Evangelical Church Fronhausen

North side of the Protestant church Fronhausen

The Protestant church in Fronhausen in central Hesse is a choir tower church , the oldest elements of which were built in the 12th century. Today she is the preaching office of the Evangelical Lutheran community of Fronhausen and belongs to the parish of Unteres Lahntal II and thus to the Marburg parish in the regional church of Kurhessen-Waldeck .

The first documentary mention is for the year 1159, whereby the lower wall sections of the nave indicate an older previous building. A special feature is the late Gothic tower crowned by the "Fronhausen skittles". In addition to parts of the old defensive wall, approaches to the moat are still present. There are also grave monuments and tombstones from the 16th to 18th centuries inside and outside the church. Although the house of God is often referred to as a fortified church , the description as a fortified church would be more accurate.

history

Fronhausen and the Essen monastery

The history of the church is closely linked to that of the place. The name Fronhausen is derived from the Middle High German words vrôno (manorial) and hûs (house). The name and location of the place allow conclusions to be drawn about late Carolingian clearing and earlier imperial property . The church itself is in a spur position ; it is believed that there was a peripheral location to the village. Important trade routes such as the wine route crossed the place.

The early history of the Church and its exact age are unknown; the first documentary mention comes from 1159. This is a legal ruling by Archbishop Arnold von Mainz in a dispute between the Oberweimar pastor Dittmar and the Essen monastery . In his verdict, the archbishop announced that the church in Fronhausen would remain with the Essen monastery, since it had been in its possession for more than thirty years and the claims of the Oberweimar district had thus expired.

How the pen came into the possession of Hessian can no longer be traced, presumably it was a Conradin foundation. It can be assumed that the church previously belonged to the district of Oberweimar , from which the claim of Pastor Dittmar was based. It is unclear why this only claimed the church again after a long period of time. The dissolution of the Fronhausen main courtyard, which presumably took place in the middle of the 12th century, probably led to a change in the administration of the manor. Perhaps the pastor tried to take advantage of this fact.

The farm in Fronhausen was listed in the monastery registers as curtis Vronhusen in Hassia ; the Essen property included the courtyard, the church and the upper castle . In addition to Fronhausen, the Wenkbach , Roth and Argenstein farms (the so-called Schenkisch-Eigen) also belonged to the monastery. As the landlady , the abbess was entitled to extensive rights over her property, exercising high jurisdiction and military authority. The vassals of the monastery were the bailiffs in Fronhausen and the taverns in Schweinsberg . The first bailiff is Gunthram, whose younger son Ludwig Vogt zu Fronhausen and his older son Gunthram von Marburg, the progenitor of the Schenken zu Schweinsberg, was. Apparently the fiefdom was divided among them, so that the Vogtei Fronhausen and the upper castle remained with Ludwig and the other three villages with Gunthram.

A leasing of the farm in Fronhausen is proven from 1307, the fiefs remained permanently with the bailiffs and taverns, as they were male fiefs . The tenant was ordered to regain lost property and to reintegrate it into the farm. This probably only happened in part. The goods were probably lost due to the distance to Essen and an abbess dispute in the 13th century, since at that time the focus was more on internal integrity than on the management of the property.

The Landgraves of Hesse built the lower castle in Fronhausen in 1367 and enfeoffed the bailiffs with this. From this point on, there was a condominium relationship ; the abbess shared the sovereign rights with the landgraves. After another dispute between the abbesses, which in turn resulted in the loss of property, the Oberhof was leased in 1436; from this point on, the Landgrave of Hesse assumed the sovereign rights as guarantor for the pledge. The monastery had lost its influence until the Reformation . It could no longer enforce its rights against the landgraves, although it had suzerainty.

History of the church

In addition to the rights already mentioned, the abbess was also entitled to patronage and spoilage rights over the church. The patronage rights including the collature were exercised by the bailiffs from 1479; after the line was terminated, the pubs in Schweinsberg inherited the patronage. As an own church , the landlord was entitled to the income of the church. A patronage of St. George , St. Margaret and the Ten Thousand Martyrs is documented for the year 1382.

Under Landgrave Philip I , the change of confession to the Evangelical Lutheran denomination took place in 1527 . Fronhausen had to pay a scholarship for the University of Marburg , which was generated from the income of the band at Brackenborn . Moritz von Hessen-Kassel inherited the Marburg Upper Hesse from his uncle Ludwig IV in 1604 . and tried to spread Calvinism there. This development was not accepted in Fronhausen, so that on April 11, 1608 Pastor Kauß was removed from his office because he refused to accept the Calvinist points of improvement. In Oberweimar the pastor was also deposed; The new pastors were appointed directly by the superintendent Schooner from Marburg, which caused resistance from the inns, as they felt that their right of patronage was curtailed. During the reign of Moritz von Hessen-Kassel the baptismal font was removed from the church, in front of whose entrance it still stands today. In 1626, Upper Hesse in Marburg went to the Lutheran landgrave line in Darmstadt, so that the denominational orientation of the community was again Lutheran. During the sermon on August 16, 1635, the church was looted during the Thirty Years War. In addition, 234 residents died of the plague in 1635.

In addition to the church in Fronhausen, the pastor also looked after the preaching positions in Roth and Wenkbach. A precise regulation for the division of services in the mother church and the branch locations has been handed down from 1872. The administration of the Vicariate Oberwalgern with the associated places Stedebach, Holzhausen im Loch, Etzelmühle and Steinfurthmühle was lost during the tenure of pastor Johann Philipp Linker (1661–1690) because he had missed the presentation at the German Order in Marburg. The chapel at Brackenborn was built around 1382 and consecrated to St. Anne with another altar in 1486 . The income from this pilgrimage chapel was due to the pastor in Fronhausen alone or, depending on the type of donation, to the altarist and the chapel's building treasury. The chapel no longer existed by 1722 at the latest. In 1957 the villages of Schenkisch-Eigen were combined with Wolfshausen in the parish of Roth.

Building history

In the course of time various changes and renovations were carried out on and in the church. As early as 1583, the dilapidation of the church was mentioned in old trial files. In 1749 collapsed parts of the 180 meter long wall were rebuilt, in 1750 it had collapsed again over a length of 150 meters. In 1846 the cemetery was expanded due to lack of space, which is why the moat on the north side was filled in. Extensive renovation and reconstruction work was carried out between 1764 and 1801 and between 1886 and 1894. The choir was completely renovated in 1764, 1778 and 1893/94. In 1909 the church was modernized with ovens; initially through two ovens, which were located in the north corner of the west gable and the south-east corner in the tower. In 2002 these were replaced by an electric heater under the benches. Electric lighting was introduced in 1920. In 1928 the organ loft was raised 1.5 meters because the trombone choir had complained about the lack of space.

The gray-green color scheme with the simple ornaments of the galleries and the pulpit can be traced back to the renovation in 1931. The interior painting corresponds to individual motifs of the neo-Gothic color scheme from 1893/94. In 2006, the color elements, which were no longer available due to several renovations in the 20th century, were reconstructed. The entire original painting concept of the choir and its colors can no longer be proven beyond doubt. The acanthus motif was reintroduced in the vault and arches of the tower. In addition, a circumferential base band in a meandering pattern was introduced, which includes the nave, tower and choir.

description

Defense wall and moat

Remains of the moat and the defensive wall on the west side

The almost round churchyard measures around 50 meters in diameter. Today parts of the originally 180 meter long wall are only preserved on the south and west sides; Approaches to the trench are only present on the west side. The embankment and ditch are around 10 meters wide. Today's height is between 1.75 meters and 3.25 meters. The original height is unknown and is estimated to be up to 6 meters.

In addition to the function of this system as a delimitation of the churchyard, the possibility of defense is clearly shown, which is illustrated by the loopholes in the wall, the installation of which probably does not coincide with the construction of the wall. It is also unknown whether the wall was erected at the same time as the Romanesque elements of the church. In addition, sheds are said to have been located on the north side as places of refuge for the population. Furthermore, it is not known whether the fortifications were ever used.

Nave

Nave with choir and altar

The nave is the oldest element of the Fronhausen church. It consists of a rectangular hall, the long sides (north and south) of which are made of Romanesque masonry below the windows, which is probably due to a previous building before 1150. In addition to this masonry made of almost square stones, the rest of the longitudinal walls are made of small individual stones and rows in a herringbone pattern . On the south side there are two late Gothic windows from around 1500. The tracery of the left window consists of three nuns' heads ; the right one consists of two nuns' heads, above which there is a quatrefoil with three-quarter arcs. The masons' marks on the tracery exist in part to buildings in Marburg. Originally there were three windows about 4 meters high. On the north side there are three windows of different types, these replacing the original two high windows. The tracery of the only late Gothic window on the north side has three nuns' heads. On the west side there is a double door and two small high windows. This front does not belong to the Romanesque building, but is to be assigned to a later construction phase, probably around 1700. The roof is covered with slate . The interior has a horseshoe gallery along the long sides and the west side, which was probably built after the Reformation . The organ has been on the gallery since 1760; previously it had its place in the choir room.

Tower and choir

Tower from the northeast

Close-up of the spire from the north side

The tower of the Fronhäuser Church is made of natural stone masonry with wide joints and changing stone formations. Since there are no continuous layers, it can be classified as late medieval ; its origin is assumed to be in the 14th century. It has a square floor plan of about 8 by 8 meters and a height of 27.6 meters up to the top of the tower. The windows of the tower are arched sound windows and its outer walls are divided by coffin cornices. What the tower structure looked like before the fire in the 16th century is unknown. The newly built helmet consists of eight wichhouses (loft extensions for observation posts) and a bell-shaped hood ( Welsche hood ); the tower structure is known as the "Fronhäuser skittles". A dendrochronological examination of the wood revealed a construction time shortly after 1550, the weather vane is dated to 1562. As for the roof of the nave, slate panels were used as the outer cladding.

The vault on the first floor of the tower is a ribbed vault with throat-shaped ribs. The cable guides to the three bells are preserved in the vaulted caps. On the western triumphal arch is the motto of the Schmalkaldic Federation VDMIA (verbum dei manet in aeternum; translated: the word of God remains in eternity). The pulpit has been made of wood since 1736, replacing the previous one made of stone because it had become too narrow. Today it stands on the south side of the front arch of the tower and was previously under the motto of the western arch. On the ground floor there were probably stalls for the local nobility before the Reformation. The epitaph for the last Vogt has been there since 1589 . Access to the church on the north side, as well as the sacristy, is no longer available. The entrance to the tower is no longer through the attic of the ship, but is now via the upper floor of the gallery.

View from the choir to the nave and organ

It is assumed that the choir and the tower were built in the 14th century, as the type of lower masonry corresponds to that of the tower. The original appearance of the choir is no longer known today due to the fire in the 16th century and the fundamental renovations carried out in 1764, 1778 and 1893/94. The polygonal choir vault is closed by a keystone in the shape of a gilded angel. It is a false vault with stone ribs on an iron structure.

The altar had been in the choir since at least 1780 , and was only moved into the tower during renovations in 1978/79. During the renovation work in 1893/94, one choir window was donated by Gustav Adolf Schenck zu Schweinsberg , the other two in 1920 and 1922 by his son. It is unclear whether the previous windows were already colored.

organ

On the gallery on the west side is today's organ , which was built in 1967 by organ builder Wolfgang Böttner from Frankenberg . It was cleaned in 1991 and received its current white color scheme, new veil boards in the prospectus and additional blinds in front of the breastwork, which in this way became a swellwork . It replaces an instrument built in 1900 by Adam Eifert from Stadtilm ( Thuringia ). The latter had a neo-Gothic prospectus and had cost 3,128 marks. Their pipes, which were removed during World War I, were renewed in 1921. In turn, it replaced an older organ that had been installed by organ builder Johann Christian Rindt in 1744 and which was repaired in 1760, 1872 and 1881. The organ has 14 registers on slider drawers , divided into two manual works and a pedal. The playing and stop actions are mechanical.

I main work C – f ³
Reed flute	8th'
Principal	4 ′
Wooden dacked	4 '
Forest flute	2 ′
Mixture III	1 ¹ ⁄ ₃  ′

II breastwork C – f ³
Dumped	8th'
Quintad	4 ′
Principal	2 ′
Zimbel III	² ⁄ ₃ ′
Krummhorn	8th'

Pedals C – f ¹
Sub bass	16 ′
Gemshorn	8th'
Dumped	4 ′
Principal	2 ′

Coupling : II / I, I / P, II / P.

Bells

The three bells of the church hang in the tower . The middle bell was cast in 1705, shattered in 1751, and was re-cast in 1752. Their inscription reads: Friderich Moritz Rincker von Altenstaetgen gos me, in God's name I flowed, 1752. Soli Deo gloria. But I want to call to God and the Lord will help me. Psalm 55 V 17. On the other side it says: Me and my two journeymen Fronhausen must put two parts, the triden mus give their own, as long as people are alive. The second bell is called the "Our Father Bell" and is dedicated to the four evangelists . It dates from the 15th century, was supposed to be melted down in 1939 and was found intact in Hamburg in 1947. The third bell was cast in 1629 and shattered in 1726. It was re-cast in 1727 and 1753, its inscription read: Friderich Moritz Rincker von Aslar poured me, in God's name gloss I, 1753. It was melted down in 1918 and replaced in 1924. This new casting was melted down in 1939 and replaced in 1951.

Interpretation as a fortified church

The Fronhausen Church is often referred to as a fortified church. According to Seib, the term fortified church is used too hastily, while a narrower classification would make sense in order to enable a more precise characterization of churches. Such a definition is made in the Lexicon of Art, as a distinction is made between fortified churches, whose tower is defensive and whose nave is fortified, and fortified churches, whose emphasis is on the walling.

The church tower in Fronhausen is not a defensive tower, as the tower does not offer the possibility of active defense through loopholes. The openings on the second floor are not suitable for shooting and the coupled windows on the upper floors offer no protection from bullets. A direct defense of the tower was probably not possible for this reason. There is no evidence that the tower was used as a storage room, armory or archive, as was the case with other churches of a similar design. Its use as a watchtower is documented by records in the Marburg State Archives. The original Romanesque windows provided protection against unauthorized entry into the church. There is no evidence that the nave could be actively defended from the ship's floor. The defensive strength of the churchyard is evident in the ditch and the wall with loopholes. For the reasons mentioned, the church in Fronhausen is to be regarded as a defensive church.

Funerary monuments

In the case of the grave monuments presented below, ligatures in the transcription are indicated by underlining. Square brackets indicate additions and round brackets the resolutions of abbreviations.

Epitaph for the last Vogt

The epitaph for the last Vogt and his wife was set in 1589 by their son-in-law Daniel von Noding. It shows Johann and Margarete Vogt zu Fronhausen in an almost life-size figure and is located at the height of the altar in the church tower. Next to the two people are the coats of arms of their origin. Johann's parents were the Bailiffs zu Fronhausen (top left, from the perspective of the beholder) and the Riedesel (bottom left), Margarete's parents were Messrs. Rau zu Holzhausen (top right) and Messrs. Von der Tann (bottom right). The bailiffs exercised jurisdiction in Fronhausen and owned the Oberburg as a fief, and at times also the Oberhof. Both the Vogt and his wife died on September 26, 1568. Their remaining son died in 1584 in the Truchsessian War ; After the male line died out, the Schweinsberg taverns took over the fronhaus fiefdom of the bailiffs. The epitaph contains Latin inscriptions both in the base and below the gable cornice, which are listed below.
Inscription below the gable cornice: HOC MO NV MENTVM EXTRVI CVRAVIT VIR NOBILIS AC EXIMIVS DANIEL A NODING ANNO SALVTIS 1589 Analogous translation of the inscription: The noble and outstanding Daniel von Noding erected this monument in the year of redemption, 1589.
Base inscription: [C] OND [IT] VR HOC TVMVLO GE NE ROSA STIRBPE IOHANNES A VOIGT QVI PATRI AE LVCIDA STELLA FVIT ADIACET ET Margreta SVO DEFVNCTA Marito QVAM LVGENT RAVEN STEMATA CLARA NIMIS POST CINERES REMANET VIRTVTIS GLORIA VESTR AE INNATISQ (UE) PLVS FVLGET IMAGO PATRIS Analogous translation of the inscription: Johannes Vogt, who was a shining star in his homeland, is kept in this tomb because of his noble descent. The late Margarete rests next to her husband, and she deeply mourns the rough sex. After death the glory of your virtue remains and the image of the father shines on for the offspring.

Epitaph for Pastor Blanck

The epitaph for pastor Johann Jacob Blanck and his wife Sabina Catharina was set in 1736 and is located on the southern outer wall of the choir. Johann Jacob Blanck was born on October 31, 1674 in Marburg and studied theology there . He was a deacon in Schweinsberg from 1697 to 1717 , and from February 21, 1717 to September 28, 1730 he was pastor in Fronhausen. The epitaph is made of red sandstone and measures 270 cm in height with the base, 111 cm in width and 30 cm in depth. The pomegranate on the arch of the epitaph serves as a symbol of fertility and immortality. Directly below the trinity is represented, which is symbolized by the triangle crowned by three angels. The skulls tied in a headscarf and resting on acanthus leaves represent transience. In addition to the epitaph, there are other grave monuments and tombstones from the 17th to 18th centuries on the outside of the choir.
Inscription of the main field: ULTIMA CUNCTIS LEX EST MORTALIBUS MORS QUISQUIS SPECTATOR ADES! DICTI FIDEM TIBI PROBAT HIC TUMULUS LAETAE CHRISTI DIEI, VIVOS MORTUOSQ ( UE ) IUDICATURI, RESERVANTUR HIC: MARITUS ET UXOR IOHANNES IACOBUS BLANCK ET SABINA CATHARINA NAT ( A ) SCHENCK ILLE NATUS MARP. CATT. A ( NN ) O: CH ( RIST ) I MDC LXXIV D ( IE ) 31 OCTOBR ( IS ) ST. V. SACRIS DEI FUIT ADDICTUS SCHWEINBERGAE, PRIMO DIACONI MUNERE PER VIGINTI ANNOS FUNCTUS FIDELISSIME IBIDEM A ( NNO ) C ( HRISTI ) MDCXCVII D ( IE ) 15 IUN ( II ) MATRIMONIO SIBI IUNXIT, MEMORAT. VIRG. SAB. CATH. SCHENCKIANAM SECUNDO ECCLESIAE FRONHUSANAE PER QUATUORDECIM ANNOS PASTOR MERITISSIMUS, ANIMA ipsius SYDEREIS ILLATA TECTIS A ( NN ) O: C ( Hřišti ) MDCCXXX D ( IU ) 28 7BR [ = Septembris ] HAEC NATA A ( NNO ) C ( Hřišti ) MDCLXXII D ( IU ) 19 IUNII SUI OFFICII SATAGENS, VIRTUT. VITAM EXORNANS, B. TANDEM D. OBIIT S. A ( NNO ) C ( HRISTI ) MDCCXXXVI D ( IE ) 18 IAN ( UARII ). Translation of the inscription: “The ultimate law is death for all mortals. Whoever you are, viewer, be careful! The truth of this saying proves this grave to you. The joyful day of Christ, who will judge the living and the dead, awaits here: husband and wife Johann Jacob Blanck and Sabina Catharina nee Schenck. He, born in Marburg in Hesse in the year of Christ 1674, on October 31st of the old ( Julian ) calendar, has completely committed himself to the sacred service of God, initially faithfully administered the office of vicar in Schweinsberg for twenty years, there in the year of Christ 1697 , on June 15th, married the mentioned maiden Sabina Catharina Schenk and was then a highly deserved pastor of the church in Fronhausen for fourteen years. His soul entered the heavenly dwelling in the year of Christ 1730, on September 28th. She, born in the year of Christ, 1672, on June 19th, carefully fulfilling her duty, gracing her life with virtue, finally passed away in honor ( and ) gently in the year of Christ, 1736, on January 18th. "
Base inscription: QUOD MONUMENTUM, SOCIIS, FILIAE N (ATAE) P (RIMAE) ANN AE ELEON ( ORAE ) UXORIS ECCL ( ESIAE ) GARBENH ( EIMENSIS ) PAST ( ORIS ) I ( OHANNIS ) G ( EORGII ) NOLD ( IS ) FILII N ( ATI ) 3 GEORGII H ( OC ) T ( EMPORE ) EQUISON ( IS ) COMIT ( IS ) NASSOV ( IENSIS ) WEILB ( URGENSIS ) PARENTIBUS ET IN cinere DILECTISSIMIS, HONORATISSIMIS EXSTRUIT Conradus, FILIUS, SUCCESSOR IN OFFICIO ET P ( ER ) T ( EMPORE ) ECCL ( ESIAE ) FRONHUSAN AE ET APPERT ( INENTUM ) PASTOR ANNO CHRISTI SALVATORIS MDCCXXXVI. Translation of the base inscription: “This monument, in community with the first-born daughter Anna Anna Eleonora, wife of the pastor to Garbenheim Johann Georg Nold, and the third-born son Georg, currently rider of the Counts of Nassau-Weilburg, put the best and most honorable parents turned to ashes in love: Conrad, son ( and ) successor in office, currently pastor of the church in Fronhausen and the affiliated branches. In the year of Christ the Redeemer, 1736. "

Web links

Commons : Fronhausen Church - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Fronhausen. Historical local lexicon for Hessen (as of December 12, 2012). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS). Hessian State Office for Historical Cultural Studies (HLGL), accessed on May 29, 2013 .
Evangelical parish Fronhausen

literature

Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences (Hrsg.): German inscriptions: Terminology for writing description, erarb. of the employees of the Inscription Commissions of the Academies of Science. Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, ISBN 3-89500-087-6 .

Renate Hildebrandt, Friedrich von Petersdorff, Siegfried Becker (Red.): From Essen to Hesse: 850 years of Fronhausen; 1159-2009. Fronhausen 2009, ISBN 978-3-00-027806-8 , (edited by the municipality of Fronhausen, XXVII + 1151 pp., Plus a CD “Fronhäuser Töne”). In this:

Klaus P. Andrießen: The first documentary mention of Fronhausen in 1159 (pp. 479–484).
Klaus P. Andrießen: Stately houses on the Lahn. (Pp. 485-488).
Siegfried Becker: The cult of Anne in the late Middle Ages. (Pp. 563-574).
Elmar Brohl : The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. (Pp. 621-682).
Marlene Hack: Brackenborn. (Pp. 581-590).
Marlene Hack: Pastor in Fronhausen before and after the Reformation. (Pp. 591-606).
Franziskus Hartmann and Ulrike Höhfeld: The interior renovation of the Protestant church. (Pp. 683-690).
Thomas Schilp: The women's monastery in Essen on the Ruhr and Fronhausen on the Lahn in the Middle Ages. (Pp. 489-496).
Andreas Schmidt: The grave monuments from the churchyard to the first half of the 19th century. (Pp. 75-134).
Ulrich Stöhr: The parish Fronhausen in the century of the Reformation. (Pp. 607-620).
Friedrich von Petersdorff: The taverns of Schweinsberg and the bailiffs of Fronhausen. (Pp. 503-508).
Friedrich von Petersdorff: The castle from 1367. (P. 517-528).

Friedrich Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. In: Contributions to the history of the city and monastery of Essen. Edited by the Historical Association for the City and Monastery of Essen, Volume 49, Essen 1931, ISSN 1432-6531 , pp. 49-88.

Gerhard Seib: Fortified churches in northern Hesse. (Contributions to Hessian History, Volume 14). Trautvetter & Fischer Verlag, Marburg an der Lahn, 1999, ISBN 3-87822-111-8 .

Margarete Weber: From the history of the church in Fronhausen / Lahn. 1159-1959. Self-published, Bielefeld 1959 (without ISBN).

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 621 f.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 676 f.
^ Andrießen: Manorial houses on the Lahn. 2009, p. 487.
^ Andrießen: Manorial houses on the Lahn. 2009, p. 487 f.
↑ Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 621.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Andrießen: The first documentary mention of Fronhausen 1159. 2009, p. 479.
↑ Andrießen: The first documentary mention of Fronhausen 1159. 2009, pp. 479–484.
↑ Schilp: The women's monastery Essen on the Ruhr and Fronhausen on the Lahn in the Middle Ages. 2009, p. 492 f.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Schilp: The women's monastery in Essen on the Ruhr and Fronhausen on the Lahn in the Middle Ages. 2009, p. 494.
↑ ^a ^b Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. 1931, p. 53.
↑ ^a ^b Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. 1931, pp. 53-55.
↑ ^a ^b Petersdorff: The taverns in Schweinsberg and the governors of Fronhausen. 2009, pp. 503-505.
↑ The paragraph is based on: Schilp: The women's monastery in Essen on the Ruhr and Fronhausen on the Lahn in the Middle Ages. 2009, p. 484 f.
↑ Petersdorff: Die Burg von 1367. 2009, p. 517.
^ Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. In: Contributions to the history of the city and monastery of Essen. 1931, p. 56 f.
^ Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. In: Contributions to the history of the city and monastery of Essen. 1931, p. 58.
^ Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. In: Contributions to the history of the city and monastery of Essen. 1931, pp. 58-61.
↑ Hack: Pastor in Fronhausen before and after the Reformation. 2009, p. 591.
^ Weber: From the history of the church in Fronhausen / Lahn. 1159-1959. 1959, p. 17. The patronage has not been passed down precisely. It is recorded in writing in a copy of the deed of foundation for the altar.
^ Stöhr: The parish of Fronhausen in the century of the Reformation. 2009, p. 607.
^ Stöhr: The parish of Fronhausen in the century of the Reformation. 2009, pp. 609-612.
↑ ^a ^b Stöhr: The parish Fronhausen in the century of the Reformation. 2009, p. 616.
^ Stöhr: The parish of Fronhausen in the century of the Reformation. 2009, p. 619.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, 632.
^ Weber: From the history of the church in Fronhausen / Lahn. 1159-1959. 1959, p. 24.
↑ ^a ^b Hack: Pastor in Fronhausen before and after the Reformation. 2009, p. 592.
^ Weber: From the history of the church in Fronhausen / Lahn. 1159-1959. 1959, p. 26. Hack: Pastor in Fronhausen before and after the Reformation. 2009, p. 596.
↑ Becker: "The cult of Anne in the late Middle Ages". 2009, p. 563.
↑ Hack: Brackenborn. 2009, p. 581.
↑ Hack: Brackenborn. 2009, p. 579.
^ Weber: From the history of the church in Fronhausen / Lahn. 1159-1959. 1959, p. 68.
^ Weber: From the history of the church in Fronhausen / Lahn. 1159-1959. 1959, p. 19.
↑ ^a ^b Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 629.
↑ Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, pp. 660-676.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 659.
↑ ^a ^b Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, pp. 635-644.
^ Weber: From the history of the church in Fronhausen / Lahn. 1159-1959. 1959, p. 29.
^ Weber: From the history of the church in Fronhausen / Lahn. 1159-1959. 1959, p. 30 f.
^ Hartmann and Höhfeld: The interior renovation of the Protestant church. 2009, p. 687.
^ Hartmann and Höhfeld: The interior renovation of the Protestant church. 2009, p. 689.
↑ Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 630 f.
↑ Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 631 f.
↑ Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 631.
↑ ^a ^b Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 635 f.
↑ Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 635.
↑ The section is based on: Brohl: Das Fronhäuser skittles. On the building history of the church. 2009, pp. 635-644.
↑ Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 660.
↑ ^a ^b Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 646.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 650.
↑ ^a ^b Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 647.
↑ ^a ^b Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 646 f.
↑ ^a ^b Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 649.
↑ Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 658.
↑ Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 673.
↑ Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 673 f.
↑ Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 633.
^ Hartmann and Höhfeld: The interior renovation of the Protestant church. 2009, p. 685. In addition, telephone information from Böttner, July 17, 2013.
↑ The section is based on: Brohl: Das Fronhäuser skittles. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 641.
↑ organ Index: Organ in Fronhausen , accessed on July 15, 2013.
↑ The section is based on: Brohl: Das Fronhäuser skittles. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 656 f.
↑ ^a ^b Seib: Fortified churches in Northern Hesse. 1999, p. 14 f.
↑ ^a ^b Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 676.
↑ See also Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences (Hrsg.): German inscriptions: Terminology for the description of writing. 1999.
^ Weber: From the history of the church in Fronhausen / Lahn. 1159-1959. 1959, p. 20.
^ Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. In: Contributions to the history of the city and monastery of Essen. 1931, p. 54 f.
^ Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. In: Contributions to the history of the city and monastery of Essen. 1931, p. 64.
^ Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. In: Contributions to the history of the city and monastery of Essen. 1931, p. 68.
^ Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. 1931, p. 68 f.
^ Schmidt: The grave monuments from the churchyard to the first half of the 19th century. 2009, p. 102.
↑ Hack: Pastor in Fronhausen before and after the Reformation. 2009, p. 596.
↑ The section is based on: Schmidt: Die Grabdenkmäler vom Kirchhof up to the first half of the 19th century. 2009, p. 98.
↑ Transcription and translation to: Andreas Schmidt: Die Grabdenkmäler vom Kirchhof up to the first half of the 19th century. In: From Essen to Hesse. 850 years of Fronhausen an der Lahn. 1159-2009. Edited by the community of Fronhausen, Fronhausen 2009, p. 101.
^ Translation from: Andreas Schmidt: The grave monuments from the churchyard to the first half of the 19th century. In: From Essen to Hesse. 850 years of Fronhausen an der Lahn. 1159-2009. Edited by the community of Fronhausen, Fronhausen 2009, p. 101 f.

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on July 19, 2013 .

50.70469 8.69303 180Coordinates: 50 ° 42 ′ 16.9 " N , 8 ° 41 ′ 34.9" E

[Brohl621f-1] Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 621 f.

[Brohl676f-2] Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 676 f.

[3] Andrießen: Manorial houses on the Lahn. 2009, p. 487.

[4] Andrießen: Manorial houses on the Lahn. 2009, p. 487 f.

[5] Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 621.

[Andrießen-6] Andrießen: The first documentary mention of Fronhausen 1159. 2009, p. 479.

[7] Andrießen: The first documentary mention of Fronhausen 1159. 2009, pp. 479–484.

[8] Schilp: The women's monastery Essen on the Ruhr and Fronhausen on the Lahn in the Middle Ages. 2009, p. 492 f.

[Schilp-9] Schilp: The women's monastery in Essen on the Ruhr and Fronhausen on the Lahn in the Middle Ages. 2009, p. 494.

[Schröder_1931-10] Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. 1931, p. 53.

[Schröder53-55-11] Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. 1931, pp. 53-55.

[Petersdorff-12] Petersdorff: The taverns in Schweinsberg and the governors of Fronhausen. 2009, pp. 503-505.

[13] The paragraph is based on: Schilp: The women's monastery in Essen on the Ruhr and Fronhausen on the Lahn in the Middle Ages. 2009, p. 484 f.

[14] Petersdorff: Die Burg von 1367. 2009, p. 517.

[15] Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. In: Contributions to the history of the city and monastery of Essen. 1931, p. 56 f.

[16] Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. In: Contributions to the history of the city and monastery of Essen. 1931, p. 58.

[17] Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. In: Contributions to the history of the city and monastery of Essen. 1931, pp. 58-61.

[18] Hack: Pastor in Fronhausen before and after the Reformation. 2009, p. 591.

[19] Weber: From the history of the church in Fronhausen / Lahn. 1159-1959. 1959, p. 17. The patronage has not been passed down precisely. It is recorded in writing in a copy of the deed of foundation for the altar.

[20] Stöhr: The parish of Fronhausen in the century of the Reformation. 2009, p. 607.

[21] Stöhr: The parish of Fronhausen in the century of the Reformation. 2009, pp. 609-612.

[Stöhr-22] Stöhr: The parish Fronhausen in the century of the Reformation. 2009, p. 616.

[23] Stöhr: The parish of Fronhausen in the century of the Reformation. 2009, p. 619.

[Brohl632-24] Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, 632.

[25] Weber: From the history of the church in Fronhausen / Lahn. 1159-1959. 1959, p. 24.

[Hack-26] Hack: Pastor in Fronhausen before and after the Reformation. 2009, p. 592.

[27] Weber: From the history of the church in Fronhausen / Lahn. 1159-1959. 1959, p. 26. Hack: Pastor in Fronhausen before and after the Reformation. 2009, p. 596.

[28] Becker: "The cult of Anne in the late Middle Ages". 2009, p. 563.

[29] Hack: Brackenborn. 2009, p. 581.

[30] Hack: Brackenborn. 2009, p. 579.

[31] Weber: From the history of the church in Fronhausen / Lahn. 1159-1959. 1959, p. 68.

[32] Weber: From the history of the church in Fronhausen / Lahn. 1159-1959. 1959, p. 19.

[Brohl629-33] Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 629.

[34] Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, pp. 660-676.

[Brohl659-35] Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 659.

[Brohl635644-36] Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, pp. 635-644.

[37] Weber: From the history of the church in Fronhausen / Lahn. 1159-1959. 1959, p. 29.

[38] Weber: From the history of the church in Fronhausen / Lahn. 1159-1959. 1959, p. 30 f.

[39] Hartmann and Höhfeld: The interior renovation of the Protestant church. 2009, p. 687.

[40] Hartmann and Höhfeld: The interior renovation of the Protestant church. 2009, p. 689.

[41] Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 630 f.

[42] Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 631 f.

[43] Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 631.

[Brohl-44] Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 635 f.

[45] Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 635.

[46] The section is based on: Brohl: Das Fronhäuser skittles. On the building history of the church. 2009, pp. 635-644.

[47] Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 660.

[Brohl646-48] Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 646.

[Brohl6-49] Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 650.

[Brohl647-50] Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 647.

[Brohl646f-51] Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 646 f.

[Brohl649-52] Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 649.

[53] Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 658.

[54] Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 673.

[55] Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 673 f.

[56] Brohl: The Fronhausen skittles game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 633.

[57] Hartmann and Höhfeld: The interior renovation of the Protestant church. 2009, p. 685. In addition, telephone information from Böttner, July 17, 2013.

[58] The section is based on: Brohl: Das Fronhäuser skittles. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 641.

[59] rgan Index: Organ in Fronhausen , accessed on July 15, 2013.

[60] The section is based on: Brohl: Das Fronhäuser skittles. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 656 f.

[Seib14-61] Seib: Fortified churches in Northern Hesse. 1999, p. 14 f.

[Brohl10-62] Brohl: The Fronhausen bowling game. On the building history of the church. 2009, p. 676.

[63] See also Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences (Hrsg.): German inscriptions: Terminology for the description of writing. 1999.

[64] Weber: From the history of the church in Fronhausen / Lahn. 1159-1959. 1959, p. 20.

[65] Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. In: Contributions to the history of the city and monastery of Essen. 1931, p. 54 f.

[66] Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. In: Contributions to the history of the city and monastery of Essen. 1931, p. 64.

[67] Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. In: Contributions to the history of the city and monastery of Essen. 1931, p. 68.

[68] Schröder: The Oberhof in Fronhausen on the Lahn. 1931, p. 68 f.

[69] Schmidt: The grave monuments from the churchyard to the first half of the 19th century. 2009, p. 102.

[70] Hack: Pastor in Fronhausen before and after the Reformation. 2009, p. 596.

[71] The section is based on: Schmidt: Die Grabdenkmäler vom Kirchhof up to the first half of the 19th century. 2009, p. 98.

[72] Transcription and translation to: Andreas Schmidt: Die Grabdenkmäler vom Kirchhof up to the first half of the 19th century. In: From Essen to Hesse. 850 years of Fronhausen an der Lahn. 1159-2009. Edited by the community of Fronhausen, Fronhausen 2009, p. 101.

[73] Translation from: Andreas Schmidt: The grave monuments from the churchyard to the first half of the 19th century. In: From Essen to Hesse. 850 years of Fronhausen an der Lahn. 1159-2009. Edited by the community of Fronhausen, Fronhausen 2009, p. 101 f.