European Union demographics

The articles Demography of the European Union and European Union # Population overlap thematically. Help me to better differentiate or merge the articles (→  instructions ) . To do this, take part in the relevant redundancy discussion . Please remove this module only after the redundancy has been completely processed and do not forget to include the relevant entry on the redundancy discussion page{{ Done | 1 = ~~~~}}to mark. Ciao •Bestoernesto• ✉ 05:27, Jun. 30, 2019 (CEST)

The population density of the EU is estimated at 118 inhabitants / km² in 2018

Based on an estimate by Eurostat , there were around 512 million inhabitants in the European Union in 2018 (500 million in 2008) on an area of ​​4,324,782 square kilometers. With a population density of 118 inhabitants / km², the European Union is one of the most densely populated regions in the world.

overview

Populations of the member states

Population density in 2014 by NUTS 2 areas

The most populous member state is Germany with an estimated population of 82.1 million inhabitants, the least populous member state is Malta with 0.4 million inhabitants. The birth rates in the European Union are very low with an average of around 1.6 children per woman. The highest birth rates are in Ireland, with 16.876 births per thousand people per year, and France, with 13.013 births per thousand people per year. Germany has the lowest birth rate in the European Union with 8,221 births per thousand inhabitants and year.

Population and area of ​​the 28 member states of the European Union
(estimate January 1, 2014)

Member state	population	Percentage to the EU	Area km²	Percentage to the EU	Population density Ew./km²
European Union	507.416.607	100	4,324,782	100	116.0
Belgium	11,203,992	2.21	30,510	0.7	352.0
Bulgaria	7,245,677	1.43	110,912	2.5	68.5
Denmark	5,627,235	1.11	43.094	1.0	128.1
Germany	80,780,000	15.92	357.021	8.1	229.9
Estonia	1,315,819	0.26	45.226	1.0	29.6
Finland	5,451,270	1.07	337.030	7.6	15.8
France	65.856.609	12.98	643,548	14.6	99.6
Greece	10,992,589	2.17	131,957	3.0	85.4
Ireland	4,604,029	0.91	70,280	1.6	64.3
Italy	60,782,668	11.98	301,320	6.8	200.4
Croatia	4,246,700	0.84	56,594	1.3	75.8
Latvia	2,001,468	0.39	64,589	1.5	35.0
Lithuania	2,943,472	0.58	65,200	1.5	51.4
Luxembourg	549.680	0.11	2,586	0.1	190.1
Malta	425.384	0.08	316	0.0	1,305.7
Netherlands	16,829,289	3.32	41,526	0.9	396.9
Austria	8,507,786	1.68	83,858	1.9	99.7
Poland	38,495,659	7.59	312,685	7.1	121.9
Portugal	10,427,301	2.05	92,931	2.1	114.4
Romania	19,942,642	3.93	238.391	5.4	90.2
Sweden	9,644,864	1.90	449.964	10.2	20.6
Slovakia	5,415,949	1.07	48,845	1.1	110.8
Slovenia	2,061,085	0.41	20,253	0.5	101.4
Spain	46.507.760	9.17	504.782	11.4	93.4
Czech Republic	10,512,419	2.07	78,866	1.8	132.8
Hungary	9,879,000	1.95	93.030	2.1	107.8
United Kingdom	64,308,261	12.67	244,820	5.5	251.7
Cyprus	858,000	0.17	9,250	0.2	86.6

Cities

→ Main article : List of the largest cities in the European Union

There are 15 cities in the European Union with Berlin as the most populous city. The Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region is also the largest metropolitan region in the European Union with an estimated 10 million inhabitants.

Berlin Madrid Rome Paris Bucharest Vienna Hamburg Budapest Warsaw Barcelona Munich Milan Sofia Prague Cologne North Sea Baltic Sea Black Sea Bay of Biscay Mediterranean Sea ATLANTIC

Metropolitan areas of the European Union (capitals in bold)

rank	Surname	Check- residents	Area (km²)	Ew. / km²	was standing	Country	source
1	Berlin	3,419,623	892	3.834	Nov 30, 2013	Germany	AfS
2	Madrid	3,266,126	607	5,381	0Jan. 1, 2019	Spain	INE
3	Rome	2,651,040	1,285	2,063	Oct 31, 2013	Italy	ISTAT
4th	Paris	2,273,305	105	21,651	0Jan. 1, 2013	France	INSEE
5	Bucharest	1,883,425	228	8,260	Oct 20, 2011	Romania	INS
6th	Vienna	1,775,843	415	4,257	May 28, 2014	Austria	STAT
7th	Hamburg	1,753,380	755	2,315	Nov 30, 2013	Germany	STATN
8th	Budapest	1,735,711	525	3,306	0Jan. 1, 2013	Hungary	KSH
9	Warsaw	1,783,321	518	3,443	June 30, 2019	Poland	CIS
10	Barcelona	1,636,762	100	16,368	0Jan. 1, 2019	Spain	INE
11	Munich	1,402,455	310	4,524	Sep 30 2013	Germany	BLfSD
12	Milan	1,315,416	160	8,221	Oct 31, 2013	Italy	ISTAT
13	Sofia	1,301,683	492	2,646	Dec 31, 2012	Bulgaria	NSI
14th	Prague	1,243,201	496	2,527	Dec 31, 2013	Czech Republic	ČSÚ
15th	Cologne	1,027,679	405	2,537	30th of June 2013	Germany	LDS NRW

• 

  Berlin is the most populous city in the European Union

• 

  Madrid has been the geographical, political and cultural center of Spain for centuries

• 

  Rome in the ancient capital of the Roman Empire is also known as the "Eternal City"

• 

  View from the triumphal arch over to La Défense in Paris

• 

  The Vienna International Center is one of the four United Nations offices worldwide

• 

  The Speicherstadt in Hamburg, one of the largest historical department store complexes

• 

  Modern Warsaw

languages

→ Main article : Official languages ​​of the European Union

In the European Union, 24 languages ​​are currently recognized as official and working languages. The language question was determined by the first regulation ever issued by the EEC (for the text of Regulation 1/1958 see below). The legal basis for the regulation is currently Art. 342 TFEU: "Regardless of the statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the regulation of the language issue for the organs of the Union is unanimously adopted by the Council through regulations." According to Art. 24 TFEU, all Union citizens have the right to to address the EU institutions in one of the 24 languages ​​mentioned in Art. 55 of the EU Treaty and to receive an answer in the same language. In addition to these official languages, there are numerous minority languages ​​such as B. Catalan or Basque in Spain or Russian in the Baltic countries. The EU declares that it will respect and respect languages ​​and linguistic diversity. With the accession of Croatia on July 1, 2013, the Croatian language became the 24th official language of the EU.

• Language skills in the EU
• 

  German

• 

  English

• 

  French

• 

  Spanish

• 

  Italian

• 

  Russian

The six most spoken languages ​​in the European Union in 2005

language	Official language in the Member State	spoken as mother tongue (proportion of the population)	spoken as a foreign language (proportion of the population)	Total speakers in the EU (proportion of the population)
German	Germany Austria Luxembourg Belgium Italy	18%	14%	32%
English	United Kingdom Ireland Malta	13%	38%	51%
French	France Belgium Luxembourg Italy	14%	14%	28%
Italian	Italy	13%	03%	16%
Spanish	Spain	09%	06%	15%
Polish	Poland	09%	01 %	10%

religion

2005 Eurobarometer survey

• 

  Believe in a god

• 

  Believe in a kind of supernatural

• 

  Agnostic or atheistic

Religion in the European Union (2015)

Religion / belief	Population share
Christianity	71.6%
- Roman Catholic	45.3%
- Protestant	11.1%
- Christian Orthodox	9.6%
- other Christian denominations	5.6%
other religion	4.5%
- Muslim	1.8%
- Buddhist	0.4%
- Jewish	0.3%
- Hindu	0.3%
- Sikhist	0.1%
- other religions	1.6%
no religion	24.0%
- not believing / agnosticism	13.6%
- atheism	10.4%

health

Health expectation

The health expectancy is from Eurostat calculated with the indicator "healthy life years" (HLY). This statistical indicator of health expectancy is calculated separately for men and women at birth and at the age of 50 and 65 years. For this purpose, data on the proportions of the healthy and sick population and data on age-specific mortality are evaluated. Good health is defined as the absence of functional limitations / disabilities. The key figure “Healthy Years of Life (GLJ) at the age of 65” indicates the number of years that a person at 65 will still live in good health. The key figure “GLJ” is therefore an indicator of health expectation , which links information on mortality and illness. For this purpose, data on the age-specific proportions of the healthy and sick population and data on age-specific mortality are used. Good health is defined by the absence of functional restrictions / complaints. The figure is also called symptom-free life expectancy (BFLE).

The measure is calculated using the Sullivan method, which is based on data on the age-specific proportion of the population with and without disabilities and on mortality data. This method is often used because it is uncomplicated, because the basic data are available and because it can be used for many countries regardless of the size and age structure of the population. However, the GLJ indicator can be influenced by cultural differences with regard to the reporting of disabilities.

Ranking health expectation

EU comparison Healthy life expectancy at birth (2016)

• The GLJ estimates are provided for the 27 EU Member States using the EU-SILC data for 2016
  (see figure on the left).
• The analyzes of the values ​​for healthy life years indicate significant inequalities between the European countries.
• So z. For example, the health expectation of women in Sweden is 16.2 years higher than in Austria .
• The health expectation in Sweden is 16.0 years higher for men than in Austria .

See also:

• Health system in Austria
• Health expectation

Health Expectation Table

EU comparison Healthy life expectancy at birth and at the age of 65 (2016)

Life expectancy

According to Eurostat data, the average life expectancy at birth in 2016 was 81 years in the EU. For men it was 78.2 years and for women 83.3 years. Life expectancy in the European Union was more than 10 years above the global average of almost 70 years. EU citizens had the longest average life expectancy in Spain at 83.5 years. On the other hand, citizens of Lithuania, Bulgaria and Latvia had the shortest life expectancy within the EU at 74.9 years each. In terms of life expectancy, the southern European countries in particular took high places, although they are not necessarily among the richest countries in the Union. The lower ranks are all occupied by Eastern European countries.

rank	Country	Life expectancy (total)	Life expectancy (men)	Life expectancy (women)
1	Spain	83.5	80.5	86.3
2	Italy	83.4	81.0	85.6
3	Cyprus	82.7	80.5	84.9
4th	France	82.7	79.5	85.7
5	Luxembourg	82.7	80.1	85.4
6th	Malta	82.6	80.6	84.4
7th	Sweden	82.4	80.6	84.1
8th	Austria	81.8	79.3	84.1
9	Ireland	81.8	79.9	83.6
10	Netherlands	81.7	80.0	83.2
11	Belgium	81.5	79.0	84.0
12	Greece	81.5	78.9	84.0
13	Finland	81.5	78.6	84.4
14th	Portugal	81.3	78.1	84.3
15th	Slovenia	81.2	78.2	84.3
16	United Kingdom	81.2	79.4	83.0
17th	Germany	81.0	78.6	83.5
-	European Union	81.0	78.2	83.6
18th	Denmark	80.9	79.0	82.8
19th	Czech Republic	79.1	76.1	82.1
20th	Croatia	78.2	75.0	81.3
21st	Estonia	78.0	73.3	82.2
22nd	Poland	78.0	73.9	82.0
23	Slovakia	77.3	73.8	80.7
24	Hungary	76.2	72.6	79.7
25th	Romania	75.3	71.7	79.1
26th	Bulgaria	74.9	71.3	78.5
27	Lithuania	74.9	69.5	80.1
28	Latvia	74.9	69.8	79.6

See also: Health Expectation: Indicator Healthy Life Years (GLJ)

statistics

Human Development Index

According to the 2015 Human Development Index , the most developed country in the EU is Denmark. Then come the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland and Sweden. Almost all countries have a very high level of human development. Only Romania and Bulgaria only have high levels of human development.

Map of the EU's HDI prosperity indicator in 2014

> 0.900

> 0.875

> 0.850

> 0.825

> 0.800

> 0.775

> 0.750

Rank in the EU	Rank worldwide	Country	classification	HDI
1	4th	Denmark	very high development	0.923
2	5	Netherlands	very high development	0.922
3	6th	Germany	very high development	0.916
4th	6th	Ireland	very high development	0.916
5	14th	Sweden	very high development	0.907
6th	14th	United Kingdom	very high development	0.907
7th	19th	Luxembourg	very high development	0.892
8th	21st	Belgium	very high development	0.890
9	22nd	France	very high development	0.888
10	23	Austria	very high development	0.885
11	24	Finland	very high development	0.883
-	25th	European Union	very high development	0.880
12	25th	Slovenia	very high development	0.880
13	26th	Spain	very high development	0.876
14th	27	Italy	very high development	0.873
15th	28	Czech Republic	very high development	0.870
16	29	Greece	very high development	0.865
17th	30th	Estonia	very high development	0.861
18th	32	Cyprus	very high development	0.850
19th	35	Slovakia	very high development	0.844
20th	36	Poland	very high development	0.843
21st	37	Lithuania	very high development	0.839
22nd	37	Malta	very high development	0.839
23	43	Portugal	very high development	0.830
24	44	Hungary	very high development	0.828
25th	46	Latvia	very high development	0.819
26th	47	Croatia	very high development	0.818
27	52	Romania	high development	0.793
28	59	Bulgaria	high development	0.782

Age pyramid

Age pyramid European Union 2013

Men	Age level	Women
3,630,778	85 and older	8,218,188
5,306,277	80-84	8,454,811
7,906,877	75-79	10,680,512
10,102,896	70-74	12.181.603
12,144,566	65-69	13,592,358
14,869,515	60-64	16,043,260
16,233,614	55-59	16,993,992
17,723,947	50-54	18,044,116
18,940,262	45-49	18,896,977
18,722,624	40-44	18,538,464
17,788,398	35-39	17,527,725
17,291,379	30-34	17,063,718
16,304,500	25-29	15.996.105
15,704,338	20-24	15.135.476
14,076,653	15-19	13.370.022
13,453,734	10-14	12,782,681
13,471,020	5-9	12,799,697
13,649,538	0-4	12,971,206

Birth rate & death rate

Birth rate : 10.1 births / 1000 inhabitants (2016)

Death rate : 10.2 deaths / 1000 inhabitants (2016)

Child mortality rate : 4.0 deaths / 1000 births (2016)

Life expectancy : (2016)

• Total: 80.2 years
• Men: 77.4 years
• Women: 83.2 years

Marriages & fertility

Marriage rate : 4.9 marriages / 1000 inhabitants (2007)

Divorce rate : 2.0 divorces / 1000 population (2005) Fertility rate : 1.61 children / woman 2016

Births outside of marriage: 39.5% in 2011

Demographics

EU net migration rate

Net migration rate : 2.5 immigrants / 1000 inhabitants (2016)

Migration in the member states

On the one hand, there is a not inconsiderable number of citizens of the European Union from the Schengen area who change their place of residence within the EU. The two main groups here are, on the one hand, younger people for reasons of job search. These migrate to the economically stronger countries. The other larger group is made up of older people who are moving their old age to the south of the European Union because of the better, warmer climate.

In addition to internal migration, more people immigrate to the European Union than emigrate from there. The EU's net immigration rate in 2008 was 3.1 per 1,000 people. Annual absolute immigration has fluctuated from 1.5 to 2.0 million immigrants since 2003.

Population growth in the European Union in 2010
(absolute figures in thousands)

Member state	Total population	Not born in the country	%	From another EU member state	%	Not from an EU member state	%
European Union	501.098	47,348	9.4	15,980	3.2	31,368	6.3
Germany	081,802	09,812	12.0	03,396	4.2	06,415	7.8
France	064,716	07,196	11.1	02.118	3.3	05,078	7.8
United Kingdom	062.008	07,012	11.3	02,245	3.6	04,767	7.7
Spain	045,989	06,422	14.0	02,328	5.1	04,094	8.9
Italy	060,340	04,798	08.0	01,592	2.6	03,205	5.3
Netherlands	016,575	01,832	11.1	00.428	2.6	01,404	8.5
Greece	011.305	01,256	11.1	00.315	2.8	00.940	8.3
Sweden	009,340	01,337	14.3	00.477	5.1	00.859	9.2
Austria	008,367	01,276	15.2	00.512	6.1	00.764	9.1
Portugal	010,637	00.793	07.5	00.191	1.8	00.602	5.7
Denmark	005,534	00.500	09.0	152	2.8	348	6.3

Population development

It is believed that the population of the European Union will increase from 495 million on January 1, 2008 to 521 million in 2035 and then gradually decrease to 506 million by 2060. A decline in the annual number of births is predicted for the period from 2008 to 2060.

At the same time, it is assumed that the number of annual deaths will continue to rise. Presumably, the number of deaths will exceed the number of births from 2015 onwards and the population growth due to natural growth will therefore stop. From this point onwards, positive net migration is likely to be the only population growth factor. From 2035 onwards, however, this positive net migration is unlikely to compensate for the negative natural change, and there will probably be a decline in the population.

In addition, the population of the European Union is likely to continue to age; the proportion of the elderly (65 years and over) will increase from 17.1% in 2008 to 30.0% in 2060, and the proportion of people 80 years and over will increase from 4, 4% increase to 12.1%.

Population development of the EU-25 from 1960 to 2050 with age composition

Population in thousands

Member State	Population 2008	Population 2035	Percentage change	Population 2060	Percentage change
Belgium	10,918	11,906	9.05%	12,295	12.61%
Bulgaria	07,505	06,535	−12.92%	5,485	−26.92%
Denmark	05,561	05,858	5.34%	5,920	6.46%
Germany	81,752	79,150	−3.18%	70,759	−13.45%
Estonia	01,340	01,243	−7.24%	1,132	−15.52%
Finland	05,375	05,557	3.39%	5,402	0.50%
France	63.136	69,021	9.32%	71,800	13.72%
Greece	11,330	11,575	2.16%	11,118	−1.87%
Ireland	04,480	06,057	26.04%	6,752	37.51%
Italy	60,626	61,995	2.26%	59,390	−2.04%
Latvia	02,230	01,970	−11.60%	1,682	−24.57%
Lithuania	03,245	02,998	−7.61%	2,548	−21.48%
Luxembourg	0.0512	0.0633	23.63%	732	42.97%
Malta	0.0416	0.0429	3.12%	405	−2.64%
Netherlands	16,655	17,271	3.70%	16,596	−0.35%
Austria	08,404	09,075	7.98%	9,037	7.53%
Poland	38,200	36,141	−5.39%	31,139	−18.48%
Portugal	10,617	11,395	7.33%	11,265	6.10%
Romania	21,414	19,619	−8.38%	16,921	−20.98%
Sweden	09.416	10,382	10.26%	10,875	15.49%
Slovakia	05,435	05,231	−3.75%	4,547	−16.34%
Slovenia	02,050	01,992	−2.83%	1,779	−13.22%
Spain	47,190	53,027	12.37%	51,913	10.01%
Czech Republic	10,533	10,288	−2.33%	9,514	−9.67%
Hungary	09,986	09,501	−4.86%	8,717	−12.71%
United Kingdom	62,436	70,685	13.21%	76,677	22.81%
Cyprus	0.0804	1,121	39.4%	1,320	64.18%
European Union	502,489	520.654	3.62%	505.719	0.64%

EU demographic strategy

In 2006 the European Commission proposed five strategic measures to "meet the challenges of demographic change":

• Support for demographic renewal through better conditions for families and the compatibility of work and family
• Promotion of employment - more jobs and a longer working life with a high quality of life
• Increasing productivity and economic performance through investments in education and research
• Reception and integration of migrants in Europe
• Ensure sustainable public finances for adequate pensions, medical care and long-term care

See also

• Demography of Denmark
• Demography of Germany
• France demographics
• Demographics of Italy
• Demography of Austria
• Demography of Spain

Web links

Commons : Demographics of the European Union  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Demography Report 2010 Demography report of the EU (PDF; 3.1 MB; 184 pages), see also summaries: European Commission , fmm-magazin.de , cdl-online.de
• Demographic analysis European Commission (with further links)
• Ron Davies: Promoting fertility in the EU: Social policy options for Member States . Library of the European Parliament, 2013, p. 10.
• Eulalia Claros: Migration in the EU . In: Library statistical spotlight . Library of the European Parliament. Retrieved June 14, 2013.

Individual evidence

1. ^ Population on January 1st. In: table. Eurostat , 2018, accessed 30 June 2019 . 
2. ↑ Figures for France also include the four overseas departments ( French Guiana , Guadeloupe , Martinique , Réunion ) which are an integral part of the EU, not including the Collectivité d'outre-mer and the other territories that are not part of the EU .
3. ^ Office for Statistics Berlin-Brandenburg ( Memento of the original from May 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
4. ↑ ^{a b} Cifras oficiales de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal a 1 de enero . Population statistics from the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (population update).
5. ↑ ^{a b} Population of Italian cities on October 31, 2013
6. ^ Population of the Paris department on January 1, 2013
7. ↑ 38. Press release from the National Statistics Institute of Romania
8. ↑ www.statistik.at
9. ↑ Population of Hamburg (monthly figures)
10. ^ Population of Budapest on January 1, 2013 ( Memento from October 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
11. ↑ population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 . 
12. ↑ Population of cities in Bavaria ( Memento of the original from October 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
13. ^ Population of Sofia on December 31, 2012
14. ↑ Population of Prague on December 31, 2013 ( MS Excel ; 66 kB)
15. ↑ Population of the municipalities of North Rhine-Westphalia on December 31, 2019 - update of the population based on the census of May 9, 2011. State Office for Information and Technology North Rhine-Westphalia (IT.NRW), accessed on June 17, 2020 .   ( Help on this )
16. ↑ European Union: Special Eurobarometer - The Europeans and their languages ( Memento of the original from March 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , (pdf file, 6.77 MByte, accessed November 25, 2010) 
17. ↑ Eurobarometer 83.4 (May-June 2015): Climate change, Biodiversity and Discrimination of Minority Groups. Retrieved November 10, 2017 . 
18. ↑ EuroStat Glossary: ​​Healthy Life Years (GLJ) , accessed on April 22, 2019
19. ↑ Glossary: ​​Death . European Union. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
20. ↑ Healthy Years of Life and Life Expectancy at Age 65 by Gender , EuroStat, accessed April 22, 2019
21. ^ Sullivan's Method , accessed April 22, 2019
22. ↑ Healthy life years (CODED - Eurostat Concepts and Terms Database) , accessed April 22, 2019
23. ↑ ^{a b} EuroStat statistics explained: Healthy life years statistics , accessed on April 22, 2019
24. ↑ Regulation (EC) No. 1177/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of June 16, 2003 on Community Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)
25. ↑ Life expectancy in the EU. Eurostat, accessed on 6 July 2018 . 
26. ↑ United Nations Development Program (Ed.): Human Development Report 2015 . ISBN 978-92-1126398-5 ( Online [PDF; accessed January 9, 2018]).
27. ↑ ^{a b c d} The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved September 10, 2017 . 
28. ↑ ^{a b} Eurostat 2005 ( Memento of the original dated December 8, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
29. ↑ Eurostat 2007 ( Memento of the original dated March 31, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
30. ↑ http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php?title=File:Total_fertility_rate,_1960-2011_%28live_births_per_woman%29.png&filetimestamp=20130129121040
31. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from October 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
32. ↑ http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/article/3869241-new-promised-land
33. ↑ Number of German retirees outside the Federal Republic is growing
34. ↑ ^{a b} 5.4 million children born in EU27 in 2008 . Eurostat. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved October 21, 2014. 
35. ↑ Population projections 2008-2060
36. ↑ European Commission: Demographic Analysis (short summary of five strategies for coping with the challenges of demographic change, html). ec.europa.eu. Without an article date in the article text (from around 2013), accessed on July 4, 2016 .