Dieterich Buxtehude

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Allegory of Friendship by Johannes Voorhout , 1674; Johann Adam Reincken sitting at the harpsichord , on the left probably Buxtehude on the viola da gamba
Buxtehude (excerpt from the picture above)
St. Marien in Lübeck

Dieterich Buxtehude (* around 1637 probably in Helsingborg ; † May 9, 1707 in Lübeck ) was a Danish - German organist and composer of the Baroque . His first name is also common in the form Dietrich .

Life

Dieterich Buxtehude ( Danish Diderik Buxtehude ) was born around 1637 as the son of organist Johann Buxtehude (Hans Jenssen Buxtehude, 1602–1674) and Helle Jaspersdatters from Oldesloe in Holstein , probably in Helsingborg, Denmark at the time. Earlier assumptions that he was born in Bad Oldesloe cannot be ruled out, but are currently considered less likely in research. In 1641 his father was evidently the organist at St. Olai's Church in Helsingør . Dieterich Buxtehude probably graduated from Latin school there .

He worked as an organist at St. Mary's Church in Helsingborg from 1657 , and from 1660 to 1668 at St. Mary's Church (also German Church ) in Helsingør. On April 11, 1668 he succeeded Franz Tunder at St. Marien in Lübeck, whose second daughter, Anna Margaretha, he married on August 3 of the same year; There he also took over administrative and accounting tasks as "Werckmeister". He continued the series of Advent sacred concerts founded by his father-in-law and called evening music since 1673 , which made him known and famous as a composer and virtuoso organist. As early as 1669, the church leaders of the Marienkirche had side galleries added, which made it possible to make music from there together with the large organ.

In 1705 Johann Sebastian Bach walked the more than 465 kilometers from Arnstadt (Thuringia) to Lübeck to hear his musical role model Buxtehude, and presumably took lessons from him. The stay in Lübeck meant so much to Bach that he arbitrarily extended this “educational leave” by 12 weeks and was therefore questioned and reprimanded by his superiors in Arnstadt. However, Bach does not seem to have been interested in the successor to the aging organist, in contrast to Georg Friedrich Handel or Johann Mattheson , who considered this position. Buxtehude's successor was finally Johann Christian Schieferdecker , who married his eldest daughter Anna Margreta.

Dieterich Buxtehude is the most famous representative of the North German Organ School . His most famous student was Nicolaus Bruhns .

Buxtehude died in 1707 and was buried in the Marienkirche in Lübeck near the so-called "Dance of Death Organ". In bombing in 1942 , the tomb was destroyed. On the 250th anniversary of his death in 1957, a new memorial plaque was placed on his grave.

There is no known portrait of Buxtehude that clearly identifies him. Since the rediscovery of the domestic music scene by the Dutch painter Johannes Voorhout in 1674, there have been various attempts to identify Buxtehude in it. In 2008 a portrait of Johann Theile was discovered in the Lübeck city ​​library , which excludes him as the viol player. That makes it all the more likely that Buxtehude is the gambist in the music scene . He picks up the notes D and B on his instrument, Buxtehude's initials .

Works

As a composer, Buxtehude created an extensive work. Trio sonatas and piano works predominate among his secular works. He has created numerous organ works of sacred music, some of which are not liturgical in character, but rather concertante, others are suitable as preludes or aftermaths for church services or for concert performances.

"Where did my friend go?" (BuxWV 111)

Buxtehude's vocal oeuvre is more extensive than the organ. The oratorio-like "evening music" with which the history of religious and public concerts in Germany begins, and cantatas , which according to the custom of the time are more suitable for worship, determine this part of his work. The evening music existed in Lübeck until 1810 and was re-established in 1926.

In his cantatas, Buxtehude uses three different types of text, each of which corresponds to composition techniques tailored to the type of text. The first, the Bible texts, are mostly taken from the Book of Psalms and are set to music in the form of concertos with an alternation of solos and tutti. The compositional technique takes the structure of the texts into account and is often provided with an introductory sonata. From a liturgical point of view, the second type of text fulfills the function of the answer song with which the believers respond to the previously heard word of God. Here, in Buxtehude's cantatas, there are German chorales, which are set to music using concert technology, as monophonic or polyphonic homophonic singing. The third type of text is made up of commentaries on the Bible, poems with multiple stanzas, most of which are composed in the form of arias. This third form corresponds to the inner appropriation of the Word of God by the believing soul, which is important in the movement of Pietism .

Dieterich Buxtehude's works are cataloged in the Buxtehude Works Directory (BuxWV).

135 vocal works (BuxWV 1–135):

89 organ works (BuxWV 136–225):

Toccata in F major BuxWV 156

26 harpsichord works (BuxWV 226-251):

24 works for strings and basso continuo (BuxWV 252–275)

Fonts

  • Castrum Doloris - Templum Honoris. Die Extraordinairen Abendmusiken , Lübeck 1705. Facsimile Lübeck 2002. ISBN 3-933652-14-6

Maintenance of tradition

350th birthday of Buxtehude: German postage stamp from 1987
  • Hans Henny Jahnn (1894–1959) campaigned for the memory of Buxtehude and his work .
  • In 1990 the asteroid (4344) Buxtehude was named after him.
  • The Lübeck St. Anne's Museum honored the composer on the occasion of Lübeck's Buxtehude Year 2007 with a comprehensive exhibition. During this festival year, numerous concerts with internationally known musicians took place.
  • The circle of friends and supporters of church music at St. Marien Lübeck e. V. and the International Dieterich Buxtehude Society , founded on May 8, 2004 in Lübeck, regularly organize the European Buxtehude Festival , whose program includes readings as well as performances of early music and contemporary compositions.

literature

Biographical writings

Secondary literature

  • Hans Franck : The pilgrimage to Lübeck - A Bach novella. 1936, ISBN 3-579-01021-2 .
  • Georg Karstädt: The Lübeck cantatas volume Dietrich Buxtehudes. Lübeck 1971.
  • Klaus Beckmann Another Buxtehude? On the controversial text question in Buxtehude's organ works . In: The church musician. Kassel 1984, pp. 1-12, 48-59.
  • Uwe Haensel: Dietrich Buxtehude on his 350th birthday. Kiel 1987.
  • Hermann Wettstein: Dietrich Buxtehude 1637–1707. Bibliography on his life and work. Munich 1989, ISBN 3-598-10786-2 .
  • Arnfried Edler , Friedhelm Krummacher (Hrsg.): Dietrich Buxtehude and the European music of his time: Report on the Lübeck Symposium 1987 (= Kieler Schriften zur Musikwissenschaft 35). Bärenreiter, Kassel 1990, ISBN 3-7618-0994-8 (319 pp., Illustrations, notes).
  • Michael Belotti: Dietrich Buxtehude's free organ works - studies of tradition and style (= European university publications: series 36, musicology, volume 136; also: dissertation Freiburg 1993). Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1995, ISBN 3-631-48534-4 .
  • Wolfgang Sandberger (Ed.): Bach, Lübeck and the North German Music Tradition. Bärenreiter, Kassel 2002.
  • Pieter Dirksen : Dieterich Buxtehude and the Chorale Fantasia. , In: Sverker Jullander (Ed.): GOArt Research Report 3, Göteborg, 2003, pp. 149-165.
  • Arndt Schnoor, Volker Scherliess : “Theater Music in the Church”. On the history of Lübeck evening music. Lübeck 2003, ISBN 3-933652-15-4 .
  • Corinna Hesse: Queens or The 7 Riddles of Dieterich B. - Lübeck celebrates Buxtehude. Audio book with music: City history - life story. Silberfuchs, 2006, ISBN 978-3-9810725-4-9 .
  • Pieter Dirksen: The Enigma of the stylus phantasticus and Dieterich Buxtehude's Praeludium in G Minor (BuxWV 163). In: Cleveland Johnson (Ed.): Orphei organi antiqui, Essays in Honor of Harald Vogel. Westfield Center, Ithaca 2006, ISBN 0-9778400-0-X , pp. 107-132.
  • Ibo Ortgies : About the reconstruction of the large organ of the Marienkirche in Lübeck by Friederich Stellwagen 1637–1641. In: Cleveland Johnson (Ed.): Orphei organi antiqui, Essays in Honor of Harald Vogel. Westfield Center, Ithaca 2006, ISBN 0-9778400-0-X , pp. 313-335 ( Corrigenda and errata on this article ).
  • Ludger Stühlmeyer : Thoughts on the organist and composer Dietrich Buxtehude. In: Church music in the Archdiocese of Bamberg, No. 45, Bamberg December 2007, p. 4f.
  • Ibo Ortgies: 2037/2038 - Four Hundred Years of Dieterich Buxtehude (Thoughts on a Problem in Buxtehude Research) ( web publication, 2007 ). Origin published in Dutch under the title Volgend Buxtehude-jaar in 2037 or 2038. Gedachten bij een problem uit het Buxtehude-onderzoek. In: Het Orgel 104, No. 1 (2008), pp. 13-17 (summary in German , Dutch and English ).
  • Dorothea Schröder (Ed.): 'An excellent organist and composer from Lübeck'. Dieterich Buxtehude (1637–1707). Catalog for the exhibition "An excellent organist and composer from Lübeck - Dieterich Buxtehude." Lübeck, Museum for Art and Cultural History (St. Annen Museum) 2007. Dräger, Lübeck 2007.
  • Stephen Rose: A Lübeck music auction, 1695. In: Schütz-Jahrbuch. 30, 2008, pp. 171-190.
  • Klaus Beckmann: The North German School. Organ music in Protestant Northern Germany between 1517 and 1755 . Part II: Heyday and Decline 1620–1755 . Schott, Mainz 2009.

Buxtehude studies of
the International Dieterich Buxtehude Society :

  • Matthias Schneider (Ed.) With the assistance of Jürgen Heering: Buxtehude studies. Volume 1. Music publisher Dr. J. Butz, Bonn 2015, ISBN 978-3-928412-18-6 .
  • Matthias Schneider (Ed.) With the assistance of Jürgen Heering: Buxtehude studies. Volume 2. Music publisher Dr. J. Butz, Bonn 2017, ISBN 978-3-928412-22-3 .
  • Matthias Schneider and Jürgen Heering (eds.): Buxtehude studies. Volume 3. Music publisher Dr. J. Butz, Bonn 2019, ISBN 978-3-928412-28-5 .

Web links

Commons : Dieterich Buxtehude  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Minor Planet Circ. 16046 (PDF)
predecessor Office successor
Franz Tunder Organist at St. Marien zu Lübeck
1668–1707 		Johann Christian Schieferdecker
personal data
SURNAME Buxtehude, Dieterich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Buxtehude, Dietrich; Buxtehude, Diderik; Buxtehude, Diderich
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Danish-German organist and composer
DATE OF BIRTH around 1637
PLACE OF BIRTH unsure: Bad Oldesloe or Helsingborg
DATE OF DEATH May 9, 1707
Place of death Lübeck