Demography of Spain

Evolution of the Spanish population from 1950 to 2014

Spain had a population of 46.53 million in 2017, an increase of 0.19% over the previous year. The population density is around 90 people per square kilometer , a figure that is below most countries in Western Europe . The largest population center in Spain is Madrid , whose metropolitan area has a population of over 6 million people. Otherwise, the country's population is mainly concentrated in the coastal areas. At the same time, there are many regions in central Spain that are almost deserted and are experiencing more emigration. The urbanizationof the country took place with the industrialization of Spain after the Spanish Civil War . In 2018, 80.3% of Spaniards lived in cities.

The population of Spain experienced a constant expansion during the 20th century, caused by a high birth surplus. However, in the last quarter of the 20th century , birth rates fell dramatically. The country now has one of the lowest birth rates in the world, which was around 1.3 children per woman in 2017, which is far below the level necessary to maintain the population. Since life expectancy is very high at the same time , the population is aging rapidly. Spain has seen increasing migration from abroad since the 1990s.

For the year 2050, the population is expected to stabilize to around 47 million inhabitants, thanks to immigration, as the country now has more deaths than births. At the same time, there will be a change in the population structure towards a higher proportion of minorities and older people. On average, the age of the population could be over 53 years in 2050, making Spain one of the oldest societies in the world.

Historical development

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In the Roman era , the population of today's Spain is estimated at around 4.5 million people around the year 0. In the year 1000 it is around 4 million. From around 1500 Spaniards began to settle in the New World . Despite emigration, although there is also immigration from neighboring France , the population grows from 6.8 to 8.8 million between 1500 and 1700, and in 1850 it is 14.9 million. In 1820 about 20% of the population can read and write. Natural population growth began to accelerate in the second half of the 19th century due to medical advances and social modernization. Child mortality is beginning to decline, which can also be seen in the rest of Europe. Between 1846 and 1932, nearly five million people left the country and migrated to the New World, which is where emigration reached its peak. At the beginning of the 20th century, life expectancy is estimated at around 35 years, which means that the country lags behind the rest of Western Europe.

The modernization process continued in the early 20th century. The Spanish Civil War is estimated to cost between 200,000 and 500,000 people. After the victory of the fascists in 1939, 200,000 opposition members fled abroad. Afterwards, a comprehensive economic and demographic transformation process begins in Spain, in which the living conditions will be brought into line with the rest of Europe. The conservative view of the family propagated by the fascists under Francisco Franco is conducive to population growth. With the democratization of the country in the 1970s, the birth rate finally begins to decline. In Spain, contraception was legalized in 1977 and abortion in 1985. The total population of Spain doubled from 18.7 to over 40 million in the 20th century, but the growth pattern has been extremely uneven due to high levels of internal migration from the rural inland to the industrial cities.

The country experienced a new wave of demographic growth in the first decade of the 21st century , when the population rose from around 40 to over 46 million. This is mainly driven by immigration from Latin America , Asia , Africa and Eastern Europe . This makes Spain a major immigration country for the first time. In 2005 alone, the Spanish immigrant population grew by 700,000 people. Due to the sharp drop in birth rates, natural growth has only a minimal contribution. The financial crisis from 2007 and the subsequent euro crisis hit Spain hard, which also has an impact on demographics, as many migrants return to their home countries. The population therefore falls for several years and emigration increases due to high unemployment . From around 2016 a recovery was recorded again.

Historical population development

year	Population in millions
0	4.5
1000	4.0
1500	6.8
1600	8.2
1700	8.8
1820	12.2
1850	14.9
1900	18.7
1930	23.5
1950	28.1
1970	33.8
2000	40.8
2010	46.9

Population centers

Population density by municipality (2018)

The population of Spain is concentrated on the coast and in the central capital Madrid. The autonomous community with the largest population in 2018 is Andalusia (8.3 million inhabitants), followed by Catalonia (7.6 million) and Madrid (6.5 million).

The following table lists the largest metropolitan regions in Spain:

rank	Metropolitan area	Population (2017)	Population density per km²
1	Madrid	6,055,116	2,095
2	Barcelona	5,079,243	1,553
3	Valencia	1,545,342	2,458
4th	Seville	1,305,538	854
5	Málaga	967.250	1,183
6th	Bilbao	900.523	1,787
7th	Asturias ( Gijón - Oviedo )	807.802	552
8th	Zaragoza	742,363	323
9	Alicante - Elche	694.902	1,017
10	Murcia	650,468	528

language

→ Main article : Languages ​​in Spain

Languages ​​in Spain:

only Castilian Catalan Basque Galician   

Asturleonese Aragonese Aranese  

There are a variety of regional languages ​​and dialects in Spain. The Spanish (and Castilian) is the majority language in Spain. In the country, Spanish is spoken by 74%, Catalan by 17%, Galician by 7% and Basque by 2% of the population as their mother tongue. Occitan is only spoken in the Val d'Aran region. Other languages ​​are Asturleonese , Aragonese and Aranese , but they have no official status. Spanish is understood by well over 90% of the local population. All of the official languages ​​in Spain are Romance languages, which are closely related. The exception is Basque, which is a language family of its own and forms an isolated language . Thanks to the Spanish Empire , Spanish is now the language with the second most native speakers in the world after Mandarin .

Languages ​​spread through immigration in Spain are Romanian , Arabic , English , German and Chinese . The use of Spanish with Latin American dialects is increasing due to immigrants from Latin America.

religion

The Spanish Constitution of 1978 abolished the position of the Roman Catholic Church as a state church , but at the same time recognized its special role in Spanish society. As of 2018, 68.5% of the population defined themselves as Catholic, 26.4% as non-believers or atheists and 2.6% as members of other religions. 16.3% of believing Christians state that they attend church regularly. Although Catholicism has traditionally played an important role in Spanish culture and society, it has declined in importance in recent decades and the country is experiencing increasing secularization .

The Muslim population is also growing as a result of immigration . In 2016, Muslims made up 2.6% of the population. This proportion could rise to around 7% by the middle of the century through immigration.

migration

Immigrants in Spain by country of origin (2008)

Spain was a classic emigration country well beyond the middle of the 20th century. An estimated 5 million Spaniards emigrated to America between 1846 and 1932 , mainly to Argentina , Brazil and Cuba .

In 2018 there were just over 5 million foreigners in Spain. Around 2 million of them were EU citizens , mainly Romanian (575,000), British (229,000) and Italian citizens (127,000). The largest group of non-EU foreigners living in Spain are the more than 1.1 million Hispanic Americans , to which there are 1.4 million Spaniards with Latin American roots or multiple nationalities. Of the approximately 1.2 million inhabitants of African origin, 660,000 are Moroccans and 214,000 Spaniards are of Moroccan origin; other African countries of origin of importance are Algeria , Senegal and the former Spanish colony of Equatorial Guinea . Around 410,000 foreigners come from Asian countries, 179,000 of them from China , 81,000 from Pakistan and 45,000 from India . The over 100,000 Ukrainians and almost 77,000 Russians also make up significant contingents . At the end of 2018, there were 96,300 Germans, 12,500 Swiss and almost 6,000 Austrians living in Spain. There are also around 80,000 German-Spaniards, 48,000 Spaniards with a Swiss background and around 6,800 Spaniards with connections to Austria (birth or dual nationality); many of these groups are returned Spanish migrants.

In 1998, immigrants made up just 1.6% of the population, and by 2009 this proportion rose to more than 12%. Until 2014, the numbers fell as a result of the economic crisis since 2008 , but immigration to Spain has increased again since then. In 2018 there were more than 5,947,106 foreign-born people in Spain, 12.8% of the total population. The country primarily attracts immigrants from Latin America and Eastern Europe . Many British and Germans have also chosen Spain as their retirement home since the 1970s.

In 2018, 293,118 (79.4%) children were born to mothers with Spanish nationality , 27,528 (7.4%) to mothers with African nationality (including North Africa), 22,504 (6.1%) to mothers with nationalities of other European (EU and Non-EU) countries, 19,309 (5.2%) mothers with citizenship from countries of North and South America and 6,717 (1.8%) mothers with Asian citizenship.

The following table provides an overview of the largest groups of immigrants by country of origin:

rank	country	Population (2019)
1	Morocco	714.239
2	Romania	671.233
3	United Kingdom	287.292
4th	Italy	244.148
5	People's Republic of China	199,540
6th	Colombia	190.624
7th	Germany	138,642
8th	Ecuador	135,268
9	Venezuela	133.934
10	Bulgaria	123.618

Social situation

In Spain, a welfare state comparable to the rest of Europe has been established since the 1970s . Education and basic medical care are guaranteed. A major social problem in Spain is the high unemployment rate compared to other European countries, especially among young people. Youth unemployment has fallen in recent years, but was still 33.5% in 2018. In parts of Andalusia and Extremadura it was over 50%. In Spain, social inequality is pronounced and above the average for the developed countries. There are approximately 617,000 households with no income and 2.6 million children live in poverty. There are also significant regional inequalities in the country. The Basque Autonomous Community , Catalonia and Madrid achieve the highest standard of living and are well ahead of the rest of the country. Extremadura and Andalusia, on the other hand, are below average.

Spain has an efficient health system which, according to the World Health Organization, is one of the best in the world. Overall, around 9% of economic output is spent on health. The Spaniards have the highest life expectancy in the European Union and one of the highest in the world. In 2017 it was 83.3 years old, women were 86.3 years old and men 80.5 years old. In addition to the health system, a lifestyle conducive to high life expectancy also seems to play a role. Despite the high life expectancy, the proportion of smokers and alcohol consumption per capita is relatively high. Spain has one of the lowest child mortality rates in the world. 0.4% of the population are infected with HIV . The rate of severely overweight people was 23.8% in 2016.

In Spain, illiteracy was widespread well into the 20th century , especially among the rural population. However, this was successfully combated by building a general school system. In 2016, 98.3% of the population could read and write. It was over 99% of the young people. The Spanish education system has been compulsory and free of charge for all children between the ages of 6 and 16 since 1978. Spain today spends 4.3% (2015) of economic output on education and is thus within the European average. In the 2015 PISA ranking , Spain's students ranked 32nd out of 72 countries in math, 28th in science and 25th in reading comprehension. Spain is thus slightly below the mean of the OECD countries.

statistics

Births and Deaths since 1900

Spanish family in the 19th century

Spain birth rate by region (2014)

1.5 - 1.7 1.4 - 1.5 1.3 - 1.4 <1.3

Birth and death rates from 1950 to 2012

Annual development of births and deaths:

	Average population	Births	Deaths	Natural change	Birth rate (per 1,000 inhabitants)	Death rate (per 1,000 inh.)	Change (per 1,000 inhabitants)	Fertility per woman
1900	18 520 000	627 848	536 716	91 132	33.9	29.0	4.9	4.49
1901	18,610,000	650 649	517 575	133 074	35.0	27.8	7.1	4.71
1902	18 720 000	666 687	488 289	178 398	35.6	26.1	9.6	4.70
1903	18 810 000	685 265	470 387	214 878	36.4	25.0	11.4	4.68
1904	18,980,000	649 878	486 889	162 989	34.2	25.7	8.6	4.67
1905	19 110 000	670 651	491 369	179 282	35.1	25.7	9.4	4.66
1906	19 250 000	650 385	499 018	151 367	33.8	25.9	7.8	4.61
1907	19,380,000	646 371	472 007	174 364	33.3	24.4	9.0	4.57
1908	19,530,000	658 008	460 946	197 062	33.7	23.6	10.1	4.52
1909	19,670,000	650 498	466 648	183 850	33.1	23.7	9.3	4.48
1910	19,770,000	646 975	456 158	190 817	32.7	23.1	9.7	4.43
1911	19,950,000	628 443	466 525	161 918	31.5	23.4	8.1	4.39
1912	20 040 000	637 860	426 297	211 563	31.8	21.3	10.6	4.35
1913	20 170 000	617 850	449 349	168 501	30.6	22.3	8.4	4.30
1914	20 310 000	608 207	450 340	157 867	29.9	22.2	7.8	4.26
1915	20 430 000	631 462	452 479	178 983	30.9	22.1	8.8	4.22
1916	20 610 000	599 011	441 673	157 338	29.1	21.4	7.6	4.20
1917	20 740 000	602 139	465 722	136 417	29.0	22.5	6.6	4.19
1918	20,910,000	612 637	695 758	−83 121	29.3	33.3	−4.0	4.17
1919	21,000,000	585 963	482 752	103 211	27.9	23.0	4.9	4.16
1920	21 130 000	623 339	494 540	128 799	29.5	23.4	6.1	4.14
1921	21 270 000	648 892	455 469	193 423	30.5	21.4	9.1	4.08
1922	21 510 000	656 093	441 330	214 763	30.5	20.5	10.0	4.02
1923	21 740 000	662 576	449 683	212 893	30.5	20.7	9.8	4.02
1924	21,990,000	653 085	430 590	222 495	29.7	19.6	10.1	3.92
1925	22 160 000	644 741	432 400	212 341	29.1	19.5	9.6	3.82
1926	22 400 000	663 401	420 838	242 563	29.6	18.8	10.8	3.87
1927	22 610 000	636 028	419 816	216 212	28.1	18.6	9.6	3.70
1928	22 860 000	666 240	413 002	253 238	29.1	18.1	11.1	3.80
1929	23 120,000	653 668	407 486	246 182	28.3	17.6	10.7	3.69
1930	23 340 000	660 860	394 488	266 372	28.3	16.9	11.4	3.68
1931	23 510 000	649 276	408 977	240 299	27.6	17.4	10.2	3.58
1932	23 897 000	670 670	388 900	281 770	28.3	16.5	11.8	3.64
1933	24 122 000	667 866	394 750	273 116	27.9	16.5	11.4	3.59
1934	24 349 000	641 889	392 793	249 096	26.4	16.1	10.2	3.38
1935	24 578 000	636 725	388 757	247 968	25.9	15.8	10.1	3.31
1936	24 810 000	617 220	417 108	200 112	24.9	16.8	8.1	3.18
1937	25 043 000	568 977	475 310	93 667	22.7	19.0	3.7	2.89
1938	25 279 000	508 726	487 546	21 180	20.1	19.3	0.8	2.56
1939	25 517 000	422 345	472 611	−50 266	16.6	18.5	−2.0	2.12
1940	25 757 000	631 285	428 416	202 869	24.5	16.6	7.9	3.09
1941	25 999 000	511 157	487 748	23 409	19.7	18.8	0.9	2.47
1942	26 244 000	530 845	387 844	143 001	20.2	14.8	5.4	2.53
1943	26 491 000	606 971	352 587	254 384	22.9	13.3	9.6	2.88
1944	26 620 000	602 091	349 114	253 796	22.6	13.1	9.5	2.84
1945	26,770,000	621 558	330 581	290 977	23.2	12.3	10.9	2.91
1946	27 030 000	585 381	353 371	232 010	21.7	13.1	8.6	2.70
1947	27 150 000	588 732	330 341	258 391	21.7	12.2	9.5	2.67
1948	27 593 000	642 041	305 310	336 731	23.3	11.1	12.2	2.88
1949	27 811 000	601 759	321 541	280 218	21.6	11.6	10.1	2.68
1950	28 009 000	565 378	305 934	259 444	20.2	10.9	9.3	2.45
1951	28 236 000	567 474	327 236	240 238	20.1	11.6	8.5	2.47
1952	28,474,000	593 019	276 735	316 284	20.8	9.7	11.1	2.51
1953	28 713 000	589 188	278 522	310 666	20.5	9.7	10.8	2.55
1954	28 955 000	577 886	264 668	313 218	20.0	9.1	10.8	2.59
1955	29 199 000	598 970	274 188	324 782	20.5	9.4	11.1	2.62
1956	29 445 000	608 121	290 410	317 711	20.7	9.9	10.8	2.66
1957	29 693 000	646 784	293 502	353 282	21.8	9.9	11.9	2.69
1958	29,943,000	653 216	260 683	392 533	21.8	8.7	13.1	2.72
1959	30 195 000	654 474	269 ​​591	384 883	21.7	8.9	12.7	2.74
1960	30 455 000	663 375	268 941	394 434	21.8	8.8	13.0	2.77
1961	30 744 000	654 616	263 441	391 175	21.3	8.6	12.7	2.79
1962	31 067 000	658 816	278 575	380 241	21.2	9.0	12.2	2.80
1963	31 393 000	671 520	282 460	389 060	21.4	9.0	12.4	2.82
1964	31 723 000	697 697	273 955	423 742	22.0	8.6	13.4	2.83
1965	32 056 000	676 361	274 271	402 090	21.1	8.6	12.5	2.83
1966	32 394 000	669 919	276 173	393 746	20.7	8.5	12.2	2.84
1967	32 734 000	680 125	280 494	399 631	20.8	8.6	12.2	2.85
1968	33 079 000	667 311	282 628	384 683	20.2	8.5	11.6	2.86
1969	33 427 000	666 568	303 402	363 166	19.9	9.1	10.9	2.87
1970	33 779 000	663 667	286 067	377 600	19.6	8.5	11.2	2.88
1971	34 216 000	672 092	308 516	363 576	19.7	9.0	10.6	2.88
1972	34 572 000	672 405	285 508	386 897	19.5	8.3	11.2	2.86
1973	34 921 000	672 963	301 803	371 160	19.3	8.7	10.7	2.84
1974	35 288 000	688 711	300 403	388 308	19.6	8.5	11.0	2.89
1975	35 688 000	669 378	298 192	371 186	18.8	8.4	10.5	2.75
1976	36 118 000	677 456	299 007	378 449	18.9	8.3	10.5	2.68
1977	36 564 000	656 357	294 324	362 033	18.1	8.1	10.0	2.59
1978	36 741 000	636 892	296 781	340 111	17.3	8.1	9.2	2.48
1979	37 289 000	601 992	291 213	310 779	16.2	7.8	8.4	2.36
1980	37 527 000	571 018	289 344	281 674	15.2	7.7	7.5	2.22
1981	37 741 000	533 008	293 386	239 622	14.1	7.8	6.3	2.09
1982	37,942,000	515 706	286 655	229 051	13.6	7.6	6.0	1.96
1983	38 122 000	485 352	302 569	182 783	12.7	7.9	4.8	1.84
1984	38 279 000	473 281	299 409	173 872	12.4	7.8	4.5	1.73
1985	38 419 000	456 298	312 532	143 766	11.9	8.1	3.7	1.64
1986	38 536 000	438 750	310 413	128 337	11.4	8.1	3.3	1.56
1987	38 631 000	426 782	310 073	116 709	11.0	8.0	3.0	1.50
1988	38 716 000	418 919	319 437	99 482	10.8	8.3	2.6	1.45
1989	38 792 000	408 434	324 796	83 638	10.5	8.4	2.2	1.40
1990	38 851 000	401 425	333 142	68 283	10.3	8.6	1.8	1.36
1991	38 940 000	395 989	337 691	58 298	10.2	8.7	1.5	1.33
1992	39 068 000	396 747	331 515	65 232	10.2	8.5	1.7	1.32
1993	39 190 000	385 786	339 661	46 125	9.8	8.7	1.2	1.26
1994	39 295 000	370 148	338 242	31 906	9.4	8.6	0.8	1.21
1995	39 387 000	363 469	346 227	17 242	9.2	8.8	0.4	1.18
1996	39 478 000	362 626	351 449	11 177	9.2	8.9	0.3	1.17
1997	39 582 000	369 035	349 521	19 514	9.3	8.8	0.5	1.19
1998	39 721 000	365 193	360 511	4 682	9.2	9.1	0.1	1.15
1999	39,927,000	380 130	371 102	9 028	9.5	9.3	0.2	1.20
2000	40 264 000	397 632	360 391	37 241	9.9	9.0	0.9	1.23
2001	40 476 000	406 380	360 131	46 249	10.0	8.8	1.1	1.24
2002	41 035 000	418 846	368 618	50 228	10.1	8.9	1.2	1.26
2003	41 827 000	441 881	384 828	57 053	10.5	9.2	1.4	1.31
2004	42 547 000	454 591	371 934	82 657	10.6	8.7	1.9	1.33
2005	43 296 000	466 371	387 355	79 016	10.7	8.9	1.8	1.35
2006	44 009 000	482 957	371 478	111 479	10.9	8.4	2.5	1.36
2007	44 784 000	492 527	385 361	107 166	10.9	8.5	2.4	1.40
2008	45 668 000	519 779	386 324	133 455	11.4	8.4	3.0	1.46
2009	46 239 000	494 997	384 933	110 064	10.7	8.3	2.4	1.39
2010	46 486 000	486 575	382 047	104 528	10.5	8.2	2.3	1.38
2011	46 667 000	471 999	387 911	84 536	10.2	8.3	1.9	1.34
2012	46 818 000	454 648	402 950	51 698	9.7	8.6	1.1	1.32
2013	46 728 000	425 715	390 419	35 296	9.1	8.3	0.8	1.27
2014	46 508 000	427 595	395 830	31 765	9.1	8.5	0.6	1.32
2015	46 449 000	420 290	422 568	−2 278	9.0	9.1	−0.1	1.33
2016	46 440 000	410 583	410 611	−28	8.8	8.8	−0.0	1.34
2017	46 527 000	393 181	424 523	−31 342	8.4	9.1	−0.7	1.31
2018	46 658 000	369 302	426 053	−56 202	7.9	9.1	−1.2	1.25

Life expectancy from 1882 to 2015

Sources: Our World In Data and the United Nations .

1882-1950

year	1882	1892	1900	1908	1909	1910	1911	1912	1913	1914	1915	1916	1917	1918	1919	1920
Life expectancy in Spain	29.5	32.1	34.8	41.3	41.0	40.8	39.7	43.4	42.5	42.8	43.0	42.9	42.5	30.3	41.1	39.2

year	1921	1922	1923	1924	1925	1926	1927	1928	1929	1930
Life expectancy in Spain	42.0	44.1	44.7	46.2	46.9	47.7	48.4	48.6	49.3	49.3

year	1931	1932	1933	1934	1935	1936	1937	1938	1939	1940
Life expectancy in Spain	49.2	51.1	51.5	52.3	52.6	51.0	47.3	47.6	47.2	48.4

year	1941	1942	1943	1944	1945	1946	1947	1948	1949	1950
Life expectancy in Spain	47.2	52.5	54.8	56.2	57.8	57.5	59.3	61.2	61.0	61.8

1950-2015

Period	Life expectancy in years	Period	Life expectancy in years
1950-1955	64.6	1985-1990	76.9
1955-1960	67.8	1990-1995	77.6
1960-1965	69.9	1995-2000	78.8
1965-1970	71.4	2000-2005	79.9
1970-1975	72.7	2005-2010	81.2
1975-1980	74.4	2010-2015	82.5
1980-1985	76.1

Source: UN World Population Prospects

Age structure from 1960 to 2018

year	1960	1970	1980	1990	2000	2010	2018
Proportion 0 to 14 years	27.4%	28.1%	25.9%	20.0%	14.8%	14.6%	14.6%
Proportion 15 to 64 years	64.4%	62.3%	63.0%	66.6%	68.5%	68.2%	65.7%
Share over 65 years	8.2%	9.6%	11.1%	13.4%	16.7%	17.2%	19.7%

Source: World Bank

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Itxaro Arteta: Immigrants return to Spain after seven years of crisis-led decline . In: El País . June 30, 2017, ISSN  1134-6582 ( elpais.com [accessed July 25, 2019]).
2. ↑ Urban population (% of total population) | Data. Retrieved July 28, 2019 . 
3. ↑ Bruno Martín: First half of 2018 sees lowest number of births in Spain since 1941 . In: El País . December 12, 2018, ISSN  1134-6582 ( elpais.com [accessed July 25, 2019]).
4. ↑ Peter Kotecki: Spain is developing into a demographic time bomb - photos show why. Retrieved July 28, 2019 . 
5. ↑ European residents by country, 2019 to 2080. Accessed July 25, 2019 . 
6. ^ Spain - Median age of the population 1950-2050. Retrieved July 25, 2019 . 
7. ^ Rose Duroux: España país tradicional de inmigración. Los auverneses de Castilla y sus fuentes . In: Migraciones & Exilios: Cuadernos de la Asociación para el estudio de los exilios y migraciones ibéricos contemporáneos . No. 1 , 2000, ISSN  1577-3256 , p. 97–127 ( unirioja.es [accessed August 4, 2020]).
8. ^ ^{A b} Angus Maddison: The World Economy: A Historical Perspective p. 232. OECD, accessed on August 2, 2020 (English). 
9. ^ Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, Max Roser: Literacy . In: Our World in Data . August 13, 2016 ( ourworldindata.org [accessed July 25, 2019]).
10. ↑ 34. Historical Demography in Spain . ISBN 978-3-0343-2303-1 ( peterlang.com [accessed July 25, 2019]).
11. ↑ Spain: child mortality rate 1845-2020. Accessed August 2, 2020 . 
12. ↑ Spain - Migration. In: Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on August 4, 2020 . 
13. ^ Max Roser: Life Expectancy . In: Our World in Data . May 23, 2013 ( ourworldindata.org [accessed July 25, 2019]).
14. ↑ Federal Agency for Civic Education: 80 years ago: Beginning of the Spanish Civil War | bpb. Retrieved July 25, 2019 . 
15. ^ Süddeutsche de GmbH, Munich Germany, Barbara Galaktionow: End of the Spanish Civil War: The terror continues. Retrieved July 25, 2019 . 
16. ^ Max Roser, Hannah Ritchie, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina: World Population Growth . In: Our World in Data . May 9, 2013 ( ourworldindata.org [accessed August 2, 2020]).
17. ^ Las Grandes Áreas Urbanas y sus municipios (ordenadas por población). Retrieved July 25, 2019 . 
18. ^ Europe :: Spain - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved July 25, 2019 . 
19. ↑ Barómetro de enero de 2018. Accessed July 25, 2019 . 
20. ↑ 1615 L. St NW, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 USA202-419-4300 | Main202-419-4349 | Fax[phone] | Media Inquiries: Muslim Population Growth in Europe | Pew Research Center. November 29, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2019 (American English). 
21. ↑ Spain | Facts, Culture, History, & Points of Interest. Accessed August 5, 2020 (English). 
22. ↑ Alicia Vidaurreta: Spanish Immigration to Argentina, 1870-1930. In: JbLA 19 (1982), pp. 285-319 (here: pp. 292-294).
23. ↑ Población (españoles / extranjeros) por país de nacimiento y sexo. As of January 1, 2019. Accessed March 10, 2020 (source for the entire paragraph). 
24. ↑ Spain - International immigration 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2019 (English). 
25. ↑ ^{a b} Instituto Nacional de Estadística Vital Statistics . Archived from the original on March 12, 2012. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved July 25, 2019. 
26. ↑ Spain: foreign population, by nationality 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2019 . 
27. ^ The youth unemployment rate fell in 2018 in Spain. In: Youth Employment Decade. February 1, 2019, Retrieved July 25, 2019 (American English). 
28. ↑ Miguel Ángel García Vega: Spain's broken social elevator: How the crisis damaged upward mobility . In: El País . March 28, 2019, ISSN  1134-6582 ( elpais.com [accessed July 25, 2019]).
29. ↑ Rich and poor divide of Spanish regions revealed. July 21, 2015. Retrieved July 25, 2019 (UK English). 
30. ↑ Life expectancy at birth, total (years) | Data. Retrieved July 25, 2019 . 
31. ↑ Buena Vida: Why do Spaniards live longer If They smoke and drink? Sex and tapas, says 'The Times' . In: El País . November 8, 2018, ISSN  1134-6582 ( elpais.com [accessed July 25, 2019]).
32. ↑ ^{a b} Europe :: Spain - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved July 25, 2019 . 
33. ^ PISA study - Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Accessed April 14, 2018 . 
34. ^ Fondo documental. Historia .
35. ↑ Children born per woman. Retrieved July 25, 2019 . 
36. ↑ ^{a b c d} Life expectancy . Retrieved August 28, 2018.
37. ↑ World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations . Retrieved July 15, 2017.
38. ↑ Population ages 0-14 (% of total population) | Data. Retrieved July 28, 2019 . 
39. ↑ Population ages 15-64 (% of total population) | Data. Retrieved July 28, 2019 . 
40. ↑ Population ages 65 and above (% of total population) | Data. Retrieved July 28, 2019 .