.129 ( online [accessed February 5, 2019]).
  2. ↑ ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Cybermobbing - Forsa survey for NRW and the federal territory. ) Survey results TK@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.tk.de
  3. ↑ Barbara Hans: Cyber ​​bullying against teachers: Mocked by students - and the whole world is watching. In: Spiegel Online “SchulSPIEGEL”. April 10, 2007, accessed July 30, 2019 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Manuela Lundgren: Virtual harassment with real consequences - More and more young people are complaining about bullying on the Internet. In: background . Deutschlandfunk , October 31, 2010, accessed on July 30, 2019 .
  5. ↑ T. Porsch: What do we have to do with cyberbullying? A study with students in the Münsterland. Paper presented at the special interest day cyberbullying , Muenster November of 2010.
  6. ↑ The lack of authority figures in this unsupervised room encourages people to give in to their impulses. […] In the hands of young people who have not yet learned to control their impulses, digital media can become dangerous weapons. John Palfrey, Urs Gasser: Generation Internet, The Digital Natives: How They Live - What They Think - How They Work. P. 113.
  7. ↑ John Palfrey, Urs Gasser: Generation Internet, The Digital Natives: How They Live - What They Think - How They Work. P. 106.
  8. ↑ John Palfrey, Urs Gasser: Generation Internet, The Digital Natives: How They Live - What They Think - How They Work. P. 112.
  9. ^ A b c d Robin M. Kowalski, Elizabeth Whittaker: Cyberbullying . In: The Wiley Handbook of Psychology, Technology, and Society . John Wiley & Sons, 2015, ISBN 978-1-118-77195-2 , pp. 142–157 , doi : 10.1002 / 9781118771952.ch8 ( online [accessed January 31, 2018]).
  10. ↑ Justin W. Patchin, Sameer Hinduja: Bullies Move Beyond the Schoolyard: A Preliminary Look at Cyberbullying. In: Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. April 1, 2006, accessed July 31, 2019 (English, abstract).
  11. ^ Robin M. Kowalski, Susan P. Limber, Electronic Bullying Among Middle School Students . In: Journal of Adolescent Health . tape 41 , no. 6 , December 2007, pp. S22 – S30 , doi : 10.1016 / j.jadohealth.2007.08.017 ( online [accessed January 31, 2018]).
  12. ^ Sue Limber, Patricia W. Agatston: Cyberbullying: bullying in the digital age . 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, MA 2012, ISBN 978-1-4443-3481-4 .
  13. ↑ Generation Netzkind / Internet: Young people love Internet communities - to the horror of teachers and parents . In: Der Spiegel . No. 20 , 2008, p. 100 ( online ).
  14. ↑ Saki Athanassios Danoglidis: Video before the suicide: Amanda Todd tells her story on YouTube. In: webmagazin.de. October 16, 2012, archived from the original on November 9, 2014 ; accessed on July 31, 2019 .
  15. ^ Nancy E. Willard, Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Online Social Aggression, Threats, and Distress . Champaign, Illinois 2007, ISBN 978-0-87822-537-8 , pp. 5 .
  16. ^ Nancy E. Willard, Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Online Social Aggression, Threats, and Distress . Champaign, Illinois 2007, ISBN 978-0-87822-537-8 , pp. 5-11 .
  17. ↑ Bullying victims. In: cybermobbing24. Retrieved July 31, 2019 (presentation of various types of victims).
  18. ↑ a b c d Uschi Götz: No sigh of relief after school ends - When bullying on the Internet becomes a constant pain. In: dradio.de , background , December 28, 2012 (December 31, 2011)
  19. ^ Children, schoolchildren, trainees & Co. In: cybermobbing24. Retrieved on July 31, 2019 (overview of crime scenes for bullying among young people).
  20. ↑ Isabel Fannrich-Lautenschläger: Virtual Insults - Latest Research on Bullying on the Internet. In: Deutschlandfunk broadcast “Studio time: From cultural and social sciences”. November 12, 2009, accessed on July 31, 2019 (on the work of Anja Schultze-Krumbholz and Catarina Katzer).
  21. ↑ Cyberbullying is not child's play. In: polizei-beratung.de. March 8, 2011, archived from the original on July 7, 2012 ; Retrieved August 25, 2012 .
  22. ↑ Cyberbullying by teachers, professors & Co. In: cybermobbing24. Accessed July 31, 2019 .
  23. ↑ Jeannette Otto: School: The fear of teachers. In: Die Zeit 40/2008. September 25, 2008, accessed July 31, 2019 .
  24. ↑ Mobbing in companies, businesses, trade & Co. In: cybermobbing24. Accessed July 31, 2019 .
  25. ↑ Christoph Heinemann: Digital mobbing - What you can do against defamation on the Internet: Christian Scherg in conversation. In: Deutschlandfunk interview. June 10, 2011, accessed July 31, 2019 .
  26. ↑ Advice on cyber bullying: Information for parents, educators, those affected and other interested parties: Tips on how to deal with cyber bullying in an appropriate manner. (PDF; 1.9 MB) In: klicksafe.de. September 24, 2018, p. 29 , accessed July 31, 2019 .
  27. ↑ Ralf Möller: The enforcement of the injunction claim: jurisdiction of German courts with foreign opponents. In: law5.de. Accessed July 31, 2019 .
  28. ↑ Evi Seibert: The French come to an agreement with Facebook: Those who bully are thrown out. In: SWR3 . September 7, 2013, archived from the original on July 23, 2014 ; Retrieved May 4, 2011 .
  29. ↑ a b c d e Insulted, slandered, threatened - cyberbullying at school. (No longer available online.) In: Deutschlandfunk broadcast “For discussion”. December 28, 2012, archived from the original on December 6, 2008 ; accessed on July 31, 2019 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dradio.de
  30. ↑ S. Urbasik, S. Pieschl: Protective factors that reduce or prevent cyberbullying : Lecture at the 47th Congress of the German Society for Psychology , Bremen, September 2010.
  31. ↑ C. Katzer, D. Fetchenhauer: Cyberbullying: Aggression and sexual victimization in chat rooms. In: M. Gollwitzer, J. Pfetsch, V. Schneider, Schulz, T. Steffke, C. Ulrich (eds.): Violence prevention in children and adolescents . Volume I: Basics of Aggression and Violence in Childhood and Adolescence . Hogrefe, 2007.
  32. ↑ Andrea Escher: Pupils educate about harassment on the Internet. In: badische-zeitung.de . May 18, 2010, archived from the original on April 10, 2011 ; accessed on July 31, 2019 .
  33. ↑  ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) ZDFheute@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.heute.de
  34. ↑ Great Britain is mobilizing against cyber bullying. In: pressetext.de , pressetext.austria, July 26, 2006.
  35. ↑ Cyberbullying - a social problem. In: revolvermaenner.com , July 25, 2011.
  36. ↑ Cyberbullying by competitors. In: cybermobbing24.de
  37. ↑ Video log in: The fight against cyber bullying  in the ZDFmediathek , accessed on January 25, 2014. (offline)
  38. ↑ legal portal to cyber bullying , news from April 1, 2015.
  39. ↑ Cyberbullying via cell phone, email, SMS. In: cybermobbing24.de
  40. ↑ Media scientist: No new law for violent games necessary. In: heise.de , February 14, 2007.
  41. ↑ Video legacy with a weapon, coat, combat boots. In: spiegel.de , November 20, 2006.
  42. ↑ OLG Cologne, judgment of November 27, 2007 - 15 U 142/07
  43. ↑ OLG Cologne, judgment of July 3, 2008 - Az. 15 U 43/08
  44. ^ LG Hamburg, judgment of December 4, 2007 - Az. 324 O 794/07
  45. ↑ BGH, judgment of March 27, 2007 - Az. VI ZR 101/06
  46. ↑ BVerfGE 93, 266. ( Memento from January 16, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  47. ↑ Legal portal cybermobbing24, news of April 11, 2015: Federal Court of Justice, judgment of December 16, 2014, Az .: VI ZR 39/14
  48. ↑ Cyberbullying: Since January 1st, severe punishments have been threatened. In: derStandard.at , January 4, 2016, accessed on June 19, 2016.
  49. ↑ New to the Justice Committee. Austrian Parliament.
  50. ↑ Evi Seibert: Those who bully are kicked out. ( Memento from July 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: swr3.de , May 4, 2011 (May 4, 2011)
  51. ↑ Impunity for cyber bullying. In: heise.de , July 4, 2009.
  52. ↑ World's first law against cyberbullying. In: Spiegel Online. July 1, 2008.
  53. ↑ Death of a teenager. In: Spiegel Online. November 18, 2007.
  54. ↑ Cyberstalking: Online to Suicide. ( Memento from February 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: stalking-forum.de , May 20, 2008 (November 27, 2010)
  55. ↑ South Korea: Laws Against Cyber ​​Bullying. ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) In: testticker.de , June 28, 2007.