Emma Eckstein

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Emma Eckstein 1895

Emma Eckstein (born January 28, 1865 in Gaudenzdorf , † July 30, 1924 in Vienna ) was an Austrian publicist , women's rights activist and children's book author . She achieved prominence primarily as one of Sigmund Freud's most important early patients.

Life and Publications

“We don't know much about Emma Eckstein's early years. Until 1905 she wrote a few essays (...); after that she seems to have withdrawn from public life and lived in a room full of books; Due to a puzzling illness, which her surroundings were hysterical, but she herself considered organic, she was tied to her couch all her life. "

- Masson : (1984), p. 265

Emma Eckstein was a member of a prominent Jewish family with close ties to Freud. After the early death of the father, the chemist and inventor Albert Eckstein, the mother took over the management of the paper mill he had founded. Emma had nine siblings: five sisters and four brothers. Two brothers died in childhood. One of her brothers was the polyhistor Friedrich Eckstein , another Gustav Eckstein (1875–1916), a social democrat and comrade of the German-Czech philosopher and social democratic politician Karl Kautsky ; Her sister, Therese Schlesinger , who was two years older than her , was one of the first female members of the National Council , was a supporter of Freud and tried to make psychoanalysis an object of social democratic politics. Emma seems to have been actively involved in the Viennese women's movement : Both sisters were members of the left-liberal General Austrian Women's Association . You were related to the doctor and psychoanalyst Paul Federn . Her nephew was Albert Hirst, who began treatment with Freud in the autumn of 1909.

Emma Eckstein was friends with the Freud family; especially with Minna Bernays, sister of Freud's wife Martha. The Freud and Eckstein families spent vacations together. Since 1905 Emma has been running a household together with her early widowed sister Therese, mother Amalie and brother Gustav.

At the turn of the century, under the influence of her conversations with Freud, Emma Eckstein published a few texts in which she commented on questions of sex education .

In 1899, the socialist magazine Die neue Zeit published an essay on the sexual education of children, in which she emphasized the educational urgency of a child-friendly representation of parental intercourse. Since the child knows neither shame nor sexual sensations, the sexual act should be made understandable and emotionally accessible to the child as the desire of the parents to procreate and an expression of love and tenderness.

At the same point, in a later review, she polemicized against a maternal upbringing that imparts instinctual fear and shame (because of an illegitimate child) to the daughters.

Is the tenor of their publications often the reference to the anguish and daydreams of v. a. of young women who are caused by a lack of or inadequate sex education, she turns in The Maid as a Mother (1900) to the legal aspect of the subject: the criminal treatment of the seduction of inexperienced country girls by their employers in the host family: the contemporary legal situation protect family members from such assaults by the staff, which are regarded as a criminal offense; but it does not protect the honor of the girl who believes she is in family care.

In The Preparation of Women for Life Work of 1899, Eckstein agrees with the views of the Munich doctor Dr. Adams-Lehmann explains: This calls for physical training in bringing up girls and the lifting of occupational restrictions for women.

In a brochure from 1904, which was critically accompanied by Freud and supported by loans from his specialist library, The Sexual Question in the Upbringing of the Child, she deals with the harmfulness of child masturbation with reference to contemporary science and leading psychiatrists :

“Masturbation is an insidious enemy in childhood. Unnoticed and unimagined, he creeps into the nursery and works there diligently to destroy youth and strength, the body and spirit of his victims, which are left to him because the appointed guardians do not suppress the danger, or have even learned to see "

- Emma Eckstein : 1904

She recommends the association of the educator with the healthy will of the child with the aim of reinforcing the child's contempt for such impulses.

The motive of such childlike masturbation is the compensation for withdrawn love , the lack of parental attention.

In connection with this publication there was finally a dispute between Freud and Eckstein around 1905. Freud - evidently compelled by a threat of suicide on the part of the Eckstein - despite negative notices from the press, prompted further efforts to place a benevolently critical review. Subsequently, it was about Emma's wish to be treated again (and without calculation), which Freud, who was meanwhile very busy, had to refuse at least for the time being. Emma felt then, apparently, by Freud in a loveless way and offended in her feminine honor, which reproach the latter tried to parry in a reply by pointing out its inner contradiction.

In 1908 she reviewed the life report of the pseudo-thermaphrodite Karl M. Baers published under a pseudonym in the journal Neues Frauenleben .

After a gynecological operation (presumably a hysterectomy due to a fibroid finding ) around 1910, which also ended her relationship with Sigmund Freud, Emma Eckstein withdrew completely. According to the report of her nephew Albert Hirst, this operation collided with another attempt at therapy by Freud, who viewed this operation as a fatal mistake and a medical dizziness that made Emma's neurosis incurable. The operation was arranged by Dr. Dora Teleky , a friend of the Eckstein family.

Her children's book Von Spinnen und Anmeisen was published in 1918 and was reprinted in 1962.

Emma Eckstein died on July 30, 1924 of a cerebral haemorrhage .

Eckstein's analysis by Freud

Between 1892 and 1893, Emma Eckstein, at the age of 27, went to Freud for psychoanalytic treatment , presumably because of a gait disorder diagnosed as hysterical , neurotic anxiety, and vague symptoms such as stomach pain and mild depression in connection with her menstruation . The exact nature of their complaints is unknown.

In dealing with Emma Eckstein's complex symptoms, Freud developed his ideas about possible etiological models for the pathogenesis of hysteria (seduction as a childhood trauma , hysteria as a defensive or psychoneurosis ).

The therapy, the intensive phase of which probably took nine months, must initially have been a success with regard to the gait disorders mentioned. According to her nephew Albert Hirst, she then led a completely normal life for a few years and this success was not insignificant for Freud in view of the prominence of the Ecksteins in what was then Vienna.

Unsuccessful operation

“So we had wronged her; she wasn't abnormal at all ... "

- Freud : to Fliess on March 8, 1895

In addition to hysteria, Freud suspected Eckstein had a "nasal reflex neurosis ", a new, medically unorthodox clinical picture that was represented by his friend Wilhelm Fliess , an ear, nose and throat specialist.

Freud introduced Fliess to Emma Eckstein in December 1894. The operation took place in February 1895. The reasons that led Freud to have Emma Eckstein assessed and operated on by his friend and collegial intimate can only be reconstructed.

Fliess attributed a number of complaints, about which Eckstein must have complained, to a complex of symptoms that he tried to influence from so-called genital areas in the nose: including menstrual cramps and neuralgic stomach pains (which he simultaneously and with reference to Freud's sexual aetiological reasoning Neurasthenia described as a typical consequence of masturbation). So while Freud tried to analytically treat Eckstein's symptoms, diagnosed as hysterical, he left the symptoms, which he did not consider to be psychoneurotic, to his friend and colleague.

Fliess treated these ailments with cocaine and cautery inside the nose. In his view, this led to temporary positive results, such as an improvement in depressive symptoms. He assumed that an operation on the bones of the turbinate , in contrast to cauterization, could lead to permanent improvement and began to perform operations on diagnosed patients, whose earliest candidate was Eckstein.

Emma Eckstein's operation was a disaster. She suffered from infections and profuse bleeding; Freud called on Robert Gersuny, whom he originally would have liked to have with him during the operation. Gersuny provided first aid, but, according to Freud, behaved rather negatively. Freud's friend, Rosanes, finally came in his place and carelessly and unexpectedly removed a strip of bandage gauze that had left in the wound and which had prevented healing for two weeks. Emma almost bled to death as a result. Freud was close to fainting and stunned. Emma was brought to the Loew Sanatorium under the supervision of Rosanes . Despite the removal of the gauze, the bleeding continued. Two more operations were necessary. Gersuny and Gussenbauer suspected an injury to the carotid . Emma's condition only calmed down in early summer of the year. Fliess asked Gersuny for a letter of discharge, which he did not receive. Freud tried to reassure his friend about this and looked with him for an explanation for the recurring bleeding of his patient:

“I will be able to prove to you that you are right, that your bleeding was hysterical, that it came from longing and probably on sexual dates. The woman has not yet given me the data out of resistance. "

- Freud : to Fliess on April 16, 1895

Eckstein's nasal passages were so badly damaged that they were permanently disfigured. Despite the disastrous incidents, however, she remained loyal to Freud.

The doctor and psychoanalyst Max Schur first drew attention to the medical scandal of this operation and noted Freud's lack of medical conscientiousness in dealing with this case and its follow-up: The correspondence with Fliess reveals Freud's desperate attempts to ignore the fact that Fliess because of this almost fatal error, he could have been convicted of malpractice by any court .

Seduction theory

In a letter to Fliess in 1897, Freud quotes Eckstein's analytical results - as an analytical practitioner on a young girl - as a renewed affirmation of the later so-called seduction theory , which states that hysteria is the specific consequence of child sexual abuse by an adult, usually the father:

“(...) My trust in father etiology has increased a lot. Eckstein treated her patient directly with critical intent in such a way that she did not give her the slightest hint of what would come from the unconscious, and from her the identical father scenes and the like. receive."

- Letter to Fliess dated December 12, 1897

Masson also finds evidence that Emma Eckstein, as an analysand, must have reported such abuse or assassination memories herself:

  • If Freud diagnosed Emma Eckstein as hysterical, and if Freud, in his ominous lecture On the Etiology of Hysteria in 1896, claimed that analytic work had reduced the hysterical symptom in all eighteen cases known to him, then Emma must have been one of these eighteen cases.
  • Emma named in the unpublished draft of a psychology is actually Emma Eckstein, according to Masson. Since Freud wrote this draft for his friend Fliess, who knew Emma, ​​there was no need for Freud to anonymize the person concerned. The scenes described by Freud here, the remembrance of his client but detailing such attack at the age of eight years and its subsequent consequences in adolescence (when all other considerations in the context of Freud; see u.. Literature )

Masson hereby justifies his "(...) thesis that Emma Eckstein was the patient whose case inspired Freud to his seduction theory", in contrast to Max Schur. Max Schur came to the opposite conclusion here.

Importance for psychoanalysis

Ernest Jones , Freud's first comprehensive biographer, equated her with personalities like Lou Andreas-Salomé and Marie Bonaparte as a type of woman of a more intellectual and perhaps masculine kind ... [who] played an important role in Freud's life and which was special , in contrast to the gentle female type, however, did not find erotically based interest.

Freud's typification of a certain class of women , whose elementary passion ultimately nullifies the possibility of analytical treatment, is occasionally traced back to his experience with Emma Eckstein: the elementary feminine aspect that he states in a letter to Emma is responsible for the failure of the analytical one Effort, since with such candidates he only has the choice between full love or acceptance of the hostility of the spurned woman . In Freud's view, such women are unable to reflect on their need for love as a typical transference phenomenon.

Relatives referred to her as Freud's first patient to be treated analytically. There is clear evidence that Freud referred patients to her for analytical treatment after the initial treatment. This makes her the first female psychoanalyst.

She is also considered to be the model of Irma in Freud's prototypical interpretation of the dream of Irma's injection .

Jeffrey Masson sees a clear connection between the departure from seduction theory and Eckstein's unsuccessful operation. According to him, the catastrophic consequence of the operation in spring 1895 and the reaction among his fellow doctors in Vienna prompted Freud, the real discoverer of the grave psychological effects of trauma caused by child abuse , to revoke this discovery. This also results in the general after-effects of psychoanalytic doctrine on contemporary, trauma-denying psychotherapy, which forces us to perceive such reports of seduction as mere oedipal phantasy.

Although there is widespread agreement and disapproval of Freud's blatant denial of malpractice by Fliess, Eckstein's importance in relation to Freud's rejection of seduction is seldom highlighted other than by Masson himself; for Masson, according to critics, she is the prototypical psychoanalytic victim, misused for their purposes by Freud and Fliess, and thus a symbol of Masson's agenda.

The Dictionary of Psychoanalysis comments as follows:

“Sigmund Freud's relationship to this, his Viennese patient (...) is extremely remarkable for the history of psychoanalysis. It shows the importance of the relationship between doctors and their patients in the genesis of clinical theories. However, there is a split here between the scientist's nosographic discourse and the deeper (often veiled) story of madness in which the patient's tragic consciousness is expressed. "

- ibid. P. 203

In a current revision of the Freud / Eckstein case, the Italian psychoanalyst Carlo Bonomi interprets the operation as a re-traumatizing remake of Emma's early castration trauma. (Freud recorded a remembered circumcision scene of Emma in the flow letters.) In the Irma dream, Freud's unconscious identification with Emma comes to light. In the defense of this identification, Freud's “male protest”, he sees an unconscious motive at the origin of psychoanalysis in general.

The Göttingen psychotherapist and training analyst Jürgen Kind draws attention to the topicality of Freud's denial of guilt in the Eckstein case in his book Das Tabu , which was published in 2017 and is critical of psychoanalysis . Here a “turn towards the victim accusation” (Freud's assumed “bleeding from longing”) had taken place, which even today allows treatment errors to be disguised as complications caused by the patient: “The Emma Eckstein case is more than a dark episode in the history of psychoanalysis. It is of paramount importance for understanding a certain form of Freud's thinking ... You will find what you are looking for, as this case demonstrates, because ultimately the patient unconsciously desired what you did to him. "

See also

literature

To the sources

In the first publication of the documents from the early days of psychoanalysis, all letters concerning Emma Eckstein were missing; A hint can be found in the first published draft of a psychology from 1885 in the chapter: The hysterical proton pseudos , where Freud mentions an Emma in order to analyze the functioning of the hysterical defense.

The psychoanalyst Max Schur was given permission to view the original letters and was the first to publish the story of Emma Eckstein in an essay in 1966. The publication of all of Freud's letters to Fliess by Jeffrey Masson in 1985 provided further information. In terms of the sources, Masson (1984) is probably the most comprehensive report: In addition to his research on Eckstein's journalistic activities, as editor he had complete knowledge of Fliess - Letters, Freud's letters to Eckstein from their estate, as well as access to the unpublished autobiography of Albert Hirst (1887–1974), Analyzed and Reeducated by Freud himself, and the interviews that KR Eissler carried out around 1950 with members of Eckstein (Albert Hirst and Dr . Ada Elias). KR Eissler devoted to the controversy over the seduction theory his last, posthumously published in 2001 Study: Freud and the seduction theory. A letter love affair

  • Freud's case description in: The finite and the infinite analysis (1937), in. Collected Works , Volume 16, p. 66. can be related to Emma Eckstein with plausible reasons.
  • Freud's draft of a psychology
  • Max Schur (1966): Some additional day residues of the specimen dream of psychoanalysis . In: RM Loewenstein et al. (Ed.): Psychoanalysis . New York 1966, pp. 45-85
  • Max Schur: Sigmund Freud. Life and death . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1973
    • Paperback edition: Suhrkamp (st 778), Frankfurt 1982; 3rd edition 2006, ISBN 3-518-37278-5
  • Jeffrey M. Masson: What have they done to you, you poor child? Rowohlt, Reinbek 1984; quoted as: Masson (1984)
    • Revised new edition as: What has been done to you, you poor child? or: What Freud did not want to admit . Newly translated from the American and critically edited by Monika Waldmüller. Kore, Freiburg im Breisgau 1995
  • Didier Anzieu : Freud's self-analysis and the discovery of psychoanalysis , Munich: Verlag Internationale Psychoanalyse 1990 (translation of the 3rd, revised and updated French edition from 1988)
  • Emma Eckstein . In: Élisabeth Roudinesco , Michel Plon: Dictionary of Psychoanalysis: Names, Countries, Works, Terms . Translation from French. Springer, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-211-83748-5 , pp. 203 f.
  • Eckstein, Emma . In: Dictionary of Psychoanalysis (google books)

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The original of this photograph is in the Library of Congress ; see. on this Eli Zaretsky: Freud's Century , The History of Psychoanalysis . dtv, Munich 2009, picture credits p. 619
  2. ↑ Cf. on this and the following: Schlesinger, Therese (née Eckstein). In: dasrotewien.at - Web dictionary of the Viennese social democracy. SPÖ Vienna (Ed.)
  3. ↑ See also: Therese Schlesinger's biography on biografiA
  4. ↑ See archive link ( Memento from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  5. ↑ See Masson (1984), p. 270 f., As well as: DJ Lynn, GE Vaillant: Anonymity, neutrality, and confidentiality in the actual methods of Sigmund Freud: a review of 43 cases, 1907-1939 . In: Am J Psychiatry . tape 155 , no. 2 , February 1998, p. 163-171 , PMID 9464193 (on- line ). doi : 10.1176 / ajp.155.2.163 (currently not available)
  6. ^ Lisa Appignanesi , John Forrester: The women of Sigmund Freud. Munich (dtv) 1996, p. 192 f.
  7. ↑ Original in: Die neue Zeit, Revue des intellectual and public life , 18 (1899–1900), pp. 666–669 Emma Eckstein, An important educational question (PDF, 300 kB, accessed on December 18, 2012); See also Masson (1984), Appendix A: Freud and Emma Eckstein , pp. 263ff. Paul Federn mentioned this essay a good decade later at a meeting of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Association in 1911 as early evidence of a non-suppressive sexual education that was to be shaped in the spirit of Freud. Minutes of the 125th meeting on January 4, 1911 (PDF, 1009 kB) , p. 6 of the document. (accessed on January 6, 2013)
  8. ↑ Die neue Zeit, Revue des intellectual and public life , 21, No. 24 (1902–1903), p.768; (accessed on December 18, 2012)
  9. ^ The maid as a mother in: Documents of the Women, 2, No. 14 (1899–1900), ed. by Auguste Fickert , Marie Lang and Rosa Mayreder , pp. 594–598; based on Masson (1984), p. 272
  10. ↑ in: Documents of women. Vol. 2, No. 19 (1899)
  11. ↑ cf. Lisa Appignanesi, John Forrester: The women of Sigmund Freud . Munich (dtv) 1996, p. 192: Emma had been working on this brochure since 1902, which was last approved by Freud: According to Appignanesi and Forrester (...) (he) (...) praised the final version and gave the text based on Emma's educational Sound the nickname "The Light of the World" (ibid.)
  12. ↑ The sexual question in the child's education , Leipzig: Curt Weigand, 1904 (38 pages); Quotation and presentation from Masson (1984), p. 267 ff.
  13. ↑ See Masson (1984), p. 270; Masson points out how much this assessment differs from Freud's earlier views on (infantile) masturbation; Bertrand Vischyn's article on Emma Eckstein sees Eckstein's departure from Freud's view as the reason for the actual break in the relationship, which he accordingly dates to 1905 (see web links ).
  14. ^ Masson (1984), p. 276, letter to Eckstein dated February 11, 1905
  15. ↑ See Masson (1984), pp. 280 f., Letter to Eckstein dated November 30, 1905
  16. ↑ From a man's girlhood . From NO Body. (Emma Eckstein); In: Neues Frauenleben, 20th year, No. 9, 1908; see. Article overview of the Austrian National Library ( Memento from August 31, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  17. ↑ See Masson (1984), p. 282 f .; Freud (1937), however, confirms - at least retrospectively - such a finding (cf.Literature : Freud's case presentation (1937) )
  18. ^ Vienna: German publishing house for youth and people. 1918 (Konegen's Children's Books 104); see. Entry on Eckstein Emma on biografiA (biographical database and lexicon of Austrian women)
  19. ^ Lisa Appignanesi, John Forrester: The women of Sigmund Freud . Munich (dtv) 1996, p. 194
  20. ↑ See Masson (1984), p. 77; KR Eissler: Preliminary remarks on the Emma Eckstein case history (abstract) , as well as: Literature: Freuds Falldarstellung (1937)
  21. ↑ See Masson (1984), p. 278.
  22. ↑ quoted in Masson (1984), p. 85; see. English version of the letter dated March 8, 1895 ; Retrieved January 6, 2013
  23. ↑ On Fliess and the nasal reflex neurosis cf. v. a .: Frank J. Sulloway : Freud. Biologist of the soul. Beyond the psychoanalytic legend , Cologne-Lövenich 1982 (orig. NY, 1979), chap. The biomedical background of the theories of flow , nose and gender , p. 216 ff. According to Sulloway, the underlying relationships are based on the medically undisputed fact that there is a type of tissue in the nose and the nasal septum (so-called cavernous tissue ) otherwise only found on the genitals and nipples, and that their reactions occasionally correspond. Such interventions as Fließ's cocaine treatment or etching, etc., apparently had some clinical success at that time and were seriously discussed by gynecologists (e.g. to remedy menstrual cramps) (cf. Sulloway, ibid.)
  24. ↑ Cf. on this and the following: Chap. Freud, Fliess and Emma Eckstein in: Masson (1984), pp. 76-100.
  25. ↑ See Masson (1984), p. 98. Masson cites Fliess' treatise published in 1902 and dedicated to Freud on the causal relationship between the nose and the genital organ
  26. ↑ Masson (1984), p. 78 f. tries to make plausible that Freud's real motive for recommending this - otherwise questionable - operation to his patient was Emma's tendency to masturbate.
  27. ↑ From the letters to Fließ it emerges that Freud tried to treat his sinus infections, headaches and dysphoric conditions in this way by Fliess and on his own, even in the context of the upcoming operation ; see. e.g. letter to Fliess of January 24, 1895 beginning of letter in the translated version
  28. ^ Viennese surgeon and art lover
  29. ↑ quoted in Masson (1984), p. 122; see. also the letter of May 4, 1895 cited at this point, where Freud tries to confirm this diagnosis on the basis of Emma's patient data (...) she has always been a hemophiliacs (...) (ibid. p. 123). The medicine of that time knew the term vicarious menstruation ( menstruatio vicaria ), in which the menstrual period was replaced by nosebleeds . Flow believed that all life events within an organism, regardless of the actual sex by two periods determined and be deducible with mathematical precision: the female ( 28 days) and the male period ( 23 days). (cf. Sulloway (1982)). Freud followed him for a time in this belief.
  30. ↑ Max Schur: The Guilt of the Survivor , unpublished article, located in the Library of Congress. Quoted from Masson (1984), p. 89.
  31. ↑ quoted in Masson, (1984), p. 137
  32. ↑ See on this: Masson (1984), p. 108 ff. Chap. Emma Eckstein's seduction
  33. ↑ On the Etiology of Hysteria  - Internet Archive
  34. ^ Masson (1984), p. 108
  35. ^ Ernest Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (Penguin 1964) p. 474. Lisa Appignanesi, John Forrester: The women of Sigmund Freud . Munich (dtv) 1996, p. 12 f.
  36. ^ Lisa Appignanesi, John Forrester: The women of Sigmund Freud . Munich (dtv) 1996, p. 194; see. also Masson (1984), p. 280 f .: Freud's letter to Emma Eckstein of November 30, 1905
  37. ^ Masson (1984), p. 77.
  38. ↑ See Masson (1984), Appendix A: Freud and Emma Eckstein , p. 265 uf; In addition to the incidental mention of Eckstein's activity by Freud (in a letter to Fliess of December 12, 1897), Masson found 14 letters from Freud in the Eckstein estate from the period between 1895 and 1910; including an undated note on one of Freud's visiting cards, pointing to such a collegial relationship before 1902.
  39. ↑ See: Lisa Appignanesi, John Forrester: Die Frauen Sigmund Freuds . Munich (dtv) 1996, p. 191, as well as the article "Eckstein, Emma" in the International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis, s. Web links
  40. ↑ See originally: Max Schur (1966)
  41. ↑ See also: Masson's account and résumé in the 1984 radio interview (accessed on February 24, 2013)
  42. ↑ Masson (1984), pp. 217 ff.
  43. ↑ Gay, p. 84-5
  44. ↑ Robinson, p. 129, see: Chap. Emma Eckstein. In: Paul Robinson: Freud and his critics . University of California Press, Berkeley / Los Angeles / London 1993
  45. ^ Carlo Bonomi: The significance of Emma Eckstein's Circumcision . (PDF; 307 kB) 2013
  46. ↑ On Freud's castration complex and contemporary medical practice of female castration cf. also Carlo Bonomi: Freud and castration . (PDF; 132 kB) 1995
  47. ↑ Jürgen Kind: The taboo: What psychoanalysts are not allowed to think, but should trust themselves . Klett-Cotta, 2017, ISBN 978-3-608-96131-7 , Chapter 5.1, pp. 199-203, Google books
  48. ↑ From the beginnings of psychoanalysis: Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, treatises and notes from the years 1887-1902 , (1950 in S. Fischer-Verlag) edited and commented by Anna Freud , Ernst Kris u. Marie Bonaparte
  49. ↑ On the editorial scandal of this euphemistic first publication cf. for example: Hans-Martin Lohmann: Family ties and the joy of discovery . In: Die Zeit , No. 42 /
  50. ↑ Both sites, Freud (1937) and that of the draft , are referred to Emma Eckstein in Bertrand Vischyn's article (see web links ). The dictionary of psychoanalysis behaves more cautiously : "Freud may have thought back to you when he wrote 'The finite and the infinite analysis' in 1937." ( Eckstein, Emma . In: E. Roudinesco , Michel Plon (ed.): Dictionary of Psychoanalysis . Springer, 2004 (German), pp. 203–204 (see web links ))
  51. ↑ See facsimiles of the letters on: Sigmund Freud Digital Edition ( Memento from January 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  52. ^ KR Eissler: Freud and the seduction theory. A letter love affair . Boarding school Univ. Press, Madison CT 2001; See: Preliminary Remarks On Emma Eckstein's Case History (1997). Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 45: 1303-1305; as well as HJ Trojes lecture “The life and work of the psychoanalyst Dr. phil. Dr. med. Kurt Robert Eissler (1908–1999) from a personal point of view "
  53. ↑ See Masson (1984), pp. 276 ff .; Freud's presentation on Project Gutenberg-DE
  54. ↑ Lutecium.fr (PDF; 320 kB), here p. 37 ff .; Retrieved December 29, 2012
personal data
SURNAME Eckstein, Emma
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Austrian journalist, women's rights activist and children's book author; Sigmund Freud's patient
DATE OF BIRTH January 28, 1865
PLACE OF BIRTH Gaudenzdorf
DATE OF DEATH July 30, 1924
Place of death Vienna