Demographics of Italy

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Population pyramid Italy (2017)

Italy has a population of approx. 60 million in 2018 and is one of the 25 most populous countries in the world and is in third place within the European Union . The population density is approx. 200 people per km² and is thus above the global average, however below the average of the most densely populated countries in Western Europe . The country is in an advanced phase of demographic transition and has the demographic characteristics typical of highly developed countries. Signs of this are the very advanced aging of the population and a low fertility rate . With a median age of 45.8 years, Italy was already the third oldest society in the world in 2018 and the total fertility rate per woman was just under 1.3 children, well below the level required to maintain the population. Since a high average age and a low birth rate together, the number of excess deaths that of births remained stable for several years and the population can therefore only by immigration in Italy. Italy, which has long been a country of emigration , has therefore become an important destination for immigrants .

As in many other countries, increasing migration from abroad is leading to a change in the population structure. Between 2002 and 2018, the number of foreign residents increased from 1.3 million to 5.1 million and thus reached a share of around 8.5% of the total population. Since the enlargement of the European Union, the last wave of migration came mainly from European countries, especially from Eastern Europe and increasingly from Asia , and replaced North Africa as the most important region of origin. As of 2013, the origins of the foreign-born population were divided as follows: Europe (50.8%), Africa (22.1%), Asia (18.8%), America (8.3%) and Oceania (0, 1 %). In addition to migration from abroad, internal migration is also important. A large number of people migrate from the structurally weak south of the country to the economically much stronger north of the country, which exacerbates the structural problems there and entire parts of the country are deserted.

Historical development

Rome is considered the first metropolis in history

The population of today's Italy at the beginning of the era AD is estimated by historians at 7 to 10 million, with a world population of around 150 million at that time . Today's Italy was the cultural and economic heartland of the Roman Empire . The city of Rome was the largest in the world at that time and was the first to exceed the limit of one million inhabitants. The high population figures were made possible by the resources it extracted from the imperial Roman provinces. The control over the fertile Nile Delta , which supplied the Italian peninsula with wheat , was considered to be crucial for the nutrition of the inhabitants of Rome . Long before the fall of the Roman Empire , there was a significant decline in the population, and contemporary sources report a low birth rate among the native population. With the fall of Rome, the population of what is now Italy changed through the invasion and settlement of Germanic tribes. At the same time, the population of antiquity should not be reached for more than 1000 years.

In the year 1000 the population is estimated at around 5 million. The Black Death , a devastating plague epidemic in the mid- 14th century , significantly reduced the peninsula's population. After that, a long period of population growth began again, ending at the beginning of the 17th century . There was slight, steady growth from the early 18th century to unification in the 1860s, but this was interrupted during the Napoleonic Wars. The first census in 1861 shows a population of 21.8 million. With the unification of the country, a constant modernization of the economy and society begins, which triggers rapid population growth. From the second half of the 19th century to the second half of the 20th century , the population more than doubled, despite high levels of emigration and two world wars, to 51.6 million in 1951. The growth is not even as millions of people migrated from rural Sicily , Calabria and Sardinia to the northern industrial centers of Lombardy and Piedmont . The capital region around Rome also attracted so many migrants that Rome became a city of millions again in the 1930s.

Population development from 1861 to 2011

Birth rates remained high until the mid-1970s and then fell rapidly. The reasons for this were the rising level of education, rapid urbanization and increasing access to contraceptives , which were made possible by the economic boom of the post-war period. The fertility per woman fell to one of the lowest levels in the world by the 1990s, while life expectancy rose steadily. Another reason for the persistently low birth rates is that the labor market is considered unfavorable for mothers. This triggered a rapid aging process and by the end of the first decade of the 21st century , one in five Italians was over 65 years old. In 2014, however, the mark of 60 million inhabitants was exceeded for the first time, thanks to increasing immigration. The country is currently facing severe population aging and a future decline in the labor force, which is another challenge for the country, which has been plagued by prolonged economic stagnation and social problems.

Historical population development

year population
1 7,000,0000 to 10,000,000
1000 5,000,000
1350 12,000,000
1861 22,182,377
1901 32,965,504
1911 35,845,048
1921 39,943,528
1931 41,651,000
1951 47,515,537
1961 50,623,569
1971 54.136.547
1981 56,556,911
1991 56.778.031
2001 56,995,744
2011 59,433,744

Population centers

Population density of Italy

The distribution of the population is largely uneven. The most densely populated areas are the Po Valley (which makes up almost half of the national population) in northern Italy and the metropolitan areas of Rome and Naples in central and southern Italy, while other extensive areas, such as the plateaus of Rome, Basilicata , the highlands of the Alps and of the Apennines and the island of Sardinia are very sparsely populated. Overall, more than 70% of the population live in the north of the country. Italy is mostly urbanized. The proportion of the urban population was around 70.4% in 2018 and is showing an upward trend. In 1960 it was 59.4%. The largest city in the country is Rome with over 2.9 million inhabitants, while the metropolitan area has 4.3 million inhabitants.

Number of inhabitants of Italian cities in thousands from 1800 to 2010:

1800 1850 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Genoa 91 120 235 272 316 608 635 648 784 812 760 679 610 610
Turin 78 135 336 427 502 597 629 711 1206 1178 1104 963 865 910
Milan 135 242 493 579 836 992 1116 1260 1583 1724 1635 1369 1256 1307
Rome 163 175 463 542 692 1008 1156 1652 2188 2800 2831 2775 2664 2744
Naples 427 449 564 723 722 839 866 1011 1183 1233 1211 1067 1005 990
Palermo 139 180 310 342 394 390 412 491 588 651 700 688 686 656

migration

Proportion of foreigners in Italy (2011)

Since its unification, the culture and society of Italy have been strongly influenced by migration . Italy was a country of mass emigration from the late 19th century until the 1970s. Between 1898 and 1914, the peak years of the Italian diaspora , around 750,000 Italians emigrated every year. The main destinations for migration were North and South America and the Italian colonies in Africa ( Eritrea , Somalia and Libya ). European countries to which many Italians migrated from 1950 onwards were France , Germany and Belgium . Nowadays there are in Brazil (25 million), Argentina (20 million), the US (17.8 million), France (5 million), Venezuela (2 million), Uruguay (1.5 million), Canada (1.4 Millions), Australia (800,000), and Germany (776,000) have large numbers of people of full or significant Italian ancestry. Internal migration from rural regions to cities and from southern Italy to northern Italy in the later 19th and the entire 20th centuries was just as important for national identity. While the former migration is still ongoing, the flow of emigrants has now become significantly smaller. However, since the beginning of the financial crisis in 2007 and the subsequent euro crisis, there has been a growing emigration of young and highly qualified Italians.

As a result of the profound economic and social changes brought about by the industrialization of the post-war period were caused, including low birth rates, has an aging population and stagnant labor force in the 1980s to appeal to growing flows of foreign immigrants. Today's number of around 5 million foreigners, who make up around 9% of the total population, includes 97,000 children born to foreigners in Italy in 2014 (19% of all births in Italy). In 2014, 106,000 people were naturalized . The distribution of the foreign-born population in Italy is largely uneven: 59.5% of immigrants live in the north of the country (the most economically developed area), 25.4% in the center and only 15.1% in the southern regions .

A large number of people from Africa are trying to reach Italy via the Mediterranean. As early as 2008, the number of illegal immigrants was estimated at over 600,000 people, most of them from Africa and Eastern Europe, who mainly work in agriculture or the low-wage sector. Due to the high youth unemployment and the difficult economic situation in the country, the question of migration in Italy is controversial. In 2018, a poll by the Pew Research Center found that a majority of the population (71%) wanted fewer immigrants into the country, 18% wanted to keep current levels, and 5% wanted to increase immigration.

Most frequent countries of origin of foreigners

rank nationality Number (2018)
1 RomaniaRomania Romania 1.190.091
2 AlbaniaAlbania Albania 440.465
3 MoroccoMorocco Morocco 416,531
4th China People's RepublicPeople's Republic of China People's Republic of China 290,681
5 UkraineUkraine Ukraine 237.047
6th PhilippinesPhilippines Philippines 167.859
7th IndiaIndia India 151.791
8th BangladeshBangladesh Bangladesh 131,967
9 Moldova RepublicRepublic of Moldova Moldova 131,814
10 EgyptEgypt Egypt 119,513
total 5,144,440

language

Italy's official language is Italian , which is understood by over 90% of the population. According to estimates by SIL International, there are around 59 million speakers in Italy and another 8 million outside the country, mainly in neighboring countries and in the Italian diaspora worldwide. Italian, adopted by the state after the unification of Italy, is based on the Florentine variant of Tuscan and lies between the Italian-Dalmatian and Gallo-Roman languages . Its development was also influenced by the Germanic languages ​​of the post-Roman invaders.

Historically, Italian was divided into various sublanguages ​​and dialects. However, the establishment of a national education system has resulted in less use of the various languages ​​and dialects spoken across the country. Standardization continued to expand in the 1950s and 1960s with the rise of mass media and television as the state broadcaster Rai helped set a standard for Italian.

In addition to the official Italian language, there are the regional official languages German and Ladin in Trentino-South Tyrol , French in the Aosta Valley and Slovenian in Friuli-Venezia Giulia .

In addition, a state law from 1999 provides for the protection of the following minority languages:

religion

Religion / belief in Italy according to Eurobarometer , 2018

  • Roman Catholic (78.9%)
  • Christian Orthodox (4.6%)
  • protestant (0.6%)
  • other Christians (1.5%)
  • other religions (2.6%)
  • non-believing / agnostic (4.2%)
  • atheist (7.5%)
  • The Christianity is the dominant religion in Italy and today's Italian territory played a historically important role in its spread in Europe. The Roman Catholicism is by far the largest denomination in the country, although he is no longer the state religion is. In 2006, 87.8% of the Italian population identified themselves as Roman Catholic, with only about a third of them designating themselves as active members (36.8%). In 2016, 71.1% of Italian citizens described themselves as Catholic. The Italian Catholic Church is part of the global Roman Catholic Church under the direction of the Pope , the Curia in Rome and the Conference of Italian Bishops. In addition to Italy, two other sovereign nations belong to the dioceses based in Italy, San Marino and Vatican City .

    Although the main Christian denomination in Italy is Roman Catholicism, there are some minorities from other Christian churches. Due to immigration from Eastern Europe, Orthodox have a population of 2.8% and thus form the second largest group of Christians. Protestants make up 1.1% of the population. Jehovah's Witnesses , Mormonism and members of independent churches combined make up 0.8%. Even if religious groups still have considerable influence in Italy, as in other countries there is an increasing secularization of society. In the meantime, 24.5% of the population no longer belong to any religion (as of 2016).

    Islam is the second largest religion in the country with approx. 2 million believers and a share of 3.1% of the population. Thanks to immigration, it is one of the growing religious groups in Italy, along with Hinduism (0.3%) and Buddhism (0.4%). Another minority religion is Judaism (0.1%), which can look back on a history of more than 2,000 years in Italy.

    education

    In Italy, children and young people between the ages of 6 and 16 are required to attend education for ten years . Anyone who does not want to continue school education afterwards must complete vocational training up to the age of 18 . Tuition in the country is free and children of all nationalities residing in Italy can be educated for free. However, the quality of private schools is also higher than that of public schools in terms of "educational and labor market outcomes". In 2015 Italy spent around 4.1% of its economic output on education. In the 2015 PISA ranking , Italian students ranked 34th out of 72 countries in mathematics, 33rd in science and 33rd in reading comprehension.

    There has been a state school system or education system in Italy since 1859, when the Legge Casati law prescribed educational duties for the coming Italian state (Italian unification took place in 1861). The Casati Law made primary education compulsory and aimed to improve literacy. At this point in time, the proportion of illiterate people was still around 80% and it took half a century for this rate to halve. The fight against illiteracy was finally won in the 20th century, which until then had been widespread among women and in the south.

    Today's education system in Italy suffers from underfunding and quality deficiencies. In 2017, the country was ranked second among the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in terms of the proportion of young people who have not completed school, are unemployed or are not in training . It is also criticized that the system is too inflexible and poorly prepared for working life, which is said to be one of the reasons for the high unemployment among young people.

    Literacy rate

    Literacy Share (2015)
    total 99.2%
    Men 99.4%
    Women 99.0%

    health

    The average life expectancy at birth is given as 83.2 years in 2017. For men it is 81 years and for women 85.6 years. In terms of life expectancy, Italy is one of the world's leading nations. Child mortality is also one of the lowest in the world and among those under 5 was below that of Germany. The longevity of the population compared to socio-economically better off countries is often associated with a specific diet and lifestyle of the population, although there is no definitive evidence for this. In terms of life expectancy, however, there are regional differences in which the typical north-south divide becomes apparent. In 2016, life expectancy was highest in Trentino-Alto Adige (84.2), Umbria (84.1) and Lombardy (84.0). The lowest values ​​were found in Calabria (82.9), Sicily (82.4) and Campania (81.7).

    Modern Italian healthcare was established in the decades after World War II and is largely publicly funded. Health expenditure amounted to 9.2% of economic output. In a comparative study by the World Health Organization in 2000, it was ranked second worldwide. Problems are the shortage of doctors in the south of the country and the future financial viability given the continuing aging of the population.

    The country has a declining proportion of smokers and is in the lower mid-range for alcohol consumption per capita in Europe. One problem is the increasing proportion of overweight people. In 2016, the proportion of overweight people was 19.9%, which is, however, below the European average. Almost 120,000 people are HIV positive .

    1871-1950

    year 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880
    Life expectancy in Italy 29.8 29.7 31.6 31.8 31.3 33.6 34.9 34.3 34.0 32.8
    year 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890
    Life expectancy in Italy 34.2 34.3 35.2 36.6 36.9 35.1 36.0 37.0 39.1 38.5
    year 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900
    Life expectancy in Italy 38.5 38.9 39.8 40.0 39.6 40.7 43.3 42.3 43.7 41.7
    year 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910
    Life expectancy in Italy 43.5 43.0 43.1 44.4 43.9 45.1 45.4 43.1 44.6 46.7
    year 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920
    Life expectancy in Italy 44.7 48.9 48.4 49.9 42.5 39.6 38.1 25.8 42.3 45.5
    year 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930
    Life expectancy in Italy 49.2 50.0 51.4 51.5 51.3 50.9 52.5 52.6 52.3 55.2
    year 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940
    Life expectancy in Italy 54.8 54.7 56.3 56.8 56.2 56.7 55.5 56.1 57.6 57.0
    year 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950
    Life expectancy in Italy 54.7 52.5 49.4 52.4 54.9 59.0 61.2 63.4 64.1 65.8

    1950-2015

    Period Life expectancy
    in years
    Period Life expectancy
    in years
    1950-1955 66.5 1985-1990 76.4
    1955-1960 68.4 1990-1995 77.5
    1960-1965 69.7 1995-2000 78.8
    1965-1970 70.9 2000-2005 80.3
    1970-1975 72.2 2005-2010 81.5
    1975-1980 73.6 2010-2015 82.4
    1980-1985 74.9

    Source: UN World Population Prospects

    statistics

    Italian family in Sicily (1925)
    Annual number of births (blue) and deaths (red) from 1862 to 2016
    Fertility per woman from 1946 to 2012

    Births and Deaths since 1900

    Annual development of births and deaths:

    year Average
    population
    Births Deaths Natural
    change
    Birth rate
    (per 1,000 inhabitants)
    Death rate
    (per 1,000 inh.)
    Change
    (per 1,000 inhabitants)
    Fertility per woman
    1900 32,377,000 1,067,376 768.917 298,459 33.0 23.7 9.2 4.53
    1901 32,550,000 1,057,763 715.036 342,727 32.5 22.0 10.5 4.49
    1902 32,787,000 1,093,074 727.181 365.893 33.3 22.2 11.2 4.46
    1903 33,004,000 1,042,090 736.311 305.779 31.6 22.3 9.3 4.43
    1904 33,237,000 1,085,431 698604 386,827 32.7 21.0 11.6 4.44
    1905 33,489,000 1,084,518 730.340 354.178 32.4 21.8 10.6 4.45
    1906 33,718,000 1,070,978 696.875 374.103 31.8 20.7 11.1 4.45
    1907 33,952,000 1,062,333 700,333 362,000 31.3 20.6 10.7 4.46
    1908 34,198,000 1,138,813 770.054 368,759 33.3 22.5 10.8 4.47
    1909 34,455,000 1,115,831 738.460 377.371 32.4 21.4 11.0 4.43
    1910 34,751,000 1,144,410 682.459 461.951 32.9 19.6 13.3 4.39
    1911 35,033,000 1,093,545 742.811 350.734 31.2 21.2 10.0 4.36
    1912 35,246,000 1,133,985 635.788 498.197 32.2 18.0 14.1 4.32
    1913 35,351,000 1,122,482 663.966 458.516 31.8 18.8 13.0 4.28
    1914 35,701,000 1,114,091 643.355 470.736 31.2 18.0 13.2 4.04
    1915 36,271,000 1,109,183 809.703 299,480 30.6 22.3 8.3 3.80
    1916 36,481,000 881.626 854.703 26,923 24.2 23.4 0.7 3.56
    1917 36,343,000 691.207 948.710 −257.503 19.6 26.1 −6.5 3.32
    1918 35,922,000 640.263 1,268,290 −628.027 18.2 35.3 −17.1 3.08
    1919 35,717,000 770.620 676.329 94.291 21.6 18.9 2.6 3.24
    1920 35,960,000 1,158,041 681.749 476.292 32.2 19.0 13.2 3.41
    1921 37,869,000 1,118,344 670.234 448.110 30.7 17.7 13.0 3.57
    1922 38,196,000 1,127,444 690.054 437,390 30.8 18.1 12.7 3.74
    1923 38,571,000 1,107,505 654,827 452,678 29.9 17.0 13.0 3.90
    1924 38,927,000 1,124,470 663.077 461.393 28.9 17.0 11.9 3.81
    1925 39,265,000 1,109,761 669.695 440.066 28.2 17.1 11.2 3.72
    1926 39,590,000 1,094,587 680.274 414.313 27.7 17.2 10.5 3.64
    1927 39,926,000 1,093,772 639.843 453.929 27.4 16.0 11.4 3.55
    1928 40,281,000 1,072,316 645.654 426,662 26.6 16.0 10.6 3.46
    1929 40,607,000 1,037,700 667.223 370,477 25.6 16.4 9.1 3.42
    1930 40,956,000 1,092,678 576.751 515,927 26.7 14.1 12.6 3.38
    1931 41,339,000 1,026,197 609.405 416,792 24.8 14.7 10.1 3.21
    1932 41,584,000 990.995 610,646 380,349 23.8 14.7 9.1 3.06
    1933 41,928,000 995.979 574.113 421,866 23.8 13.7 10.1 3.04
    1934 42,277,000 992.966 563,339 429,627 23.5 13.3 10.2 3.00
    1935 42,631,000 996.708 594,722 401.986 23.4 14.0 9.4 2.98
    1936 42,965,000 962.686 593,380 369.306 22.4 13.8 8.6 2.87
    1937 43,269,000 991.867 618.290 373,577 22.9 14.3 8.6 2.93
    1938 43,596,000 1,037,180 614,988 422.192 23.8 14.1 9.7 3.05
    1939 44,018,000 1,040,213 591.483 448.730 23.6 13.4 10.2 3.07
    1940 44,467,000 1,046,479 606.907 439,572 23.5 13.6 9.9 3.07
    1941 44,830,000 937,546 621.735 315,811 20.9 13.9 7.0 2.74
    1942 45,098,000 926.063 643,607 282,456 20.5 14.3 6.3 2.69
    1943 44,641,000 882.105 679.708 202.397 19.8 15.2 4.6 2.61
    1944 44,794,000 814.746 685.171 129,575 18.3 15.3 3.0 2.39
    1945 44,946,000 815,678 615.092 200,586 18.2 13.7 4.5 2.37
    1946 45,253,000 1,036,098 547,952 488.146 23.0 12.1 10.9 3.01
    1947 45,641,000 1,011,490 524.019 487.471 22.2 11.5 10.8 2.89
    1948 46,381,000 1,005,851 490.450 515.401 21.8 10.6 11.2 2.83
    1949 46,733,000 937.146 485.277 451,869 20.1 10.4 9.7 2.62
    1950 47,104,000 908.622 455.169 453.453 19.4 9.7 9.7 2.50
    1951 47,417,000 860.998 485.208 375.790 18.2 10.2 8.0 2.35
    1952 47,666,000 844.447 477,894 366,553 17.8 10.0 7.8 2.34
    1953 47,957,000 839.478 476.015 363.463 17.6 9.9 7.6 2.31
    1954 48,299,000 870,689 441,897 428,792 18.0 9.1 8.9 2.35
    1955 48,633,000 869.333 446,689 422,644 17.9 9.2 8.7 2.33
    1956 48,920,000 873608 497,550 376.058 17.9 10.2 7.7 2.34
    1957 49,181,000 878.906 484.190 394.716 17.9 9.8 8.0 2.33
    1958 49,475,000 870.468 457.690 412,778 17.6 9.3 8.3 2.31
    1959 49,831,000 901.017 454.740 446.277 18.1 9.1 9.0 2.38
    1960 50,198,000 910.192 480,932 429.260 18.1 9.6 8.6 2.41
    1961 50,523,000 929,657 468.455 461.202 18.4 9.3 9.1 2.41
    1962 50,843,000 937.257 509.174 428.083 18.4 10.0 8.4 2.46
    1963 51,198,000 960.336 516,377 443,959 18.8 10.1 8.7 2.56
    1964 51,600,000 1,016,120 490.050 526.070 19.7 9.5 10.2 2.70
    1965 51,987,000 990.458 518.008 472,450 19.1 10.0 9.1 2.66
    1966 52,332,000 979.940 496.281 483,659 18.7 9.5 9.2 2.63
    1967 52,667,000 948.772 510.122 438,650 18.0 9.7 8.3 2.54
    1968 52,987,000 930.172 532,571 397,601 17.6 10.1 7.5 2.49
    1969 53,317,000 932.466 539.129 393,337 17.5 10.1 7.4 2.51
    1970 53,661,000 901.472 521.096 380,376 16.8 9.7 7.1 2.43
    1971 54,074,000 906.182 522.654 383,528 16.8 9.7 7.9 2.41
    1972 54,381,000 888.203 523.828 364,375 16.3 9.6 6.7 2.36
    1973 54,751,000 874,546 547.487 327.059 16.0 10.0 6.0 2.34
    1974 55,111,000 868.882 532.052 336.830 15.8 9.7 6.1 2.33
    1975 55,441,000 827.852 554,346 273.506 14.9 10.0 4.9 2.21
    1976 55,718,000 781,638 550,565 231,073 14.0 9.9 4.1 2.11
    1977 55,955,000 741.103 546.694 194,409 13.2 9.8 3.5 1.97
    1978 56,155,000 709.043 540,671 168,372 12.6 9.6 3.0 1.87
    1979 56,318,000 670.221 538.352 131,869 11.9 9.6 2.3 1.76
    1980 56,434,000 640.401 554.510 85.891 11.3 9.8 1.5 1.68
    1981 56,502,000 623.103 545.291 77,812 11.0 9.7 1.4 1.60
    1982 56,544,000 619.097 522.332 96,765 10.9 9.2 1.70 1.60
    1983 56,564,000 601.928 553,568 48,360 10.6 9.8 0.8 1.54
    1984 56,577,000 587,871 534.676 53,195 10.4 9.5 0.9 1.48
    1985 56,593,000 577,345 547.436 29,909 10.2 9.7 0.5 1.45
    1986 56,596,000 555,445 537.453 17,992 9.8 9.5 0.3 1.37
    1987 56,602,000 551,539 524,999 26,540 9.8 9.3 0.5 1.35
    1988 56,629,000 569,698 539.426 30,272 10.1 9.5 0.5 1.38
    1989 56,672,000 560,688 525.960 34,728 9.8 9.3 0.5 1.35
    1990 56,719,000 569.255 543,708 25,547 9.9 9.5 0.5 1.36
    1991 56,751,000 562,787 553.833 8,954 9.9 9.8 0.2 1.33
    1992 56,797,000 567,841 545.038 22,803 10.1 9.6 0.5 1.31
    1993 56,832,000 549.484 555.043 −5,559 9.7 9.8 −0.0 1.26
    1994 56,843,000 533.050 557,513 −24,463 9.4 9.8 −0.4 1.22
    1995 56,844,000 525,609 555.203 −29,594 9.3 9.8 −0.5 1.19
    1996 56,860,000 528.103 557.756 −29,653 9.4 9.8 −0.4 1.22
    1997 56,890,000 534,462 564,679 −30.217 9.5 9.9 −0.4 1.23
    1998 56,907,000 531,548 576.911 −45.363 9.4 10.1 −0.8 1.21
    1999 56,917,000 537.242 571,356 −34.114 9.4 10.0 −0.6 1.23
    2000 56,942,000 543.039 560.241 −17,202 9.5 9.8 −0.3 1.26
    2001 56,960,000 535.264 548.227 −12,963 9.4 9.6 −0.2 1.25
    2002 56,987,000 538.198 557.393 −19.195 9.4 9.8 −0.3 1.27
    2003 57,130,000 544.063 586,468 −42,405 9.4 10.2 −0.8 1.29
    2004 57,495,000 562,599 546,658 15,941 9.7 9.4 0.3 1.31
    2005 57,874,000 554.022 567,304 −13.282 9.5 9.7 −0.2 1.33
    2006 58,064,000 560.010 557,892 2.118 9.6 9.5 0.1 1.37
    2007 58,223,000 563,933 570.801 −6,868 9.5 9.7 −0.2 1.40
    2008 58,652,000 576,659 585.126 −8,467 9.6 9.8 −0.2 1.45
    2009 59,000,000 568,857 591,663 −22,806 9.5 9.8 −0.3 1.45
    2010 59,190,000 561,944 587,488 −25,544 9.3 9.7 −0.4 1.46
    2011 59,364,000 546,585 593,402 −46,817 9.1 9.7 −0.6 1.44
    2012 59,394,000 534.186 612,883 −78,697 9.0 10.3 −1.3 1.42
    2013 59,685,000 514.308 600,744 −86,436 8.6 10.1 −1.5 1.39
    2014 60,782,000 502,596 598.364 −95.768 8.4 9.8 −1.4 1.37
    2015 60,795,000 485.780 647.571 −161.791 8.1 10.7 −2.6 1.35
    2016 60,665,000 473,438 615.261 −141,823 7.8 10.0 −2.2 1.34
    2017 60,484,000 458.151 649.061 −190.910 7.6 10.7 −3.1 1.32
    2018 60,359,546 439,747 633.133 −193.386 7.3 10.5 −3.2 1.32

    See also

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